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1.
水稻叶片表面布满了绒毛、乳头状突起、蜡质等特殊结构,以及水稻叶片存在一定倾角,农药喷雾雾滴极易从叶面弹跳滚落,造成药剂浪费的同时污染土壤和地下水,并可能对非靶标生物造成严重危害。因此,有效提高农药喷雾雾滴在水稻叶片上的滞留和沉积对于提高农药有效利用率至关重要。本研究以叶酸和硝酸锌为原料,设计了一种负载噻呋酰胺的叶酸/Zn2+超分子水凝胶,具有生物相容性和可生物降解的优势,而且原材料来源丰富,制备过程简便易操作。叶酸是一种水溶性B族维生素,分子中含有喋呤啶、对氨基苯甲酸和谷氨酸结构,叶酸分子通过喋呤啶部分形成四聚体,四聚体通过π?π堆积形成纳米纤维,Zn2+交联纳米纤维形成水凝胶纤维网状结构。使用流变仪测定负载噻呋酰胺的叶酸/Zn2+超分子水凝胶的流变性能,发现叶酸和硝酸锌的比例会影响制备的凝胶的机械强度,且Zn2+的比例越高,形成的凝胶机械强度越强,其中在n(叶酸)/n(Zn2+) = 1/1.8~1/2.0比例范围内制备的凝胶适合于农药喷雾,凝胶具有剪切变稀和自修复的特性。通过超高速摄影技术对负载噻呋酰胺的叶酸/Zn2+超分子水凝胶调控液滴在水稻叶片上的沉积行为进行了研究,结果表明,凝胶液滴可在超疏水水稻叶片表面稳定沉积,不发生弹跳、碎裂和飞溅的现象。  相似文献   

2.
杨君  张正  崔忠凯  杨青 《农药学学报》2020,22(6):1054-1060
为提高农药利用率,减少环境风险,提高农药靶向性,利用胆固醇和硬脂胺通过自组装形成的非磷脂类纳米脂质体作为农药载体,构建了具有缓控释特性的噻虫嗪纳米脂质体。电镜和粒度分析结果表明,该纳米制剂呈现出良好的分散性和稳定性,载药后的纳米粒径为173.7 nm ± 1.6 nm,载药量为8.97%,带有正电荷的脂质体与噻虫嗪间存在静电相互作用。体外释放试验结果表明,相对于原药组8 h内完全释放,噻虫嗪纳米脂质体8 h累计释放率为62%,实现了噻虫嗪的缓释效果。制备的噻虫嗪纳米脂质体具有碱性pH敏感性,其中当pH值为10.0时噻虫嗪的释放速率显著提高,有助于噻虫嗪在鳞翅目昆虫独特的碱性pH中肠环境中进行响应性释放和积累。以亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis为模式昆虫的杀虫活性试验结果表明,有效成分为0.6 mg/mL的噻虫嗪纳米脂质体较原药组的杀虫活性更佳,作用1 d后原药组仅部分影响其生命活动,而纳米脂质体组存活率已降至60%以下,表现出纳米脂质体载体提高了噻虫嗪对玉米螟的杀虫活性。以非磷脂类脂质体作为农药载体,为农药活性成分的定向可控递送和缓控释提供了新的理论依据与技术途径,不仅可高效提高农药利用率,同时具备经济和环境友好等优势,具有广阔的应用前景。  相似文献   

3.
共缩聚法制备氨基化介孔硅及其对毒死蜱的缓释性能   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过化学修饰法对介孔硅(MCM-41)进行改性。以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源、3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)为改性剂,采用共缩聚法制备了氨基化介孔硅(NH2-MCM-41),并以毒死蜱为模型药物,制备了毒死蜱/氨基化介孔硅载药体系。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附、透射扫描电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、Zeta电位和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对MCM-41和NH2-MCM-41的结构、形貌、Zeta电位和毒死蜱的负载情况进行了表征,考察了MCM-41和NH2-MCM-41对毒死蜱的吸附量和缓释性能,并着重探究了NH2-MCM-41与毒死蜱之间的作用力。结果表明:NH2-MCM-41和MCM-41均为有序的六方相介孔结构。MCM-41对毒死蜱的吸附量为106 mg/g,而NH2-MCM-41的最大吸附量为178 mg/g,且后者的吸附量随其Zeta电位值升高而增大。APTES的加入有利于改善MCM-41对毒死蜱的缓释性能;载药体系的释药行为可用Higuchi动力学模型来描述。  相似文献   

