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1.
The Khasia ethnic community of Bangladesh has been a population of forest villagers in the north-eastern hill forests of Bangladesh
since the early 1950s, practicing a betel leaf-based agroforestry system on land granted by the Forest Department. Taking
a sample forest village of the Sylhet forest division as a case study, this article examines the sustainability attributes
of betel leaf production in the agroforestry system. The presence of several positive attributes of sustainability including
the composition of agroforestry, disease control, soil fertility management, profitability, socio-cultural acceptability and
institutional support indicate that betel leaf production within the agroforestry system is stable under the prevailing traditional
management system. Income from the sale of betel leaf is the principal livelihood means and villager’s reciprocal contributions
help to conserve forest resources. However, problems with land ownership and regular agreement renewal need to be resolved
for the sake of their livelihoods and forest conservation.
相似文献
Tapan Kumar NathEmail: |
2.
A study was conducted in Kullu district in the province of Himachal Pradesh in Indian Western Himalaya, to investigate the
perceptions of Indian foresters about aspects of forest management relevant for effective Joint Forest Management (JFM). A
lack of uniform understanding was found amongst forestry staff about almost all the studied issues pertaining to JFM. A need
is identified to emphasise social aspects in the training of the foresters (including in-service training), along with the
existing silvi-technical aspects. For JFM success, measures need to be devised to reduce the political interference in JFM,
reduce hierarchical rigidity, and increase interaction between field staff and the administrative hierarchy. Strategies should
be devised to make JFM participants as well as forestry staff equally responsible to honour their commitments with respect
to JFM.
相似文献
Kamal Kishor SoodEmail: |
3.
Consuming Fuel and Fuelling Consumption: Modelling Human Caloric Demands and Fuelwood Use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper describes a conceptual framework that was developed to integrate livestock, human, cultivation and forest constraints
to model community fuelwood consumption over a 25-year planning horizon. This framework was constructed as an energy balance
based on human caloric requirements in order to examine the effects of household-level decisions for nutrition, fuelwood and
land use. A scenario from a virtual community in Uganda is presented to illustrate the utility of this model to allow rapid
policy and scenario evaluation. User-defined inputs combined with published research data are used in simulating resource
responses and energy consumption rates. This model is a potential tool to monitor fuelwood consumption and to understand the
implications of various land-use practices.
相似文献
Joel HartterEmail: |
4.
A new forest policy of allocating forestland to individual households for management and development, has been applied in
Vietnam since the early 1990s. This study was designed to examine how local forest-related people have used forestland and
forest resources under the new policy, and to determine their level of dependency on forests. An upland forest-related community
in northern central Vietnam, where the policy was introduced in 2002, was chosen as a case study. It was found that local
residents in the community have not complied with the forest allocation policy well, in that they violated the policy to freely
lend forestland to and borrow from villagers for cropping purposes, regardless of whether they were rich or poor, had enough
land or not, or were legally forest recipients. Regarding forest dependency, all households studied lived on forest resources
(forestland and forest products). More than 65% of the total annual income of poorer households was derived from the forest,
compared to less than 40% for the richer households. Forest-derived income accounted for more than 75% in their total income
in some of the poorest households.
相似文献
Nguyen Vinh QuangEmail: |
5.
The Increasing Importance of Small-Scale Forestry: Evidence from Family Forest Ownership Patterns in the United States 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The state-level distribution of the size of family forest holdings in the contiguous United States was examined using data
collected by the USDA Forest Service in 1993 and 2003. Regressions models were used to analyze the factors influencing the
mean size and structural variation among states and between the two periods. Population density, percent of the population
at least 65 years of age, percent of the population residing in urban areas, per capita income, income inequality, and per
capita private forestland were found to be significantly correlated with the structure of landholding size. This paper suggests
that the number and proportion of small-scale family forest owners in the United States are both increasing due to the increasing
importance of non-timber amenities to forest landowners.
相似文献
Y. ZhangEmail: |
6.
This article studies the possibility of using auctions as a policy instrument in conservation programs. In particular, it
provides insight into the main concerns that need to be dealt with when implementing conservation auctions. To show the cost
saving potential of this policy instrument, we also calculate the social welfare improvement that can be obtained for an afforestation
project in Flanders. When developing conservation policies, it is thus worthwhile to consider auctions as an alternative policy
instrument.
相似文献
Sandra RousseauEmail: |
7.
