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1.
Abstract

To investigate the effect of vegetation on the convection of ponded water in a paddy field, the temperature profile of ponded water and the amount and spectral energy distribution of solar radiation were measured using lysimeters located in plots with and without dense paddy rice vegetation. In the vegetated plot, the water-surface temperature was higher than that of the soil surface in the daytime, and the temperature difference reached a maximum of 1.7°C at approximately 12:00 hours, indicating no convection of ponded water. However, when the amount of solar radiation in the unvegetated plot was experimentally reduced to vegetated-plot levels using shade cloth, the temperature difference between the water and soil surfaces was approximately 0°C in the daytime, indicating that convection had occurred. In the shaded unvegetated plot, the amount of visible radiation 10 cm above the water surface was greater than that of near-infrared radiation. However, in the vegetated plot, the amount of visible radiation was lower than that of near-infrared radiation. Visible radiation passes through ponded water and increases the soil-surface temperature. In contrast, near-infrared radiation is absorbed at the water surface and increases the water-surface temperature. The reduction of visible radiation by vegetation affects the temperature profile in ponded water. Thus, vegetation altered the spectral energy distribution of solar radiation, reducing the convection of ponded water during the day.  相似文献   

2.
An earth—air heat exchanger consisting of 20 aluminium pipes 15 m long, 0.2 m in diameter and 0.2 mm thick, was installed at a depth of 2 m in a greenhouse of floor area 150 m2.The greenhouse air temperature was adjusted by blowing the greenhouse air through the pipe system whenever the air temperature dropped below 12°C or exceeded 28°C. Recorded from November to May, this resulted in a minimum mean night air temperature of 8.1°C inside the greenhouse with an absolute minimum of 7°C while the outside minimum mean and absolute minimum air temperatures were −0.8°C and −3.0°C, respectively, during the same period.The electrical energy used by the fan of the earth—air exchanger was only 20% of the energy input to the greenhouse from the earth—air heat exchanger.  相似文献   

3.
Little is known of the microclimate differences in orchards posed by different floor management systems. Comparisons were made of microclimatic factors on eight radiation frost nights in the spring of 1986 between two adjacent 1.4 ha peach (Prunus persica (l.) Batsch) plots in the Shenandoah Valley of West Virginia. The two plots were under different floor management systems; one plot with a complete grass cover (grass plot) and the other plot consisted of alternating 3-m-wide soil, 3-m-wide grass strips with coal dust applied to the soil strip of the tree row (coal dust plot). The net radiative flux (Rn) on radiation frost nights from the coal dust plot was 10–15 W m−2 lower (greater radiative loss) than from the grass plot. Only 50% of this Rn difference in the early morning hours at the beginning of this study was accounted for by the soil heat flux (G) difference. However, G accounted for an increased percentage of the Rn difference in the early morning hours as the study progressed, reaching 100% at approximately 30 days from the commencement of this study. Differences of 0.5 and 1°C were found in bud and air temperatures, respectively, between plots, with bud temperature differences predicted by the Landsberg et al. model agreeing well with measured differences. Because the differences in Rn and G were nearly equal during radiation frost nights, it is apparent that little of the energy liberated by the soil was intercepted by the canopy. Provided a means of trapping the energy from the soil in the canopy can be devised, a potential 2–3°C difference in canopy temperature may be realized between these floor management systems for the site studied. These differences in canopy temperature, however, would be site-specific due to the effect of aspect, slope, relative position on slope, and vegetation on solar energy partitioning. A greater potential in utilizing soil management for frost protection may exist in other regions where orchard floors are devoid of vegetation and the soil treated area can be expanded.  相似文献   

4.
Editorial     
Whether or not fruit buds in orchards can be protected from freezing by the use of fans, when no temperature inversion exists, depends upon the degree of bud radiant cooling at such times. Nighttime bud cooling in apple and peach orchards was estimated by comparing the temperature of buds and the adjacent air. The extent of radiant cooling was usually less than 0.6°C below ambient. Even this modest degree of radiant bud cooling appeared to require conditions with less than 60% cloud cover and wind speed less than 1 to 1.5 m s?1 at a height of 2 m. However, such conditions were also accompanied by inversions. The protective potential of fans in the absence of an inversion (postulated on the basis of bud radiant cooling) is therefore disclaimed on two accounts: (1) that the bud/air temperature difference is quite small and would only rarely span the bud critical temperature, and (2) that bud cooling would probably not occur during conditions which prevent the presence of an inversion.  相似文献   

