共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
蜜蜂是一种经济型昆虫,其授粉作用在农业生产、濒临植物保护等方面具有重要意义。新烟碱类杀虫剂的广谱性、高效性、对哺乳动作的低毒性使得这类药剂备受人们关注,被广泛使用在农业生产生活中。近年来,新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的潜在威胁也成为研究的热点,特别是对蜜蜂亚致死效应的研究。本文简要介绍了新烟碱类杀虫剂的应用概况及其作用机理,重点阐述了亚致死剂量的新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂生长发育及行为等的影响,并提出了几个有待进一步研究解决的问题,以期为我国新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的安全性评价工作提供参考信息。 相似文献
2.
欧盟新烟碱类农药限用政策对我国农药相关产业的风险分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
欧盟宣布从2013年7月1日起对新烟碱类农药实施限用政策,以降低或避免对蜜蜂的种群危害。根据欧盟的这一法规,新烟碱类杀虫剂除冬播麦类外几乎不能在其它大田、露地作物上使用,首批涉及农药品种有吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺3个品种。新烟碱类农药是我国目前使用在蔬菜水果和粮食作物上的最广泛的杀虫剂品种,也是我国农药出口创汇的主打品种,欧盟新烟碱类农药管理政策的变化,势必将对我国农药生产、使用以及农产品贸易带来较大影响。本文详细阐述了欧盟新烟碱类农药限用政策背景、我国新烟碱类农药登记使用情况以及新烟碱类农药管理政策调整对我国可能产生的影响和应对措施。通过对限用新烟碱类农药进行风险分析,以期减少或降低该政策对我国农药相关产业的负面影响。 相似文献
3.
4.
巴西生态管理部门启动蜜蜂高风险农药的再评价项目,环境局(IBAMA)将从拜耳的吡虫啉入手,开展噻虫嗪、噻虫啉、啶虫脒等烟碱类杀虫剂的再评价,相关细节已在当月政府公告中公布。在巴西吡虫啉较其它三种烟碱类产品销量 相似文献
5.
6.
7.
欧盟通过决议禁止新烟碱类农药噻虫胺、吡虫啉及噻虫嗪的户外使用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
正2017年8月,欧盟就新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺、吡虫啉及噻虫嗪的禁限用政策向世界贸易组织(WTO)发布3份通报,分别为(G/TBT/N/EU/497、G/TBT/N/EU/498和G/TBT/N/EU/499)。欧盟提出为确保对蜜蜂的保护,禁止吡虫啉、噻虫胺及噻虫嗪三种新烟碱类农药在露地环境中使用,这些农药的使用范围限制于永久性温室,即作物整个生命周期都在温室内才能使用上述三种农药。此外,经含有吡虫啉、 相似文献
8.
新烟碱类杀虫剂的作用机制、应用及结构改造的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
新烟碱类杀虫剂具有高效、低毒、广谱、选择毒性强和对环境安全等现代提倡的有机农药特点,是目前常用的最佳杀虫剂品种之一。本文结合最新进展,介绍了新烟碱类杀虫剂及其受体的结构特点、作用机制、应用及新烟碱类杀虫剂化合物分子结构改造等方面的研究。 相似文献
9.
巴西当局驳斥了所谓有关其对以四种新烟碱类农药为基础的产品空中播撒预防性禁令问题上态度出现变化的指责。环保部门Ibama出于对蜜蜂影响的关注对以吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和氟虫腈为基础的产品发布了喷洒禁令(Agrow第645期,第16页)。大豆生产者协会 相似文献
10.
加拿大禁止某些新烟碱杀虫剂的使用以保护蜜蜂 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
正为了保护蜜蜂和其它授粉昆虫,加拿大有害生物管理局(PMRA)提出了逐步淘汰新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺和噻虫嗪的某些使用。PMRA对授粉昆虫的风险评估发现,杀虫剂的有些使用不会影响蜜蜂,而另一些使用则可能会引起潜在风险。PMRA提出了一些风险降低措施,例如:撤销杀虫剂的某些使用、改变使用模式和改进标签。这些评估是与美国环保署和加州环保局农药管理部门合作进行的。 相似文献
11.
Recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. Yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure. Larval bees feeding on exogenous pollen and exposed to pesticides during development may result in lethal or sub-lethal effects during the adult stage. We tested the effects of a naturally derived biopesticide, spinosad, on bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) colony health, including adult mortality, brood development, weights of emerging bees and foraging efficiency of adults that underwent larval development during exposure to spinosad. We monitored colonies from an early stage, over a 10-week period, and fed spinosad to colonies in pollen at four levels: control, 0.2, 0.8 and 8.0 mg kg(-1), during weeks 2 through 5 of the experiment. At concentrations that bees would likely encounter in pollen in the wild (0.2-0.8 mg kg(-1)) we detected minimal negative effects to bumble bee colonies. Brood and adult mortality was high at 8.0 mg kg(-1) spinosad, about twice the level that bees would be exposed to in a 'worst case' field scenario, resulting in colony death two to four weeks after initial pesticide exposure. At more realistic concentrations there were potentially important sub-lethal effects. Adult worker bees exposed to spinosad during larval development at 0.8 mg kg(-1) were slower foragers on artificial complex flower arrays than bees from low or no spinosad treated colonies. Inclusion of similar sub-lethal assays to detect effects of pesticides on pollinators would aid in development of environmentally responsible pest management strategies. 相似文献
12.
BACKGROUND: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are among the most important pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. They commonly encounter insecticides, and the effects of insecticides on honey bees have been frequently noted. It has been suggested that honey bees may be (as a species) uniquely sensitive to insecticides, although no comparative toxicology study has been undertaken to examine this claim. An extensive literature review was conducted, using data in which adult insects were topically treated with insecticides. The goal of this review was to summarize insecticide toxicity data between A. mellifera and other insects to determine the relative sensitivity of honey bees to insecticides. RESULTS: It was found that, in general, honey bees were no more sensitive than other insect species across the 62 insecticides examined. In addition, honey bees were not more sensitive to any of the six classes of insecticides (carbamates, nicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and miscellaneous) examined. CONCLUSIONS: While honey bees can be sensitive to individual insecticides, they are not a highly sensitive species to insecticides overall, or even to specific classes of insecticides. However, all pesticides should be used in a way that minimizes honey bee exposure, so as to minimize possible declines in the number of bees and/or honey contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
13.
五种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的经口毒性及风险评价 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
分别采用"小烧杯法"和"饲喂管法" 检测了50%虫螨腈水分散粒剂(WG)、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油(EC)、80%氟虫腈水分散粒剂(WG)、50 g/L氟虫腈悬浮剂(SC)、10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵乳油(EC)5种杀虫剂对蜜蜂工蜂的经口毒性。其中, "小烧杯法"测得的48 h LC50值分别为21.3、0.490、0.112、0.075 7、0.488 mg/L, "饲喂管法"测得的48 h LC50值分别为134、0.730、1.33、0.668、1.54 mg/L。就这5种杀虫剂而言,"饲喂管法"测得的48 h LC50值均不同程度高于"小烧杯法"。以摄入量计,则"饲喂管法"测得的48 h LD50值分别为1.34、0.007 30、0.013 3、0.005 37、0.015 4 μg/蜂。按毒性等级标准划分, 50%虫螨腈WG对蜜蜂具有中等毒性,1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC、10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵EC、80%氟虫腈WG和50 g/L氟虫腈SC对蜜蜂为剧毒。如果采用危害商值(Hazard Quotient,HQ)衡量药剂的风险性,则上述5种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的HQ值分别为84.0、205、3 247、3 609、8 939,表明它们对蜜蜂均具有潜在风险。同时还就两种检测方法的优缺点和适用范围进行了比较。 相似文献
14.