Time and Distance: Comparing Motivations Among Forest Landowners in New England, USA 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Parcelization and shifting landownership are critical forces reshaping forested ecosystems in the USA and elsewhere. These
forces create a mosaic of new and long-time landowners as well as differences in residency. Using survey data (n = 879) of
landowners in Massachusetts and Vermont, USA, we begin the process of sorting out time (i.e., length of landownership) and
distance (i.e., distance of primary residence from forest holding), and their relationships to motivations for continued landownership
and management. Both time and distance, and their interaction were significant in explaining three motivations for landownership:
enjoyment, production, and protection as well as the number of neighbors with which respondents were acquainted. Distance
is the statistically more important factor—negatively related to all dependent variables, but time and its interaction with
distance offer the more useful insights for intervention.
相似文献
David B. KittredgeEmail: |
8.
From Framework to Forest Activities: A Comparative Analysis of Different Ownership Types in Two Adjacent Regions 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The paper examines the interactions between the demands of society, the restrictions due to recreational and protective functions
of forests and the intensity and kind of forest management in the various ownership classes in Switzerland (CH) and Baden–Württemberg
(BW) in south–west Germany. A survey was carried out among owners of communal forests, private forest landholders owning more
than 200 ha of forest land and small-scale forest enterprises with up to 200 ha of forest land. The survey adopted a two-dimensional
approach, using regions and comparable ownership classes in order to identify basic differences and underlying key drivers.
It became obvious that there are relevant distinctions between the two countries. The paper highlights the present use of
forests, the restrictions perceived by their owners, and the underlying management strategies in terms of structure of the
forests, tree species composition and thinning activities. In BW the financial function is the dominant motivation for the
majority of the private owners. The communities emphasize both timber and non-timber functions of their forests. Except for
the protection function (avalanches, rockslides) the utilisation and importance of the forest in CH is lower than in BW. Profitability
of forests continues to be a key-driver of intensity of forest management activities, but there is less influence on the choice
of basic silvicultural strategies. The results of this comparative survey are placed in the context of a forest policy framework
and the medium-term financial situation in the two countries.
相似文献
Christoph HartebrodtEmail: |
9.
Exploring the Socio-Economic Situation of Plantation Villagers: A Case Study in Myanmar Bago Yoma 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Since the early 1980s, Myanmar Forest Department has been recruiting shifting cultivators, establishing plantation villages
and applying the taungya method in establishing teak plantations. From the beginning, there has been an argument about whether
the program is creating ‘forest protective groups’ or ‘forest destructive groups’. A key determinant to that question from
the research viewpoint is the socio-economic situation; knowing the present situation of the plantation villagers can help
to understand their forest management practices. Interview surveys were carried out in three villages in Bago Yoma, the main
region of the special teak plantation program, to examine the current economic benefits to plantation villagers. Questions
were designed mainly to explore the incentives for people participation and the socio-economic situations of the plantation
villagers. Principal component analysis was used to group landholder types. It was found that local people are willing to
participate in the initial establishment of plantations. However, all the incentives relating to plantation projects are temporary,
with no long-term consideration for taungya farmers, which jeopardizes the plan to create forest protective groups. It is
concluded that the time has come for the Myanmar Forest Department to change its main aim of earning foreign exchange from
establishment of teak plantations through the taungya method to redressing deforestation through people participation based
on rural socio-economic development.
相似文献
Tin Min MaungEmail: |
10.
In light of the increasing realisation of the importance of all forest resources, the dichotomisation of forest resources
into timber and non-timber is proving to be overly simplistic. Furthermore, at present there is no satisfactory operational
definition for non-wood forest products and considering the tremendous variety of forest products it may be doubted that such
a definition is possible. This paper examines this inadequacy and its consequences for a productive, holistic approach to
the analysis of forest resources and their management. In an attempt to address these problems, a system for dealing with
forest resources in a more meaningful, holistic manner is proposed. A clear distinction is made between systems of terms for
classification, and terms used for comparison, of forest products. Classifying terms distinguish between classes or groups
of objects with similar characteristics while comparative terms serve to highlight differences. Definitions are best served
by classifying terms and this paper proposes both logical targets for definitions of forest products and a pragmatic typology
for such products.
相似文献
Udo MantauEmail: |
11.
Carbon inventory methods and carbon mitigation potentials of forests in Europe: a short review of recent progress 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The role of European forests and forest management in the carbon balance has received much attention in research recently.
