共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
K. Senthilkumar M.T.M.H. LubbersN. de Ridder P.S. BindrabanT.M. Thiyagarajan K.E. Giller 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(1):82-93
Improving water use and nitrogen efficiencies is of overall importance to society at large - to conserve scarce water resources and prevent environmental pollution. Efficient cultivation practices for rice which had no yield penalty were not adopted by farmers because of the open access to water free of charge. Well-chosen combinations of policy measures are thus needed to stimulate adoption of new cultivation practices. We developed a multi-objective linear programming (MGLP) model to explore the impact of: (i) modified rice cultivation including water-saving irrigation on farm profit; (ii) water pricing and water quota government policies on adoption of modified rice cultivation by farmers; (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii) to achieve the objectives of both farmers and society at large, and (iv) to study the trade-offs between income, water and nitrogen use. The analysis was carried out on four rice-based farm types for the state of Tamil Nadu, South India. Model results showed that observed farm profit of all four farm types could be increased using current practices simply by optimizing land use for specific crops. Adoption of modified rice cultivation further increased farm profit. Water-saving practices were selected only when water pricing was introduced. Farm profits were reduced even at low water prices but were compensated by farmers through adoption of modified rice cultivation. The combination of policies that stimulate adoption of modified rice cultivation was effective in achieving both increased farm income and water savings. The required water prices differed across farm types and seasons and impacted poor resource-endowed farmers the most. Providing water quotas could protect the poor resource-endowed farmers. The model helped to identify the optimal water price and water quota for each farm type to achieve both the objectives of farmers and society at large. Opportunities for reducing water use and avoiding environmental pollution at acceptable profits are available for all farm types, but need to be tailored to the farmers’ resource endowments. 相似文献
2.
Joséphine Semaan Guillermo Flichman Alessandra Scardigno Pasquale Steduto 《Agricultural Systems》2007
Nitrate leaching is one of the many forms of environmental pollution resulting from irrigation and intensive agriculture. In this work, a method of combining an agronomic simulation model (EPIC) and a mathematical multi-objective programming model is used to analyse the effects of three agricultural policies on farmer’s revenue and nitrate leaching. An evaluation of the net social costs associated with the different policy measures is also given. The farmer’s behaviour in different policy scenarios was studied in terms of selected crops, irrigation technique and method, and adopted management practices with focus on farm management practices and water application efficiency. Irrigation water pricing, subsidies to adopt improved management levels, and taxation on the use of nitrogen fertilizer were examined. A trade-off emerges between the levels of nitrate leaching and net farmer’s revenue more pronounced for nitrogen tax policies than for water pricing. The results obtained indicate that nitrate leaching can be reduced by about 40% with an associated net social cost of 269 €/ha for the water pricing policy, 183 €/ha for the tax on fertilizer and 95 €/ha for subsidies to high efficiency management. 相似文献
3.
农村饮用水工程供水效益差,运行管理难以维持。浙江省各级政府曾出台针对农村饮水安全工程电价优惠的政策,调查显示大部分工程没有得到执行,原因是政策的非强制性和部分农村饮用水工程的营利性。通过不同电价方案的分析比较,表明实现优惠电价能很大程度上降低制水成本。建议国家制定农村饮水工程用电优惠的相关法规,以促进农村饮水安全工程的长效运行。 相似文献
4.
K. Senthilkumar P.S. Bindraban N. de Ridder K.E. Giller 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(12):1851-1860
Efficient water use in rice cultivation is a prerequisite for sustaining food security for the rice consuming population of India. Novel rice production practices, including water-saving techniques, modifications in transplanting, spacing, weeding and nutrient management, have been developed and shown to be effective on farm, but adoption of these techniques by farmers has remained restricted. Potential constraints include technical difficulties with new practices, and labour and gender issues which differ between farms. On the basis of a rapid survey of 100 rice-based farms, four farm types were identified based on their socio-economic and biophysical characteristics. Detailed farm surveys were conducted on three representative farms of each farm type to evaluate land use patterns, use of inputs such as water, labour, nutrient, capital and machinery, income from crop and animal production and off-farm activities. Opportunities exist for one or more new rice cultivation techniques to be adopted in all the four farm types. For all farm types, however, the opportunities for use of water-saving irrigation were the least promising. In general, adoption of water-saving irrigation will not improve farmers’ livelihoods despite its importance in reducing water scarcity problems at regional scale. At farm scale, the potential for adoption of water-saving irrigation depends on the season, location of fields and the irrigation source. Changes in government policies such as rules and regulations, pricing, institution building and infrastructure development, as well as training and education of farmers are needed to improve the adoption of modified methods for rice cultivation. 相似文献
5.
