共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
<正> 中国温带草地约350万平方公里,它是重要的放牧畜牧业基地,这里四季分明,草地季节动态明显,牧草生长呈单峰型;冬季漫长,枯草期达半年以上。由于年际间降水变率大,导致草地初级生产力上下波动,一般波动幅度达±15%以上,遇极端年份达±200%或更高。随着畜牧业的发展,放牧压力日增,导致大面积草地退化,生产力下降、草 相似文献
2.
新疆昌吉州境内的高寒草地,均分布于天山北坡高山带。主要有高寒草原、高寒草甸和高寒沼泽等草地群落。其一般特征是:群落类型简单、分布零碎、草层低矮、产量低、组成较贫乏,主要生活型由须根、短根茎和轴状根植物组成,几乎完全缺乏一年生的种类,以及毒害草较少等,是各类家畜的优良夏季放牧场,在该州草原畜牧业的季节轮牧系统中具有重要地位。本文所评价的高寒牧草有:紫花针茅、短叶羊茅、黑花苔草、窄果嵩草、嵩草、矮叶生火绒草、珠芽蓼和高山早熟禾等。它们草质柔嫩、富含营养、适口性良好、耐牧、再生力强,是各类家畜夏季抓膘的优良牧草。 相似文献
3.
通过设置样方、样点和运用物候观测,对退化荒漠植物群落进行轻度放牧利用分析,即运用植被状况与降水量的关系,分析限制植物生长的因素;运用不同稳定性沙丘的植被状况和土壤种子库资料,分析荒漠草地的可利用性和可利用程度;运用物候资料分析民勤荒漠区(灌木和草本植物)牧草利用的主要季节。结果表明:民勤荒漠草地土壤种子库中植物种子丰富,影响当地植物密度和植被盖度的关键因素是降水,可进行轻度放牧。轻度放牧时,要依据牧草展叶盛期的开始序列和果熟期的开始序列选择植物群落,实行小规模、间歇式轮牧。展叶盛期为一年中牧草的第1个利用季节,果熟期为一年中的第2个利用季节。 相似文献
4.
典型草原不同演替阶段群落结构与物种多样性变化 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
针对退化草地恢复进程及恢复过程中的合理利用问题,选取生长季围封(4至9月)收获干草,其它时间轻度放牧利用的草地为研究对象,同时选取自由放牧草地为对照,开展典型草原围封演替过程中群落结构与物种多样性变化的研究。研究结果表明:典型草原不同演替阶段群落的物种组成基本一致,但主要物种的优势地位发生了显著改变。在自由放牧草地,以星毛萎陵菜、冷蒿、糙隐子草为优势物种,采用生长季围封恢复措施后,优良牧草羊草、克氏针茅的优势地位增加,退化草地正向演替,群落的盖度、密度、地上、地下生物量及优良牧草比例增加,群落结构优化,物种多样性增加。但若围封后连续多年(13年以上)刈割利用,容易导致群落的盖度、密度、地上、地下生物量再次下降,草地发生2次逆行演替。研究认为:季节性围封的管理方式既可保证退化草地在一定程度上得到恢复,也能避免全年围封禁牧所带来的饲草资源浪费。季节性围封在我国牧区是可行的草地管理方法,但适宜的围封季节及围封后的合理利用问题(如合理的割草制度等)有待进一步研究。 相似文献
5.
为研究沉水植物在不同水深和生长时期对不同种类入侵植物的响应,选取2种湿地入侵植物凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes、水盾草Cabomba caroliniana和2种常见本地沉水植物黑藻Hydrillaverticillata、菹草Potamogeton crispus为研究对象,通过模拟试验探究在不同水深（0.2、0.4 m）和生长时期（生长初期和生长旺期）的本地沉水植物对2种入侵植物的响应。结果显示,当水深为0.4 m时更有利于黑藻的生长,并可削弱入侵植物对黑藻生长的消极作用,而水深对菹草的生长无显著影响;入侵植物种类对本地沉水植物的生长无显著影响,但影响方式却存在差异,其中水盾草倾向于直接抑制本地沉水植物的生长,而凤眼莲可以通过降低水体透明度以及总磷含量进而间接抑制本地沉水植物的生长。此外,外来植物在本地沉水植物生长初期入侵对本地沉水植物产生的消极影响较生长旺期入侵时更显著。表明凤眼莲及水盾草入侵对本地沉水植物生长的影响机制存在差异,本地沉水植物在适宜水深和生长旺期对2种入侵植物具有更强的抵抗能力。 相似文献
6.