为研究农产品中农药混合污染的联合毒性,选取生菜中应用广泛、广谱性强的5种农药(苯醚甲环唑、氯氰菊酯、烯酰吗啉、氯氟氰菊酯和啶虫脒)及其高频检出的二元、三元农药组合为研究对象,采用CCK-8 (Cell Counting Assay Kit-8) 法探究农药单剂及混合物对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖的抑制毒性,基于单个农药剂量效应曲线按照等效应的联合毒性测定方法,应用浓度相加、独立作用和联合指数3个预测模型推导联合效应,并通过高内涵筛选系统分析农药混合物对人肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡的诱导作用。结果表明:不同农药对HepG2细胞增殖抑制的影响存在较大差异,但均具有明显的剂量-效应关系,其中苯醚甲环唑具有最强的细胞增殖抑制毒性,细胞活力的半数抑制浓度 (EC50) 为24.72 μmol/L;其余农药毒性顺序为烯酰吗啉 > 氯氟氰菊酯 > 啶虫脒 > 氯氰菊酯。通过联合指数判定农药混合物的联合毒性效应的结果表明:所有二元组合均随农药浓度增大表现出细胞增殖抑制效应增强,联合效应由拮抗转为协同;三元组合烯酰吗啉 + 苯醚甲环唑 + 氯氰菊酯、烯酰吗啉 + 氯氰菊酯 + 啶虫脒的细胞增殖抑制效应分别为60%和18%时,联合效应由协同转为拮抗。同时,利用剂量减少指数量化农药混合物之间的协同效应研究表明,在上述两个三元组合的协同效应中,氯氰菊酯发挥较大作用。在凋亡毒性测定中,各农药单独处理组均会造成HepG2细胞凋亡率的显著提高,且呈剂量依赖性;三元组合烯酰吗啉 + 氯氰菊酯 + 啶虫脒在20.02~80.10 μmol/L浓度范围内可诱导细胞凋亡水平显著提升。本研究明确了农药单剂和混合物对HepG2细胞增殖和凋亡毒性具有明显的剂量依赖效应,可为混合农药毒性评价以及风险监测提供科学依据。联合指数模型可以定量地描述农药混合物在不同组分和浓度下的相互作用,对比浓度相加和独立作用模型,可较准确地预测混合物的联合毒性,是一种有效的生态毒理学风险评估工具。 相似文献
15.
Risk assessment to honey bees: a scheme developed in France for non-sprayed systemic compounds 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
BACKGROUND: Directive 91/414/EEC envisages that the systemic properties of active substances, if any, are taken into account in evaluating the risk posed to the environment by plant protection products. Among others, honey bees may be exposed to substances via this route, which may pose problems when substances with high toxicity are ingested through pollen or nectar. The guidance documents in support of the risk assessment to bees within the framework of Directive 91/414/EEC do not provide detailed technical guidance on how to proceed in a risk assessment for substances with systemic properties. RESULTS: A stepwise approach aiming specifically to assess the risk posed by non-sprayed systemic substances to bees is therefore proposed. This approach first identifies substances with systemic properties, which should be quantified in plant material as pollen and nectar. Exposure estimates calculated for different categories of bees (e.g. foraging bees), based on expected concentrations of the product in pollen or nectar, may be compared with several toxicity endpoints for acute or chronic effects on adults and/or larvae with a toxicity/exposure ratio, which is a measurement of potential risks. CONCLUSION: Such a ratio is proposed to be used as a trigger for any further refined assessment that would focus on the measurement of effects at the colony level. 相似文献
16.
手性农药因对映体在生物活性、毒性、环境行为等方面的差异性而备受关注,充分了解对映体的立体选择性对开发高活性农药及减量使用具有重要意义。本文聚焦手性农药对映体的立体选择性效应,系统地调研了对映体生物活性和毒性选择性差异,并进行了分类梳理,重点综述了手性农药对映体的生物活性及毒性和环境风险的差异性,阐述了手性农药对非靶标生物造成的氧化应激、内分泌干扰等慢性毒性,同时关注选择性的规律与机制,为环境友好型高效手性农药的开发、手性农药的风险评估及管理、手性农药对映体立体选择性机制研究提供参考。 相似文献
17.