The European water framework directive aims to protect the environmental quality of water and encourage its efficient use. EU member states are required to implement efficient water management systems and appropriate water-pricing methods. This paper examines the economic effects that may arise given the introduction of two different methods for pricing irrigation in the Mediterranean area. The considered pricing methods charge farmers for the costs incurred by water user associations (WUAs) in managing water distribution networks. The first method, based on the metered use of water by farms, is known as the volumetric pricing method. The second is an area-based pricing method, whereby fees are charged per hectare according to the estimated average water use for each crop. The economic effects and the impacts on the water usage of these two schemes are analyzed using a mathematical model that represents the farm sector in a Mediterranean area that relies on a dam for irrigation. The possible effects are analyzed under two scenarios: first, the methods are applied to the observed water-pricing conditions, second, an additional charge is introduced to recover unaccounted costs of the water supply system (e.g., long-term costs related to infrastructure, and the operational and maintenance costs of dams) in line with the water framework directive principle of cost recovery. The results show that the introduction of an additional charge via the volumetric pricing method could stimulate the substitution of water provided via collective networks with groundwater. This could adversely affect the financial situation of the WUA and have negative environmental consequences. This negative outcome does not arise in the case that an additional charge is applied via the area-based pricing method. 相似文献
6.
针对现行农业水价标准过低的问题,选取粮食主产区——黑龙江省为研究区域,从农业用水全价值和全成本出发,利用能值理论分析确定农业用水价值,采用全成本水价法确定用水成本,结合现行水价制定不同情境下农业水资源定价方案;运用双对数模型建立农业用水需求价格函数,揭示水价提升带来的研究区域节水潜力,结合指数分析法确定农户可承受能力,从而判断所制定水价方案的可行性。结果表明：2020年,农业水资源全价值为0.594元/m3,地表水与地下水全成本分别为0.180元/m3和0.355元/m3;针对设计的3种阶梯水价调整方案,利用2005、2010、2015、2020年进行实证分析,过渡期和长期水价方案平均年节水量分别可达2.72×109、4.45×109m3,平均年节水潜力分别为12.74%、19.48%,且一阶水价均在农户可承受能力范围,确定为可行方案。本文为研究区农业水价综合改革提供了支持,可结合实际情况逐步提高农业水价到合理水平。 相似文献
7.
Cost-effectiveness of groundwater conservation measures: A multi-level analysis with policy implications 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Groundwater in Spain, as in other arid and semiarid countries worldwide, has been widely used in the expansion of irrigated agriculture. In the Spanish Mancha Occidental aquifer, the excessive, and sometimes illegal, water abstraction for irrigation has promoted outstanding socioeconomic development in the area, but it has also resulted in exploitation of the aquifer and degradation of valuable wetlands. Water policies implemented in the region have not yet managed to restore the aquifer and face strong social opposition. This paper uses a multi-scale modeling approach to explore the environmental and socio-economic impacts of alternative water conservation measures at the farm and basin levels. It also analyzes their comparative cost-effectiveness to help policy makers identify the least costly policy option for achieving the goal of the Mancha Occidental aquifer's sustainability. To conduct this analysis, a Mathematical Programming Model has been developed to simulate: the closing-up and taxed-legalization of unlicensed wells, uniform volumetric and block-rate water prices, water quotas, and water markets. Aggregate results show that net social costs are not substantially different across policy option, so none of the considered policy options will be clearly more cost-effective than the others. However, there are significant differences between private and public costs (at the farm and sub-basin levels), which will be critical for determining the application in practice of these policies. Results show that controlling illegal water mining (through the legalization of unlicensed wells) is necessary, but is not sufficient to recover the aquifer. Rather, effective water management in this area will require the implementation of other water management policies as well. Among them, uniform volumetric and block-rate water pricing policies will entail the lowest net social cost, but will produce important income losses in the smallest and most water-intensive farms, which might put at risk the viability of these farms and the social acceptance of the policies. Further investigations on social costs, policy enforcement capacity and public participation in water management are highly recommended. 相似文献
8.