This was particularly motivated by the recognition of forest management as one possible measure countries may adopt in the
framework of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. The main method
to assess carbon budget in forests is based on traditional forest inventories. This method requires the conversion of measured
stem volume to carbon pools. This conversion has been identified as a large source of uncertainty in past assessments. Over
the last 5 years, intensive research efforts have resulted in significant advances in the reliability of forest inventory
based carbon budgets. In parallel, the impact of forest management on the carbon balance of forest ecosystems has been investigated
and the carbon mitigation potential of these activities has been analysed. This paper reviews the progress that was made in
these two fields of research with a particular focus on European forests.
相似文献
Marcus LindnerEmail: |
12.
Selection of Non-timber Forest Species for Community and Private Plantations in the High and Low Altitude Areas of Makawanpur District,Nepal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tek N. Maraseni 《Small-Scale Forestry》2008,7(2):151-161
The domestication of non-timber forest species (NTFS) is receiving increasing attention from developing economies. However,
little is known about the selection of NTFS in Nepal for commercial uses. Sixteen selection criteria were developed and NTFS
were ranked for community and private plantations in both low altitude and high altitude areas of Makawanpur district, Nepal,
by workshops of multiple NTFS stakeholders. The rigorous scoring of 12 ecologically screened NTFS against the 16 selection
criteria revealed that kurilo and sarpagandh are highly preferred NTFS for low altitude areas whereas chiraito and jatamanshi are highly preferred for high altitude. This finding coincides with the general perception of participants and contemporary
literature. These are the species being rapidly depleted from the natural forests. Rapid decline of valuable species creates
strong motivation from stakeholders for planting them on community and private land.
相似文献
Tek N. MaraseniEmail: |
13.
The assessment of a forest resource in national inventories provides a firm basis for the calculation of biomass and carbon
(C) stocks of forests. Biomass expansion factors (BEFs) and conversion factors provide a robust and simple method of converting
from forest tree stem volume to total forest biomass. These factors should be constructed on the basis of nationally specific
data in order to take account of regional differences in growth rates, management practices, etc. The objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of biomass estimation by calculating a range of age-dependant BEFs
from representative data that more accurately describe the allometry of present forests. The results from this study show
that the allocation of biomass to compartments in forest stands and throughout a rotation varies considerably, and that the
use of BEFs for the calculation of C stocks in forests of sub-timber dimensions is highly impractical.
相似文献
Brian TobinEmail: |
14.
This research utilises a contingent behaviour valuation technique to value a number of improvements to recreational facilities
in small-scale forests in Ireland. Willingness-to-pay estimates have previously been made for Coillte (Ireland’s state-owned
forestry company) trails and forests. The total non-market value of Irish forests has also been examined. This paper adds
to the literature by being the first to estimate the consumer surplus associated with recreational enhancements to Irish small-scale
forest resources. The results presented indicate that community owned small-scale forestry can contribute enormously to the
wellbeing of nearby urban residents, through the provision of outdoor recreational services.
相似文献
Stephen HynesEmail: |
15.
Social and ecological issues for private native forestry in north-eastern New South Wales,Australia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Forests in north-eastern New South Wales have often been the focus of controversy. The tension between production and preservation
continues and hampers current negotiations for a code of practice for private native forestry. The structure of many private
forests reflects past mismanagement, and silvicultural intervention would benefit both conservation and production objectives,
but such intervention is rarely financially viable. This paper sets out the economic and ecological basis for private native
forestry. Both the timber industry and nature-based tourism are major contributors to the local economy, and both rely in
part on private native forests. Draft regulations currently under negotiation do not offer incentives for improved private
forest management.
相似文献
V. Alex JayEmail: |
16.
Parag Dubey 《Small-Scale Forestry》2008,7(2):117-138
Small and medium enterprises are a key driver of current double-digit industrial growth of India; however, the shrinking domestic
log supply has created a unique market opportunity for global forest-based industries. This paper examines the major obstacles
to investment in forests at the national and individual firm level and also the policy steps needed to overcome these obstacles.
Forest-based small-scale enterprises cite finance as their principal constraint in maintaining their competitive position
and developing their activities, with shortages of raw material often taking second place. India has extensive tracts of land
suitable and available for forestry; afforestation, although economically viable, requires massive initial investment by both
the government and private sectors. India is promoting public–private partnerships in order to increase forest cover to ensure
entitlement for the investor over forest produce, along with necessary safeguards for protection of and compensation for the
rights of village dwellers and communities, besides providing them additional benefits and livelihood. Governments need to
tackle corruption and other forms of rent-seeking, in order to build credibility with firms, foster public trust and legitimacy
and ensure their policy interventions are crafted to fit local conditions. Competition requires the Indian forest products
industry to accomplish a strong improvement in its economic and technological capabilities. The challenge for forest policy-makers
in India is to find the right mix of policies and incentives to attract private investment.