气候变化与内蒙古草地退化初探 总被引：29，自引：2，他引：27
根据草地生产力变化的趋势，描述了内蒙古草原退化的现状。以降水量和气温两个主要气象因子为主，分析了内蒙古草原区1970－1999年30a来的气候变化特征，探讨了气候因子对草地退化的影响。同时，从草地生态系统的物流平衡及人类活动对草地生态系统的影响等方面探讨了草地生态环境劣变的原因。分析表明：仅就目前的气象和草地监测资料，尚难以作出草地气候趋于干旱，进而引起草地生态系统劣变的结论；放牧畜牧业是该地区的主要土地利用形式，家畜是生态系统中植被的主要控制者，系统内物流（以N为例）的出入失调和季节性的草－－畜供求失衡是引起草地生态系统迅速退化的主要因素；而气候变化对系统的劣变仅起了推波助澜的作用。认为增加向系统内的物质投入，调整四季放牧的自然畜牧业生产方式，积极引种入牧，缓解草地春季敏感期放牧压力等，是治理和维护该地区草地生态系统健康的有效措施。 相似文献
7.
【目的】旨在明确萍乡市草地有害生物的种类及其分布。【方法】2021—2022年,采取路线踏查法和标准地详查法相结合的方式,对区域内草班中的草地啮齿类动物、草地害虫、草地病害和毒害草等开展系统的种类与分布调查。【结果】该区域的草地有害生物种类有28种,其中包括实际调查的草地害虫5目13科15种,草地病害2目2科2种和毒害草3目4科8种,以及走访调查的啮齿类动物2目3科3种。造成中度危害的种类仅4种,其余种类均为轻度危害。【结论】萍乡市草地有害生物种类多,分布广,对该区域的草地生态系统具有一定的威胁性,这些结果对该区域草地有害生物的监测与防治提供了基础数据。 相似文献
8.
荒漠草原群落及主要植物种群特征对放牧制度的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文研究了短花针茅荒漠草原划区轮牧和自由放牧两种放牧制度群落及主要植物种群特征变化,结果表明:经过3年的轮牧试验后,划区轮牧区群落及主要植物种群的高度、盖度、密度均较自由放牧区有不同程度的提高。划区轮牧区与自由放牧区相比,草地基况有明显好转,而自由放牧区一些退化植物、一年生植物、杂类草在草群中的高度、盖度、密度有所增加。划区轮牧区现存量高于自由放牧区。 相似文献
9.
放牧与刈割对科尔沁草甸植被演替的影响 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
本文研究了放牧与刈割两种草地利用方式对科尔沁草甸植被演替的影响。结果表明:1)在自由放牧干扰下,优势度最大的前五个种为虎尾草(27.8)、蒲公英(3.52)、狼毒(3.42)、野韭菜(3.03)、鹅绒委陵菜(2.67);在秋季割草干扰下,优势度最大的前五个种为大油芒(9.57)、狗尾草(7.36)、野古草(6.36)、洽草(4.85)、芦苇(4.74)等五种禾本科植物;2)在自由放牧干扰下,一年生植物在群落中占据重要地位,其优势度为35.0,小于多年生植物的优势度55.9;在割草干扰下,多年生植物在群落中占据绝对优势,其优势度为82.9,大于一年生植物优势度10.6;3)在放牧扰动下,草地群落物种替代表现在不同植物生活型之间,主要是多年生草本为一年生草本和灌木所替代;表现在同一生活型不同物种之间,主要是多年生优质牧草为多年生劣质牧草或有毒有害杂草替代。 相似文献
10.
巴音布鲁克高寒草地退化演替阶段植物群落特性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以新疆天山南坡巴音布鲁克高寒草地为研究对象,通过主分量分析以及群落多样性指标,分析了不同退化演替阶段高寒草地植物群落特性变化规律。结果表明:以重要值为参数通过主分量分析(PCA)对样方进行排序,得到未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化4种类型群落;随着植物群落的逆行演替,优良牧草盖度、高度、频度等呈递减趋势,杂类草表现为增加趋势,植物群落物种多样性丧失。未退化阶段群落羊茅(Festuca ovina)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)为优势种,随着退化加重,天山赖草(Leymus tianschanicus)、委陵菜(Ptentilla spp.)等在群落中占主导地位,地下芽根茎型草本植物逐渐代替地面芽密丛型禾草植物成为群落优势种。 相似文献
11.