In economic terms, resilience in farming has to do with the capacity of a farm business to survive various risks and other shocks. Despite its importance, resilience has seldom been directly considered in evaluations of economic sustainability. A whole-farm stochastic simulation model over a 6-year planning horizon was used to analyse organic and conventional cropping systems using a model of a representative farm in Eastern Norway. The relative economic sustainability of alternative systems under changing assumptions about future technology and price regimes was examined in terms of financial survival to the end of the planning period. The same alternatives were also compared in terms of stochastic efficiency. To model the risk of business failure adequately there is a need to deal with the risk of bankruptcy, and a modification of traditional analysis was used for that purpose. The organic farming system was found to be somewhat less economically sustainable than the conventional system, especially if the organic price premiums and the organic area payments were to be phased out. The results illustrate possible conflicts between pursuit of risk efficiency and economic sustainability. The model developed could be used to support farmers’ choices between farming systems as well as to help policy makers develop more sharply targeted policies. 相似文献
9.
《Agricultural Systems》2007,94(1-3):90-114
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of agriculture and water policy scenarios on the sustainability of selected irrigated farming systems in Italy, in the context of the forthcoming implementation of the directive EC 60/2000. Directive EC 60/2000 (Water Framework Directive) is intended to represent the reference norm regulating water use throughout Europe. Five main scenarios were developed reflecting aspects of agricultural policy, markets and technologies: Agenda 2000, world market, global sustainability, provincial agriculture and local community. These were combined with two water price levels, representing stylised scenarios for water policy. The effects of the scenarios on irrigated systems were simulated using multi-attribute linear programming models representing the reactions of the farms to external variables defined by each scenario. The output of the models consists of economic, social and environmental indicators aimed at quantifying the impact of the scenarios on different aspects of sustainability relevant for irrigated farming systems. Five Italian irrigated farming systems were considered: cereal, rice, fruit, vegetables and citrus. The results show the diversity of irrigated systems and the different effects that water pricing policy may produce depending on the agricultural policy, market and technological scenarios. They also highlight a clear trade-off between socio-economic sustainability and environmental (water, nitrogen, pesticide) sustainability. Water pricing will have, in most cases, less impact than agricultural markets and policy scenarios, though it appears to be an effective instrument for water regulation in the least intensive irrigated systems considered. This emphasises the need for a differentiated application of the Water Framework Directive at the local level as well as a more careful balance of water conservation, agricultural policy and rural development objectives. 相似文献
10.
Building a climate resilient farm: A risk based approach for understanding water, energy and emissions in irrigated agriculture 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The links between water application, energy consumption and emissions are complex in irrigated agriculture. There is a need to ensure that water and energy use is closely considered in future industry planning and development to provide practical options for adaptation and to build resilience at the farm level. There is currently limited data available regarding the uncertainty and sensitivity associated with water application and energy consumption in irrigated crop production in Australia. This paper examines water application and energy consumption relationships for different irrigation systems, and the ways in which the uncertainty of different parameters impacts on these relationships and associated emissions for actual farms. This analysis was undertaken by examining the current water and energy patterns of crop production at actual farms in two irrigated areas of Australia (one using surface water and the other groundwater), and then modelling the risk/uncertainty and sensitivity associated with the link between water and energy consumption at the farm scale. Results showed that conversions from gravity to pressurised irrigation methods reduced water application, but there was a simultaneous increase in energy consumption in surface irrigation areas. In groundwater irrigated areas, the opposite is true; the use of pressurised irrigation methods can reduce water application and energy consumption by enhancing water use efficiency. Risk and uncertainty analysis quantified the range of water and energy use that might be expected for a given irrigation method for each farm. Sensitivity analysis revealed the contribution of climatic (evapotranspiration and rainfall) and technical factors (irrigation system efficiency, pump efficiency, suction and discharge head) impacting the uncertainty and the model output and water-energy system performance in general. Flood irrigation systems were generally associated with greater uncertainty than pressurised systems. To enhance resilience at the farm level, the optimum situation envisaged an irrigation system that minimises water and energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Where surface water is used, well designed and managed flood irrigation systems will minimise the operating energy and carbon equivalent emissions. Where groundwater is the dominant use, the optimum system is a well designed and managed pressurised system operating at the lowest discharge pressure possible that will still allow for efficient irrigation. The findings might be useful for farm level risk mitigation strategies in surface and groundwater systems, and for aiding adaptation to climate change. 相似文献
11.