Helen M Thompson 《Pest management science》2010,66(11):1157-1162
In 2008, major areas of discussion at the ICPBR Bee Protection Group meeting were the development of a honey bee risk assessment scheme for systemic pesticides and revision of the test guidelines for semi‐field and field studies. The risk assessment scheme for systemic pesticides is based on analysis of conditions for exposure of bees to residues. These are based on a stepwise approach, starting with simple calculations based on existing data in dossiers and progressing to higher‐tier semi‐field and field studies (the guidelines for these have been modified in line with this). The proposed scheme has been tested with data packages of high‐ and low‐risk PPPs. A future area of interest for the group may be the risks posed by guttation fluid containing systemic pesticides. A recent paper on ‘Translocation of neonicotinoid insecticides from coated seeds to seedling guttation drops: a novel way of intoxication for bees’ has focused significant interest on the possible risks posed by the presence of residues of systemic pesticides in guttation fluid to water‐collecting honey bees. The occurrence of guttation and the presence of pesticide residues in the fluid are discussed, together with remaining questions that will need to be addressed in answering whether such a route of exposure may pose a risk to honey bees. © Crown copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
对目前中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种进行了梳理,并采用现有的风险评估标准方法,对其中毒死蜱、吡虫啉等共61种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的风险进行了初级评估。结果表明:在58种喷雾施用的杀虫剂中,35种对蜜蜂的风险商值均大于1,风险为不可接受;其余23种的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受;所评估的6种土壤或种子处理内吸性杀虫剂中,5种对蜜蜂的风险商值大于1,风险为不可接受,仅氯虫苯甲酰胺的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受。但由于文中是以药剂在所登记作物上的单次最高施药剂量为暴露量进行的初级评估,并未考虑农药在花粉、花蜜中的降解及降雨引起的淋洗损耗,以及施药时间与作物花期之间的关系等影响因素,因而使得评估结果具有较大的保守性。研究结果一方面可为这些农药的合理使用和管理提供参考,另一方面提示了目前中国关于农药对蜜蜂的初级风险评估程序需进一步优化。 相似文献
19.
Johnson Stanley Subramanian Chandrasekaran Gnanadhas Preetha Sasthakutty Kuttalam 《Pest management science》2010,66(5):505-510
BACKGROUND: Cardamom, an important spice crop often attacked by many insect pests, is controlled mainly using synthetic insecticides. As honey bees play a vital role in pollination in cardamom, the impact of insecticides on honey bees needs to be explored to assess its safety. RESULTS: Risk assessment based on contact toxicity revealed diafenthiuron to be a non‐selective insecticide to bees with a low selectivity ratio (the ratio between the LD50 for beneficial and pest species). A dose of diafenthiuron that killed 90% of cardamom borer, Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee, was found to kill 100% of Indian bees. Based on the hazard ratio (the ratio between the field‐recommended dose and the LD50 for the beneficial), diafenthiuron was found to be slightly to moderately toxic to bees. Diafenthiuron, even at low concentrations of LC1 (the concentration that killed 1% of bees), was found to affect the foraging and homing behaviour of Indian bees. Of bees fed with 30 µg mL?1 of diafenthiuron, 40% were found missing on the third day after exposure. However, diafenthiuron did not affect bee visits to the cardamom fields. CONCLUSION: Diafenthiuron is more highly toxic to Apis cerana indica F. than to C. punctiferalis by contact, using selectivity ratio and probit substitution methods of risk assessment, but the hazard ratio revealed diafenthiuron to be a slightly to moderately toxic chemical. Diafenthiuron was found to affect the foraging and homing behaviour of bees at sublethal concentrations. Thus, sublethal effects are more relevant in risk assessment than lethal and acute effects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
20.
Historically, bee regulatory risk assessment for pesticides has centred on the European honeybee (Apis mellifera), primarily due to its availability and adaptability to laboratory conditions. Recently, there have been efforts to develop a battery of laboratory toxicity tests for a range of non‐Apis bee species to directly assess the risk to them. However, it is not clear whether the substantial investment associated with the development and implementation of such routine screening will actually improve the level of protection of non‐Apis bees. We argue, using published acute toxicity data from a range of bee species and standard regulatory exposure scenarios, that current first‐tier honeybee acute risk assessment schemes utilised by regulatory authorities are protective of other bee species and further tests should be conducted only in cases of concern. We propose similar analysis of alternative exposure scenarios (chronic and developmental) once reliable data for non‐Apis bees are available to expand our approach to these scenarios. In addition, we propose that in silico (simulation) approaches can then be used to address population‐level effects in more field‐realistic scenarios. Such an approach could lead to a protective, but also workable, risk assessment for non‐Apis species while contributing to pollination security in agricultural landscapes around the globe. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献