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谷子和糜子田土壤处理除草剂安全性与药效筛选试验研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过在谷子和糜子田播后苗前,选择常用的7种土壤处理除草剂,分别设低、中、高量进行安全性及防效筛选试验.结果表明:糜子比谷子相对耐药,谷子田播后苗前安全性及防效均较好的除草剂为扑津·西草净45％可湿性粉剂,而糜子田可选用扑津·西草净45％可湿性粉、扑草净50％可湿性粉剂或莠去津38％悬浮剂. 相似文献
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除草剂安全剂作用机理研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
除草剂安全剂是一类可在不影响除草剂对靶标杂草活性的前提下,有选择性地保护作物免受除草剂伤害的特殊用途化合物,有关安全剂作用机理的研究对新安全剂的开发具有重要意义。目前关于除草剂安全剂的作用机理主要有4种观点:1）影响除草剂在作物体内的吸收和转运;2）与除草剂竞争靶标位点;3）影响靶标酶的活性;4）增强作物对除草剂的代谢。文章对近年来安全剂作用机理及安全剂对杂草的影响等研究进展进行了综述,并分析了当前存在的问题及未来的研究方向,旨在为深入研究安全剂的作用机理及新安全剂开发提供参考。 相似文献
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除草剂药害是除草剂实际使用过程中难以回避的问题，解决除草剂药害问题最为直接且有效的方法是使用除草剂安全剂。除草剂安全剂是一类选择性保护作物免受除草剂药害而不影响除草剂对靶标杂草除草活性的农用化学品。目前已发现一些商品化安全剂在长期使用过程中对农业生态环境存在一定风险。天然产物除草剂安全剂是来源于动植物及微生物体内的内源性化合物，由于其结构新颖且对生态环境相对友好，因此以其为除草剂安全剂有望解决商品化安全剂对环境存在潜在风险的问题。本文综述了以天然产物作为除草剂安全剂在发掘方法、结构与种类、缓解除草剂对作物药害效果等方面的研究进展，归纳了现有天然产物安全剂保护作物免受除草剂药害的作用机理；总结和展望了天然产物安全剂在田间推广应用的局限性以及今后的研究方向，可为该类安全剂在防范除草剂药害的实际应用以及相应产品的研发提供指导。 相似文献
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乙草胺等酰胺类除草剂是一种选择性芽前除草剂。它具有选择性高、对作物安全、除草效果好等优点。为使该类除草剂进一步得到合理、经济、有效地应用,选择了乙草胺、丁草胺、敌草胺三种酰胺类国产除草剂,在油菜田进行效果比较试验。一、材料与方法 (一) 供试材料 1.供试药剂:50％乙草胺乳油(江苏昆山化工厂产);60％丁草胺乳油(江苏昆山化工厂产);20％敌草胺乳油(江苏如东农药厂产)。 相似文献
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除草剂安全剂的生理生化作用机制研究进展 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
除草剂安全剂是一种化学物质,它可以通过生理或生化的途径降低除草剂对作物的毒性,而不降低除草剂的功效.安全剂影响作物的吸收和传导,诱导作物体内P450酶活性、谷胱甘肽调控及其靶标酶ALS的活性.其生理和生化机制研究,不仅有助于安全剂的开发和优化,同时也是了解和运用除草剂活性和抗性机制的途径.该文综述了近年来国内外安全剂生理生化作用机制的研究进展,并探讨其研究方向. 相似文献
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《杂草科学》2019,(2)
安融乐(3%卵磷脂·维生素E悬乳剂)是从大豆中提取的新型生物助剂,已经广泛应用于农药特别是除草剂的增效。为了弄清安融乐作为助剂与麦田除草剂混用后是否能提高除草剂对阔叶杂草的防除效果,于2017—2018年开展了安融乐对麦田除草剂7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂(300.0、375.0、562.5 mL/hm~2)和3%甲基二磺隆水分散粒剂(420.0、525.0、787.5 mL/hm~2)的增效效果及对小麦安全性的田间药效试验。结果表明,45 mL/hm~2安融乐与2种供试除草剂3个剂量混用都能显著提高对猪殃殃的防除效果。安融乐与2种供试除草剂中剂量混用,药后45 d对猪殃殃的株防效和鲜重防效分别提高8.40%和10.78%、11.49%和12.42%。安融乐与2种供试除草剂3个剂量混用均对小麦安全。另外,2种供试除草剂中剂量与45 mL/hm~2安融乐和45 g/hm~2碧护(0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔可湿性粉剂)混用对猪殃殃的防治效果与不加碧护的效果相当,且可以显著促进小麦生长。 相似文献
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Theodoulou FL Clark IM He XL Pallett KE Cole DJ Hallahan DL 《Pest management science》2003,59(2):202-214
Herbicide safeners are known to protect monocotyledonous crops from herbicide injury by accelerating the metabolism of herbicides. We have investigated the effects of the safener cloquintocetmexyl, which protects small-grain cereals against the graminicidal herbicide, clodinafop-propargyl. Subtractive suppression hybridisation was used to identify wheat genes which are up-regulated by treatment not only with cloquintocet-mexyl but also with phenobarbital, which is known to stimulate xenobiotic metabolism in animals and plants. DNA sequences of five glutathione transferases (GSTs) belonging to three different classes and a multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) homologue were identified in the screen. The chemical inducibility of these clones was confirmed by Northern analysis. The MRP protein was shown to be induced by treatments with cloquintocet-mexyl and phenobarbital and to be localised to the tonoplast. Since clodinafop-propargyl is not known to be metabolised by glutathionylation, the significance of GST induction is interpreted in terms of a generalised response to chemical stress, particularly the generation of active oxygen species. This work establishes herbicide safeners as useful tools for the identification of genes encoding herbicide-metabolising enzymes. 相似文献
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为获得防除加拿大一枝黄花的有效药剂,揭示化学防治的主要特征,采用单一药剂、单一药剂+助剂、混合药剂及触杀型+内吸型药剂4种药剂处理方式进行田间药效试验。结果表明,25%环嗪酮可溶液剂7 500mL/hm~2、41%草甘膦异丙铵盐水剂6 000mL/hm~2+有机硅300g/hm~2、20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油750mL/hm~2+20%草铵膦水剂8 740mL/hm~2、41%草甘膦异丙铵盐水剂6 000mL/hm~2+20%草铵膦水剂8 740mL/hm~2对加拿大一枝黄花的防效显著。施药35d后,株防效均达到100.00%,地上部分鲜重防效分别达到80.2%、90.4%、83.0%和88.9%。除25%环嗪酮可溶液剂致植株根腐效果不佳外,其余3种药剂组合地下部分鲜重防效均达到70%以上,可作为加拿大一枝黄花防除的典型药剂进行推广。组合药剂喷施方式表明,内吸型和触杀型药剂喷施顺序不同,对加拿大一枝黄花的防除效果存在明显差异。以单一药剂最大剂量防除加拿大一枝黄花的效果显示,喷施大剂量单一药剂不一定能明显提高防治效果。 相似文献