国务院西部开发重大工程——黑河流域治理和调水的主要目的是促进中游节水，增泄下游水量改善生态环境。水价是促进节水的最重要经济手段。结合《黑河中下游节水措施和合理水价研究》课题，以经济社会可持续发展为根本，以水资源的科学管理、合理配置、高效利用和有效保护为核心，在深入调查研究黑河中游水价现状的基础上，分析了传统水价制定方法及其不足之处，指出了制定合理水价的必要性，提出了实行两部制水价是符合黑河中游水价现状的合理水价，并将其运用到黑河中游水价制定，最后对两部制水价的应用效果进行评价。 相似文献
12.
Water production functions are used to model yield response to various levels of supplemental irrigation (SI), to assess water productivity coefficients, and to identify optimum irrigation under various input-output price scenarios. The SI production function is taken as the difference between the total water production function (irrigation + rain) and that of rainwater. Theoretical analysis of the unconstrained objective function shows that the seasonal depth of SI to maximize profit occurs when the marginal product of water equals the ratio of unit water cost to unit product sale price. Applying this analysis to wheat in northern Syria, the production functions of SI under different rainfall conditions are developed. Coupled with current and projected water costs and wheat sale prices, the functions are used to develop an easy-to-use chart for determining seasonal irrigation rates to maximize profit under a range of seasonal rainfall amounts.Results show that, for a given seasonal rainfall, there is a critical value for the ratio of irrigation cost to production price beyond which SI becomes less profitable than rainfed production. Higher product prices and lower irrigation costs encourage the use of more water. Policies supporting high wheat prices and low irrigation costs encourage maximizing yields but with low water productivity. The resulting farmer practice threatens the sustainability of water resources. Balancing profitability versus sustainability is a challenge for policy makers. Our analysis can help national and local water authorities and policy makers determine appropriate policies for water valuation and allocation; and assist extension services and farmers in planning irrigation infrastructure and farm water management. 相似文献
13.
《Agricultural Water Management》1998,38(1):33-44
A computer program model for pricing irrigation water among beneficiaries was developed and tested. The data used for the purpose was collected from Lower Moshi farmer-managed irrigation scheme (FMIS) in northern part of Tanzania as a case study. The scheme has two intakes; namely Rau and Mabogini irrigation systems. Allam's mathematical model for allocating irrigation water price which was developed in Egypt (Allam, 1987) was adopted and adapted for the purpose. The results indicate that the irrigation water price depends on a number of structures serving the area, their installation costs, amount of water received by each tertiary block and water rights. The prices differ between different tertiary blocks within the same system and also between two systems that exist in Lower Moshi Irrigation Scheme (LMIS). This indicates that the model can be used as a tool by designers and planners for selecting the best designed irrigation system that farmers can afford to pay for its operation, maintenance and management. The mean irrigation water price value for Mabogini is Tshs. 12 151/-1 while that of the Rau system is 10 414/-. To maintain uniformity of irrigation water price in the scheme, it is recommended that a mean value of Tshs. 11 283/- is used. Generally, farmers in Tanzania are used to contribute one bag of paddy which costs about Tshs. 10 000/- for maintenance works. Therefore, the irrigation water price derived from the model is reasonable and one the farmers can afford. 相似文献
14.