4.
氟乐灵微球的制备及其控释效果研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为了延缓氟乐灵降解速率,延长其持效期,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为二氧化硅源,以吐温-60为表面活性剂,采用乳液法将氟乐灵包裹在二氧化硅中,制备了氟乐灵微球,同时考察正硅酸乙酯与氟乐灵间的质量比及吐温-60质量分数对包封率及其缓释性能的影响,同时建立了温度和pH值对控释性能影响的多级释放模型。结果表明:形成的二氧化硅微球为1 μm左右的规则球形,粒径分布较窄,负载率可达50%。氟乐灵微球有效降低了氟乐灵原药的降解速率,且随着温度及pH值的升高,氟乐灵的释放速率加快。该研究不仅提高了农药稳定性,延长了其持效期,对其他农药微球的制备也有一定的借鉴作用。  相似文献   

5.
基于介孔二氧化硅的鱼藤酮纳米颗粒的制备及其性能研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
纳米材料作为农药载体可提高农药稳定性和调控农药释放速率,是提高农药利用率的重要手段。介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子 (MSNs) 是一种具高比表面积、粒径与孔径可调节和生物相容性良好的纳米载体。鱼藤酮是非内吸性植物源杀虫剂,在环境中易降解。本研究先通过改良的软模板法制备出粒径均一的MSNs,再通过溶剂挥发法将鱼藤酮负载到MSNs中,制备得到载鱼藤酮MSNs (Rot@MSNs),其载药率达31.6%,具有良好的缓释特性,缓释时间可达288 h以上;施药处理3 d后在番茄的上部叶片和下部叶片中均检测到了鱼藤酮,表明纳米载体MSNs提高了鱼藤酮在番茄植株中的内吸和传导能力。该研究对于减少农药使用量、降低环境污染等具有重要意义。  相似文献   

6.
纳米化农药是提高农药利用率和减少农药用量的重要途径,为开发简单高效的制备技术以推动纳米农药从实验室研究走向农田应用,利用阴离子表面活性剂脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠(MES)与壳聚糖(CS)在温和的工艺条件下自组装获得稳定的纳米颗粒,并负载典型三唑类杀菌剂己唑醇(HAZ)制备了纳米悬浮液,研究纳米颗粒的结构对其载药性能和释放性能的影响。结果显示:MES/CS纳米颗粒对HAZ具有良好的载药性能,其包封率随着MES用量的增加而增加。纳米包封显著延缓了HAZ的释放,增加MES、CS和交联剂多聚磷酸钠的用量可以获得更好的缓释效应。HAZ从纳米颗粒中的释放具有明显的pH敏感性,酸性介质中HAZ的释放由于壳聚糖纳米壳层通透性的增加而加快。与HAZ原药和市售HAZ悬浮剂相比,纳米颗粒通过载体与真菌胞膜相互作用增强了HAZ的抗菌活性,其对立枯丝核菌的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)与HAZ原药和市售HAZ悬浮剂相比明显减小,表明MES/CS纳米颗粒是具有良好应用前景的纳米农药载药平台。  相似文献   

7.
近年来,纳米技术的迅猛发展为现代植物保护开辟了新的应用前景。纳米乳剂作为一种新型纳米载药系统,具有较好的分散性和润湿性、粒径小以及缓释增效等优点,从而提高农药在靶标表面的附着、沉积和渗透,并有效提高农药利用率,减少农药使用量,降低环境风险。本文介绍了纳米乳剂的组成成分以及制备方法,综述了纳米乳剂在农药领域的研究及其应用进展,同时对目前有较大争议的关于纳米乳剂和微乳剂的界限进行了讨论,并对该领域发展前景进行了展望,可为制备性能优异的纳米乳剂提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
采用聚丙烯腈(PAN)为原料,通过静电喷雾技术制备了载有嘧菌酯的PAN微球。研究了工作电压、嘧菌酯与PAN质量比对微球形貌与性能的影响,并通过释放试验评价了载药微球的缓释性能。结果表明:静电纺丝机的工作电压是控制微球粒径大小的主要因素,其粒径随电压增大而减小,最小可至0.86 μm,而嘧菌酯与PAN的质量比则主要影响微球的载药量与包封率,微球载药量最高可达34.53%,包封率最高可达79.78%。此外,载药微球在3种不同pH的缓冲溶液中均实现了长达400 min的稳定释放,表明其具有出色的缓释性能。在静电纺丝机工作电压15 kV、工作距离20 cm、PAN溶液质量浓度2%、m(嘧菌酯) : m(PAN) = 1 : 2 及进样速率1.25 mL/h的条件下,可制备具有良好形貌与缓释性能的嘧菌酯/PAN微球,本研究可为农药减量增效提供一种技术路径。  相似文献   