Grazing is a main human activity in the grasslands of Xinjiang, China. It is vital to identify the effects of grazing on the sustainable utilization of local grasslands. However, the effects of grazing on net primary productivity(NPP), evapotranspiration(ET) and water use efficiency(WUE) in this region remain unclear. Using the spatial Biome-BGC grazing model, we explored the effects of grazing on NPP, ET and WUE across the different regions and grassland types in Xinjiang during 1979–2012. NPP, ET and WUE under the grazed scenario were generally lower than those under the ungrazed scenario, and the differences showed increasing trends over time. The decreases in NPP, ET and WUE varied significantly among the regions and grassland types. NPP decreased as follows: among the regions, Northern Xinjiang(16.60 g C/(m~2·a)), Tianshan Mountains(15.94 g C/(m~2·a)) and Southern Xinjiang(-3.54 g C/(m~2·a)); and among the grassland types, typical grasslands(25.70 g C/(m~2·a)), swamp meadows(25.26 g C/(m~2·a)), mid-mountain meadows(23.39 g C/(m~2·a)), alpine meadows(6.33 g C/(m~2·a)), desert grasslands(5.82 g C/(m~2·a)) and saline meadows(2.90 g C/(m~2·a)). ET decreased as follows: among the regions, Tianshan Mountains(28.95 mm/a), Northern Xinjiang(8.11 mm/a) and Southern Xinjiang(7.57 mm/a); and among the grassland types, mid-mountain meadows(29.30 mm/a), swamp meadows(25.07 mm/a), typical grasslands(24.56 mm/a), alpine meadows(20.69 mm/a), desert grasslands(11.06 mm/a) and saline meadows(3.44 mm/a). WUE decreased as follows: among the regions, Northern Xinjiang(0.053 g C/kg H_2O), Tianshan Mountains(0.034 g C/kg H_2O) and Southern Xinjiang(0.012 g C/kg H_2O); and among the grassland types, typical grasslands(0.0609 g C/kg H_2O), swamp meadows(0.0548 g C/kg H_2O), mid-mountain meadows(0.0501 g C/kg H_2O), desert grasslands(0.0172 g C/kg H_2O), alpine meadows(0.0121 g C/kg H_2O) and saline meadows(0.0067 g C/kg H_2O). In general, the decreases in NPP and WUE were more significant in the regions with relatively high levels of vegetation growth because of the high grazing intensity in these regions. The decreases in ET were significant in mountainous areas due to the terrain and high grazing intensity. 相似文献
12.
人类活动和气候变化导致的大气氮沉降急剧升高,将会影响高寒草原植物养分循环。为了研究氮沉降对高寒草原植物养分含量及生态化学计量学特征的影响。依托2009年在新疆天山巴音布鲁克高寒草原设置的长期氮沉降研究平台,于2017年7月和10月采集溚草（Koeleria cristata）、二裂委陵菜（Potentilla bifurca）和天山赖草（Leymus tianschanicus）3种植物的成熟叶和老叶,分析3种植物叶片N、P元素生态化学计量对不同施氮水平的响应规律。结果表明：① 3种植物养分浓度及其化学计量比在成熟叶和老叶之间存在较大差异,成熟叶和老叶的N、P含量分别为12.78 mg·g-1、0.88 mg·g-1和6.88 mg·g-1、0.46 mg·g-1mg·g-1。3种植物成熟叶和老叶的N元素含量均为：二裂委陵菜>天山赖草>溚草,P元素含量同N元素含量趋势一致;② 氮添加增加了成熟叶和老叶N浓度,分别达12%和48%;成熟叶与老叶P浓度对氮添加的响应规律不一致,成熟叶P浓度对氮添加的响应与物种有关,而老叶P浓度呈一致的下降趋势;氮添加对成熟叶和老叶N∶P的比值影响亦不同,其中相对于成熟叶,老叶的N∶P呈显著增加趋势。③ 植物叶片的N元素、P元素和N∶P比三者之间的相关分析表明:N元素和N∶P之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),在生长旺盛期和枯黄期,溚草和天山赖草的N与P元素之间没有发现显著相关性(P>0.05),而二裂委陵菜呈现一定的差异性,在生长旺盛期二裂委陵菜叶片N与P元素呈显著的正相关、枯黄期呈显著的负相关(P<0.05)。表明长期氮的添加显著影响了3种植物叶片的养分含量和生态化学计量,不同物种间存在一定差异,未来氮沉降升高将会影响天山山地草原的植物养分循环。 相似文献
13.
Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The dynamics of most rangelands in Kenya remain to be poorly understood.This paper provides baseline information on the response of a semiarid rangeland under different livestock grazing regimes on land inhabited by the Massai people in the east side of Amboseli National Park in Kenya.The data were collected from grasslands designated into four types:(1) grassland from previous Massai settlements that had been abandoned for over twenty years;(2) grassland excluded from livestock grazing for eight years;(3) a dry season grazing area;and (4) a continuous grazing area where grazing occurred throughout all seasons.Collected data included grass species composition,grass height,inter-tuft distance,standing grass biomass and soil characteristics.The results indicated that continuous grazing area in semiarid rangelands exhibited loss of vegetation with negative,long-term effects on grass functional qualities and forage production,whereas grassland that used traditional Maasai grazing methods showed efficiency and desirable effects on the rangelands.The results also showed that abandoned homestead sites,though degraded,were important nutrient reservoirs. 相似文献
14.
15.
Keiichi KIMURA 《干旱区科学》2022,14(8):867-876
Shrub species are used in restoration projects on dryland for their facilitation effects, which include environmental improvements and protection from herbivore feeding. Facilitation effects on forage grasses are potentially important in improving grazing capacity on rangelands. However, the morphology-dependent performance of benefactor plants in facilitating forage species growth and supplementation under moderate grazing intensity remains unclear. Here, our main purpose was to measure facilitation performance in terms of the survival of a native forage grass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (Gramineae)., in accordance with the growth conditions of a sand-fixing benefactor shrub, Caragana microphylla Lam., in the Hulun Buir Grassland, northern China. Six study sites with patches of A. cristatum and C. microphylla were established at the foot of fixed sand dunes. At each site, five quadrats were set in places where C. microphylla coverage was 100% and A. cristatum grew among the shrubs (shrub quadrats), and another five were set where A. cristatum grew alone without C. microphylla (grass quadrats). We measured the morphological traits of C. microphylla and A. cristatum in all 60 quadrats, along with the soil water content and soil temperature. The data were compared between the shrub and grass quadrats by generalized linear mixed-effect models to assess the shrub's facilitation effects. We also used such models to elucidate the relationship between the average height of C. microphylla and the morphological traits of A. cristatum in the shrub quadrats. The maximum height, average grazed height, and the number of seed heads of A. cristatum were greater in the shrub quadrats than in the grass quadrats. The soil surface temperature was lower in the shrub quadrats. The maximum height and seed head number of A. cristatum were positively associated with the average height of C. microphylla. These results suggest that the grazing impact and heat stress were smaller in shrub quadrats than in grass quadrats, and that the degree of this protective effect depended on the shrub height. The shrub canopy seemed to reduce the increase in soil temperature and keep the grass vigorous. Livestock likely avoided grazing grasses in the C. microphylla patches because of the shrub's spiny leaves; only the upper parts of the grass stems (including the seed heads) protruding from the shrub canopy were grazed. The sand-fixing shrub thus moderates the grazing impact and soil temperature, and contributes to vegetation restoration and grazing system sustainability. 相似文献
16.
草地作为半干旱区的主要植被类型之一，开展牧草对土壤水分变化响应机制的研究，对于该地区水资源的可持续利用和生态环境的建设均有重要意义。本文以选取半干旱区4种典型牧草作为研究对象，在对其进行干旱及旱后复水处理模拟自然降水过程的基础上，分析牧草的形态、水分生理、光合生理等特征对土壤水分变化的响应，结果表明：① 水分胁迫下牧草地上形态指标（单叶面积、地上干重）呈显著的下降趋势，而地下形态指标（地下干重、根冠比）则反之；复水结束后，牧草形态特征指标有明显的恢复，披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)和黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)出现了超补偿效应。② 水分胁迫下牧草水分生理特征表现为明显的下降趋势，复水后逐渐恢复，复水14~21 d后基本恢复对照组水平。干旱条件下，2种豆科牧草能维持较高的水势，属于高水势延迟脱水型；而禾本科牧草属于低水势忍耐脱水型。③ 水分胁迫下，牧草光合生理特征也表现为明显的下降趋势，轻微水分胁迫能够暂时提高豆科牧草光合能力；豆科和禾本科牧草叶片光合特性对干旱的响应机制存在一定的差异，面对干旱胁迫，豆科牧草通过及时关闭气孔来减少水分散失，而禾本科牧草通过延缓气孔关闭牺牲叶片水分的方式维持正常生长。 相似文献
17.