15.
曹光荣 《中国农村水利水电》2001,(2):31-32
根据一部分地区自发出现的水价申报制定价模式，解决了水价不反映水商品价值的矛盾，兼顾了水利工程因自然条件不同形成的供水成本差异，兼顾了地区这间人民群众的生活水准差异，得到了供需双方和当地政府的认可的实际，介绍了水价申报核定制的运作方式、基本特点及其利弊。 相似文献
16.
《Agricultural Systems》1998,58(3):465-481
This article presents a bio-economic modelling approach for the assessment of the effectiveness of different agrarian policies to improve farm household income and soil fertility. Farm household decisions on allocation of land, labour and capital resources for crop and production technique choice are simulated, taking into account resource availability, household objectives and prevailing market conditions. The modelling framework relies on a combination of three procedures: (1) farm household modelling, (2) linear programming, and (3) partial equilibrium analysis. These procedures are applied to evaluate the impact at farm household and regional level of technology improvement and a variety of policy instruments: improvement of infrastructure, price support, land policy and credit schemes. Regional aggregation allows prices to be determined endogenously on regional markets. The approach is applied to the Cercle de Koutiala in Mali, for which selected results are given as an example. Results indicate that technology alone cannot sufficiently induce farmers to adopt sustainable production systems. Additional economic incentives are necessary to foster technological change. 相似文献
17.
随着我国农业水价综合改革的全面推进,一些地方逐步形成了适合当地情况的农业水价机制,但不少地方还在进行探索。荆门市作为南方丰水地区农业水价综合改革试验区,经过三年多的探索,初步形成了由农业水权制度、水价定价模式、计价方式、水费征管以及节水奖励等为主要内容的农业水价机制,但也存在一些问题,亟须完善。在此基础上提出了相关对策建议,旨在对南方丰水地区复杂地貌条件下农业水价形成机制提供一定的借鉴。 相似文献
18.
灌溉水价与灌区灌溉用水量关系研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运用经济学理论分析了灌溉水价与灌区灌溉用水量的关系,根据2000—2009年对关中地区冯家山、羊毛湾、石堡川3个灌区的实际调查资料,对不同灌区建立农业灌溉用水需求函数,计算灌溉用水需求价格弹性。研究表明,关中地区3个灌区中,石堡川灌区弹性最高,为-1.11;冯家山灌区和羊毛湾灌区弹性分别为-0.47和-0.69,即灌溉水价提高1%,灌溉用水量将下降0.47%～1.11%。对于现行水价较低的灌区,水价调高对该灌区将产生明显的节水效应;对现行水价较高的灌区,水价继续调高。 相似文献
19.
农业水价改革的问题与出路 总被引：25，自引：3，他引：25
廖永松 《中国农村水利水电》2004,(3):74-76
随着我国水短缺问题的加剧，提高水价解决水资源不足提上议事日程。结合当前农业用水管理的国际惯例，通过对我国农业水价改革过程和现状、粮食生产成本效益变化等突出问题的分析．认为农业水价改革应综合考虑水资源利用及农业和农村发展阶段等多种因素．在按供水成本和费用制定水价的同时．一定要采取相应的补偿措施．保证我国农业生产和农民增收不受过大影响。 相似文献
20.
水价是引导水资源合理配置,促进节水型社会建设的有效手段之一。公众参与水价制定是供水方、用水方和政府共同参与,既能够客观全面反映水资源价值、供水成本、环境成本在内的,又能充分代表用水方利益的新型水资源价格形成模式。应用公众参与水价制定理论,以新疆石河子市为例,通过抽样问卷调查、分析、综合评价等途径对研究区生活用水进行了定价探析。结果表明：公众参与制定的石河子市生活用水水价更能反映其水资源的稀缺性,通过宣传教育来逐步提高现状水价,充分利用价格杠杆的约束效应来构建节水型社会是该市当前水务改革的重点。 相似文献