9.
沸石咪唑酯骨架材料(ZIF-8)稳定性好,比表面积大,纳米粒径可调,具有酸敏感性.为研究其在农药递送中作为缓控释载体的性能和应用,以吡唑醚菌酯(pyraclostrobin,以下简称Pyr)为模式农药,以二价锌为配位中心,二甲基咪唑为有机配体,采用"一锅法"制备了pH响应性吡唑醚菌酯控释剂Pyr@ZIF-8;通过扫描电...  相似文献   

10.
传统农药剂型利用率不高,进而引发了一系列生态环境安全问题。发展高效、安全的农药新剂型对于农业可持续发展具有重要意义。纳米技术的迅猛发展为现代植物保护开辟了新的应用前景。利用纳米材料与技术构建纳米载药系统,可有效提高农药利用率,减施增效,降低农药残留与环境污染。本文对纳米农药的主要剂型和增效机理进行综述,对目前纳米农药存在的问题与应用前景进行了探讨。纳米农药能够显著改善农药有效成分的分散性和稳定性,促进对靶沉积与剂量转移,减少流失和降解,进而降低农药施用剂量和施药频率。目前纳米农药的研究仍处于初期阶段,在规模化制备、定性与定量检测以及相关评估法规等方面仍需进一步研究完善。  相似文献   

11.
介孔二氧化硅粒子(MSNs)可作为载体用于制备高载药量的农药缓控释剂,从而实现农药减量化使用和生态环境保护的目的。本研究采用“一锅法”制备了负载咪鲜胺的介孔二氧化硅载药粒子(prochloraz@MSNs),并对其外观形貌、载药量、释放行为、抑菌作用以及对非靶标生物的安全性进行了系统研究。结果表明:所制备的prochloraz@MSNs呈规则球形,粒径均匀,平均粒径约240 nm,载药量为40.6%,释放速率与pH值和温度相关,酸性、碱性及高温条件均有利于其中咪鲜胺的释放。与常规制剂咪鲜胺乳油相比,prochloraz@MSNs对稻瘟病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑制效果更好,持效期更长;对斑马鱼、蚯蚓和人体肺部BEAS-2B细胞的毒性较低。因此,prochloraz@MSNs作为一种高效、低毒、安全的农药新剂型,在植物病害的可持续治理中将具有很好的发展潜力。  相似文献   

12.
The shielding protection given by self-prepared porous hollow silica nanoparticles (PHSN) to pesticides from degradation by UV light was investigated using avermectin as a model pesticide. It was demonstrated that PHSN carriers with a shell thickness of approximately 15 nm and a pore diameter of 4-5 nm have an encapsulation capacity of 625 g kg(-1) for avermectin using a supercritical fluid loading method. PHSN carriers exhibited remarkable UV-shielding properties for avermectin. This was affected by the intensity of UV light, the pH and the temperature of the release medium. Rises in UV intensity, pH and/or temperature reduced the UV protection of PHSN for avermectin. In addition, avermectin loaded into the inner core of the PHSN carriers was released slowly into the release medium for about 30 days following a typical sustained-release pattern. It thus appears that PHSN carriers have a promising future in applications requiring sustained pesticide release.  相似文献   

13.
The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a one-dimensional, numerical model for simulating water movement and chemical transport under a variety of management and weather scenarios at the field scale. The pesticide module of RZWQM includes detailed algorithms that describe the complex interactions between pesticides and the environment. We have simulated a range of situations with RZWQM, including foliar interception and washoff of a multiply applied insecticide (chlorpyrifos) to growing corn, and herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, flumetsulam) with pH-dependent soil sorption, to examine whether the model appears to generate reasonable results. The model was also tested using chlorpyrifos and flumetsulam for the sensitivity of its predictions of chemical fate and water and pesticide runoff to various input parameters. The model appears to generate reasonable representations of the fate and partitioning of surface- and foliar-applied chemicals, and the sorption of weakly acidic or basic pesticides, processes that are becoming increasingly important for describing adequately the environmental behavior of newer pesticides. However, the kinetic sorption algorithms for charged pesticides appear to be faulty. Of the 29 parameters and variables analyzed, chlorpyrifos half-life, the Freundlich adsorption exponent, the fraction of kinetic sorption sites, air temperature, soil bulk density, soil-water content at 33 kPa suction head and rainfall were most sensitive for predictions of chlorpyrifos residues in soil. The latter three inputs and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and surface crusts were most sensitive for predictions of surface water runoff and water-phase loss of chlorpyrifos. In addition, predictions of flumetsulam (a weak acid) runoff and dynamics in soil were sensitive to the Freundlich equilibrium adsorption constant, soil pH and its dissociation coefficient.  相似文献   