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A semi-open circuit system for measuring changes in net CO2 exchange (NCE) in single leaves of intact grasses following herbicide treatment is described and evaluated. There were significant differences in levels of inhibition and subsequent recovery of NCE in maize and eight weedy panicoid grasses following limited root uptake of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethyl-amino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine). cyanazine [2-chloro-4-(1-cyano-1-methylethylamino)-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine] and cyprazine (2-chloro-4-cyclopropylamino-6-isopropyl-amino-1,3.5-triazine). Rate of NCE recovery was positively correlated (P = 0.05) with growth of seedlings in nutrient solution containing the herbicides. Rates of NCE recovery >0.9 mg CO2 per dm2 per h/h reflected rapid rates of herbicide detoxification in the leaves and a significant tolerance to preplant incorporated and postemergence applications of atra-zine, cyanazine and cyprazine. In contrast, some species, e.g. large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) treated with cyanazine demonstrated considerable tolerance to these treatments in spite of low NCE recovery rates indicating that factors other than foliar detoxification may play an important role in the tolerance of some grasses to 2-chloro- 1,3,5-triazine herbicides. 相似文献
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Herbicide safeners selectively protect crop plants from herbicide damage without reducing activity in target weed species. This paper provides an outline of the discovery and uses of these compounds, before reviewing literature devoted to defining the biochemical and physiological mechanisms involved in safener activity. Emphasis is placed on the effects of safeners on herbicide metabolism and their interactions with enzyme systems, such as cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases. Attention is drawn to the potential wide-ranging applications of safeners and, in particular, their use as powerful research tools with which to identify and manipulate those mechanisms which contribute to herbicide selectivity and resistance. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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To investigate the selectivity and safening action of the sulfonylurea herbicide pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl (PSE), pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl O‐demethylase (PSEOD) activity involving oxidative metabolism by cytochrome P‐450 was studied in rice (Oryza sativa L cv Nipponbare) and Cyperus serotinus Rottb. Cytochrome P‐450‐dependent activity was demonstrated by the use of the inducers 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride and ethanol, the herbicides PSE, bensulfuron‐methyl, dimepiperate and dymron, or the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Growth inhibition in C serotinus seedlings was more severe than that in rice seedlings. O‐Dealkylation activities of PSE were induced differently in rice and in C serotinus, with distinctly higher activity in rice seedlings. The induced PSEOD activities were slightly inhibited by PBO in rice seedlings, whereas they were strongly inhibited in C serotinus seedlings. Dimepiperate and dymron were effective safeners of rice against PSE treatment. Treatments with herbicide alone resulted in less induction of PSEOD activity compared with combined treatments of the herbicide and safener. PSEOD activity in rice seedlings induced with herbicide alone was strongly inhibited by PBO, whereas it was weakly inhibited in rice seedlings induced with combinations of PSE and two safeners. These results suggest that O‐demethylation by cytochrome P‐450 enzymes may be involved in the metabolism of PSE and may contribute to its selectivity and safening action. Furthermore, these results suggest the existence of a multiple form of cytochrome P‐450 in plants. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献