以宁夏盐池县的荒漠草原区为试验地,以现场试验为手段,研究放牧强度(1.50只/hm2、0.75只/hm2、0.50只/hm2、0只/hm2)对荒漠草原植物群落结构及草地生产力的影响。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,植物群落优质牧草的重要值明显下降,毒草及家畜厌食植物的重要值明显上升;植物群落总盖度呈下降趋势,植物群落多样性呈现先增加后降低的趋势;草地生产力呈下降趋势,当放牧强度达到1.50只/hm2时,家畜的采食量超过了50%,草产量比封育地下降了54.9%。最后,根据草场资源可持续发展利用原则提出了宁夏荒漠草原合理的放牧强度以0.75只/hm2为宜。 相似文献
18.
C3 plant Reaumuria soongorica and C4 plant Salsola passerina are super xerophytes and coexist in a mixed community in either isolated or associated growth, and interspecific facilitation occurs in associated growth. In the present study, the root traits including root distribution, root length(RL), root surface area(RSA), root weight(RW) and specific root length(SRL) of both species in two growth forms were investigated to clarify their response to facilitation in associated growth. Six isolated plants of each species, as well as six associated plants similar in size and development were selected during the plant growing season, and their roots were excavated at 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 cm soil depths at the end of the growing season. All the roots of each plant were separated into the two categories of fine roots(2 mm diameter) and coarse roots(≥2 mm diameter). Root traits such as RL and RSA in the fine and coarse roots were obtained by the root analyzing system WinRHIZO. Most of the coarse roots in R. soongorica and S. passerina were distributed in the top 10 cm of the soil in both growth forms, whereas the fine roots of the two plant species were found mainly in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil depths in isolated growth, respectively. However, the fine roots of both species were mostly overlapped in 10–20 cm soil depth in associated growth. The root/canopy ratios of both species reduced, whereas the ratios of their fine roots to coarse roots in RL increased, and both species had an increased SRL in the fine roots in associated growth. In addition, there was the increase in RL of fine roots and content of root N for S. passerina in associated growth. Taken together, the root growth of S. passerina was facilitated for water and nutrient exploration under the interaction of the overlapped roots in both species in associated growth, and higher SRL allowed both species to more effectively adapt to the infertile soil in the desert ecosystem. 相似文献
19.
宁夏盐池县退化草地不同利用方式下植物群落多样性与生物量的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以草地群落样方调查数据为基础,对3种不同利用方式下的退化草地群落进行群落结构、多样性及生物量分析对比。结果表明:禁牧对增加草地植物优势种的重要值起到了一定作用,而6区轮牧的方式使草地群落优势种恢复得较以草定畜方式好一些;不同利用方式间相似性指数反映了放牧干扰使得相似性增大,6区轮牧对草地的干扰较以草定畜小些;禁牧对增加草地群落物种多样性不明显,以草定畜样地的多样性程度较高,但这可能是草地群落恢复性较差的表现,6区轮牧相对于以草定畜的草地群落恢复性较好;禁牧对草地群落有毒植物生物量的减少起到了作用,而6区轮牧对减少有毒植物的生物量,较以草定畜效果好些,这种方式对草地的恢复较为有利。今后应注重对6区轮牧方式进行更深入的研究。 相似文献
20.
乌鲁木齐市生态足迹分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于传统生态足迹模型改进的“本地生态足迹”模型,引入热值概念,以新疆土地平均生产力为核算标准,调整乌鲁木齐市生态足迹模型中的3大核心参数,测算了乌鲁木齐市2000-2010年各类型土地实际发生的生态足迹、生态承载力和生态盈余。结果表明：乌鲁木齐市人均生态足迹从2000年的每人5.63 hm2增加到2010年的24.0 hm2,而人均生态承载力从2000年的0.84 hm2下降到2010年的0.57 hm2,人均生态赤字从2000年的4.54 hm2增加到2010年的23.04 hm2。2000年以来,除了牧草地以外,其他类型土地均是生态赤字,建设用地是乌鲁木齐市生态足迹和生态赤字的最大贡献者,2010年对生态赤字的贡献达到了93.04%。牧草地则是生态承载力的最大供给者,但自2004年以来其生态盈余呈不断下降趋势,表明乌鲁木齐市土地生态系统处于超负荷利用状态。应通过减少人口压力、提高耕地、牧草地等的平均生产力,大力实施循环经济等措施来减少乌鲁木齐市生态足迹,增加生态承载力,以实现土地的可持续利用。 相似文献