14.
多种农药残留经膳食暴露途径进入人体后,其联合毒性的潜在风险通常超过单一农药。为探明农药多残留的联合暴露毒性,采用经典MTT (噻唑蓝) 比色法,测定了阿维菌素、啶虫脒、多菌灵、百菌清、毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、咪酰胺和三唑磷8种农药多种组合方式联合暴露下对HepG2人肝癌细胞增殖的抑制活性。结果表明:联合暴露24 h后,不同种类农药组合对HepG2细胞存活率的影响存在较大差异,随着组合农药质量浓度升高,部分组合对HepG2细胞增殖的抑制效应分别呈现S型变化和线性变化。例如,二元组合 (多菌灵+高效氯氟氰菊酯) 在0~10.00 mg/L、三元组合 (多菌灵+阿维菌素+高效氯氟氰菊酯) 在0~24.12 mg/L、四元组合 (三唑磷+高效氯氟氰菊酯+多菌灵+阿维菌素) 在0~47.46 mg/L以及五元组合 (毒死蜱+阿维菌素+啶虫咪+高效氯氟氰菊酯+三唑磷) 在0~62.80 mg/L暴露条件下其抑制效应表现为S型变化,即随着组合农药质量浓度增大,细胞存活率先迅速降低,之后则缓慢降低;二元组合 (多菌灵+百菌清) 在0~8.46 mg/L、三元组合 (毒死蜱+啶虫脒+多菌灵) 在0~39.97 mg/L、四元组合 (多菌灵+高效氯氟氰菊酯+百菌清+阿维菌素) 在0~25.92 mg/L以及六元组合 (啶虫脒+毒死蜱+三唑磷+多菌灵+高效氯氟氰菊酯+阿维菌素) 在0~57.48 mg/L暴露条件下其抑制效应表现为线性变化,即随着组合农药质量浓度升高,细胞存活率呈线性降低。本研究对农产品中农药多残留的体外细胞毒性进行了评估,明确了不同农药多残留组合对HepG2人肝癌细胞增殖的抑制作用剂量-效应关系,可为进一步探索农药多残留的细胞毒性机制和开展食品安全风险评估提供依据。  相似文献   

15.
BACKGROUND: Nanoparticle formulations of pesticides have been proposed to produce a better spatial distribution of the pesticide on leaf surfaces, which provides better efficiency. Nanoparticles are well studied for drug delivery and sustained release but not in the agricultural sciences, because of the difficulty in generating stable pesticide nanoparticles with controlled particle size distribution and because the processes to generate nanoparticles are usually costly. In this paper, a model pesticide, bifenthrin, has been prepared in nanoparticle form by using the Flash NanoPrecipitation process. The process involves rapid micromixing to effect supersaturation, and polymer assembly to control particle size. RESULTS: A multi-inlet vortex mixer (MIVM) was developed to provide rapid micromixing, high supersaturation and rapid nucleation and growth of bifenthrin nanoparticles. Several polymeric stabilizers were tested. With an increase in pesticide loading from 50 to 91%, nanoparticle size increased from 100 to 200 nm. The stability of the nanoparticle dispersions was followed for more than 12 days. The steric stability caused by the corona structure of the hydrophilic block of the polymers prevents nanoparticles aggregation. Ostwald ripening is responsible for the slow particle size growth observed. CONCLUSION: Flash NanoPrecipitation using an MIVM provides a cost-effective process to produce stable pesticide nanoparticle suspensions. Nanoparticle size depends on supersaturation, pesticide loading and type of polymer. Nanoparticle pesticides potentially provide higher efficiency, better uniformity of coverage for highly active compounds and less exposure to workers, relative to compounds solubilized in organic solvents.  相似文献   

16.

BACKGROUND

Degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants are crucial for modeling mechanism-based pesticide residual concentrations. However, due to complex open-field conditions that involve multiple pesticide plant uptake and elimination processes, it is difficult to directly measure degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants. To address this limitation, we proposed a modeling approach for estimating degradation rate constants of pesticides in plants, using potato as a model crop. An operational tool was developed to backward-estimate degradation rate constants, and three pesticides were selected to perform example simulations.

RESULTS

The simulation results of thiamethoxam indicated that the growth dynamics of the potato had a significant impact on the degradation kinetic estimates when the pesticide was applied during the early growth stage, as the size of the potato determined the uptake and elimination kinetics via diffusion. Using mepiquat, we demonstrated that geographical variations in weather conditions and soil properties led to significant differences in the dissipation kinetics in both potato plants and soil, which propagated the variability of the degradation rate constant. Simulation results of chlorpyrifos differed between two reported field studies, which is due to the effect of the vertical distribution of the residue concentration in the soil, which is not considered in the majority of recent studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Our proposed approach is adaptable to plant growth dynamics, preharvest intervals, and multiple pesticide application events. In future research, it is expected that the proposed method will enable region-specific inputs to improve the estimation of the degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

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