相似文献
Parag DubeyEmail: |
17.
Research into the effects of seven management techniques on survival and growth of eucalypt seedlings planted on farmland
is reviewed. The techniques include: pre- and post-planting weed control; soil cultivation; fertiliser; mulch; tree guards/shelters;
and irrigation. The initial and ongoing effects of each technique are discussed—including the effects of timing, type and
quantity. Consideration is given to site, species and climatic influences. A statistical analysis of the published survival
rates is then presented, to provide information on the relative importance of, and interactions between, practices. The analysis
shows that maximum survival may be achieved by using one or two management techniques. Combining this result with the insights
gained from the review suggests that the use of soil cultivation and post-planting weed control are likely to achieve the
greatest improvements in early eucalypt survival and growth.
相似文献
Sonia GrahamEmail: |
18.
Irina Kouplevatskaya-Buttoud 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(2):231-247
Changes in small-scale forest governance as a reaction to global changes are viewed from the system dynamics perspective,
focused on two levels of dynamic systems: the policy system with sets of interactions at the national level and the management
system at the local level. These interactions are considered through permanent adaptation and re-shaping of stakeholders’
networks and positions provoking further changes in the systems. Empirical evidence has been obtained from two case studies
related to small-scale rural forestry in distinct contexts—France (the Territorial Forestry Charters) and Kyrgyzstan (collaborative
forest management and leasing of forest plots)—and viewed through a theoretical framework of social-political systems dynamics.
The changes caused by the systems’ capacity for adaptability and resilience are expressed through a double spiral of decision-making,
characterising the interactions between national policies and local management practices. The analysis leads to a conclusion
that changes are basically determined by the formal and informal stakeholders’ strategies developed in a specific context
and their mutual adaptation aimed at system resilience.
相似文献
Irina Kouplevatskaya-ButtoudEmail: |
19.
Indirect methods of large-scale forest biomass estimation 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:9
Z. Somogyi E. Cienciala R. Mäkipää P. Muukkonen A. Lehtonen P. Weiss 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(2):197-207
Forest biomass and its change over time have been measured at both local and large scales, an example for the latter being
forest greenhouse gas inventories. Currently used methodologies to obtain stock change estimates for large forest areas are
mostly based on forest inventory information as well as various factors, referred to as biomass factors, or biomass equations,
which transform diameter, height or volume data into biomass estimates. However, while forest inventories usually apply statistically
sound sampling and can provide representative estimates for large forest areas, the biomass factors or equations used are,
in most cases, not representative, because they are based on local studies. Moreover, their application is controversial due
to the inconsistent or inappropriate use of definitions involved. There is no standardized terminology of the various factors,
and the use of terms and definitions is often confusing. The present contribution aims at systematically summarizing the main
types of biomass factors (BF) and biomass equations (BE) and providing guidance on how to proceed when selecting, developing
and applying proper factors or equations to be used in forest biomass estimation. The contribution builds on the guidance
given by the IPCC (Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry, 2003) and suggests that proper application and reporting of biomass factors and equations and transparent and consistent reporting
of forest carbon inventories are needed in both scientific literature and the greenhouse gas inventory reports of countries.
相似文献
Z. SomogyiEmail: |
20.
Plantations and social conflict: exploring the differences between small-scale and large-scale plantation forestry 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jacki Schirmer 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(1):19-33
Commercial afforestation of agricultural land is often associated with social conflict over the perceived environmental, economic
and social impacts of the plantations being established. One of the most common solutions suggested to this conflict is a
shift from large-scale afforestation by companies and government agencies to small-scale afforestation by individual landholders.
Small-scale afforestation by farmers is argued by many to have more positive and fewer negative impacts than large-scale afforestation
by non-farmers. However, few studies have examined whether small-scale afforestation is associated with less social conflict
than large-scale afforestation. This paper reports results of a recent study that compared afforestation conflicts in two
regions: County Leitrim in the Republic of Ireland and the Great Southern region of Western Australia. Considerable afforestation
has occurred in both regions in recent decades, and both have also experienced major shifts in the scale and ownership of
the plantations being established over time. For both regions, establishment of small-scale farm forest plantations was found
to be associated with considerably less social conflict than establishment of large-scale plantations by non-farmers. Some
tentative explanations may be given for this pattern, based on comparisons between the two case study regions.
相似文献
Jacki SchirmerEmail: |