5.
为了探讨摘芽强度对树木液流变化特征及其主要环境调控因子的影响,为人工林及果园等高效抚育管理提供参考,该研究以毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)为研究对象,设置4种摘芽处理(不摘芽CK、轻度摘芽BP1.0、中度摘芽BP1.5、重度摘芽BP2.0),采用热扩散式液流检测技术,结合自动气象站,对造林后第2～3个生长季不同摘芽处理后的树干液流、环境因子等进行连续观测。结果表明:1)摘芽对树干液流速率日变化趋势无影响,晴天都呈"单峰型";2)摘芽对树干液流特征值影响显著,试验期间CK、BP_(1.0)、BP_(1.5)、BP_(2.0)处理的液流速率平均值分别为1.405×10~(-3)、1.503×10~(-3)、1.462×10~(-3)、1.033×10~(-3)cm/s,BP_(2.0)显著小于其他处理,CK、BP_(1.0)、BP_(1.5)之间无显著差异(P0.05);3)影响不同时段、不同处理树干液流的主要环境因子不同,瞬时值日进程的影响因素为太阳辐射和饱和水汽压亏缺,白天及全天日均值的主要影响因子为太阳辐射和日空气温度最大值,夜间液流日均值的影响因子主要为日空气温度最小值和日平均相对湿度;4)不同摘芽强度下毛白杨幼林夜间液流占全天液流的5%～70%,夜间液流与白天及全天液流间呈显著负相关。因此,从促进植物水分生理活动的角度看,轻度和中度摘芽更合适。  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Recommendations for the use of preplant N in alfalfa establishment are controversial. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to examine the effect of preplant N and soil temperature on yield and N accumulation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa was grown in river sand at three day/night soil temperatures (18/12°C, 24/16°C, and 27/21°C), and at five levels of preplant N (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 kg ha?1). At 18/12°C, 40 kg ha?1 preplant N resulted in a 69% increase in shoot dry matter yield. Dry matter and N accumulation rates were greatest at 40 and 80 kg ha?1. Preplant N effects on dry matter and N accumulation at 18/12°C were expressed primarily between the early bud and early flowering stages. Assessment of soil temperature and soil N availability is necessary to determine the potential for a yield response of alfalfa to preplant N.  相似文献   

7.
The metabolic rate of three captive manatees was measured at different water and air temperatures. The animals responded metabolically to cold water (15–20°C), but not to cold air (10–20°C). Average metabolic rates in the thermal neutral zone (T1 ? 24°) were 15–22% of predicted weight-specific values, and thermal conductances were 117–229% of predicted levels. Body temperatures averaged 36·4°C. The low heat production and high thermal conductance suggest that manatees are poorly adapted energetically to winter water temperatures in much of Florida. These results support behavioural observations of captive and free-living manatees which suggest that 20°C is the minimum suitable water temperature for manatees. Manatees wintering in colder waters are probably in marginal habitat and are most susceptible to cold-related mortality. Warm water refuges reduce energetic maintenance costs and probably temper the effects of occasional periods of severely cold weather, particularly in northern Florida.  相似文献   

8.
《Geoderma》1986,37(2):149-155
Soil temperature regimes of Cameroon were estimated from the relationships between mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and mean annual soil temperature (MAST) and their seasonal fluctuations. In the normal range of MAAT in Cameroon (20–30°C), the MAST is 2.3° to 2.6°C higher than the MAAT. The difference between mean summer (MSST) and mean winter soil temperatures (MWST) being always less than 5°C, only isotemperature regimes occur in Cameroon. We estimated that MAST decreases by 0.46°C per 100 m increase in altitude.A provisional soil temperature regime map has been prepared from the estimates, which indicates isohyperthermic temperature regimes as predominant in Cameroon. Isothermic regimes are believed to occur above 1,600 m altitude and isomesic regimes probably above 3,100 m altitude on Mount Cameroon.  相似文献   

9.
人工光植物工厂风机和空调协同降温节能效果   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  
为减少人工光植物工厂中空调降温耗电量,该文利用风机引进外界低温空气与空调协同降温方式,以低功率的风机减少高功率空调的运行时间。结果表明,与仅利用空调进行降温的对照植物工厂相比,利用风机和空调协同降温的试验植物工厂节能效果明显,当植物工厂内部明、暗期空气温度分别设定在25℃和15℃,外界空气温度在-4～12℃时,明期耗电量的节省率为24.6%～63.0%,暗期为2.3%～33.6%,其节能效果随着外界空气温度的降低而增加;并且该降温方式可以将植物工厂内空气温度控制在目标值。因此,采用风机与空调协同方式对植物工厂内空气温度进行调控,可以减少植物工厂降温耗电量,降低其运行成本。  相似文献   

10.
为减少人工光植物工厂中空调降温耗电量,该文利用风机引进外界低温空气与空调协同降温方式,以低功率的风机减少高功率空调的运行时间。结果表明,与仅利用空调进行降温的对照植物工厂相比,利用风机和空调协同降温的试验植物工厂节能效果明显,当植物工厂内部明、暗期空气温度分别设定在25℃和15℃,外界空气温度在-4～12℃时,明期耗电量的节省率为24.6%～63.0%,暗期为2.3%～33.6%,其节能效果随着外界空气温度的降低而增加;并且该降温方式可以将植物工厂内空气温度控制在目标值。因此,采用风机与空调协同方式对植物工厂内空气温度进行调控,可以减少植物工厂降温耗电量,降低其运行成本。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The effects of night temperature on biomass accumulation and plant morphology were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L.) during vegetative growth. Plants were grown under three different night temperatures (17, 22 and 27°C) for 63 days. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in all treatments. The final biomass of the plants was greatest in the plants grown at the highest night temperature. Total leaf area and tiller number were also the greatest in this treatment. Growth analysis indicated that the relative growth rate in the 27°C night-temperature treatment was maximal between days 21–42 and this was caused by increases in leaf area ratio, leaf weight ratio and specific leaf area. Plant total nitrogen contents did not differ among treatments. However, nitrogen allocation to the leaf blades was highest and the accumulation of sucrose and starch in the leaf blades and sheaths was the lowest in the 27°C night-temperature treatment by day 42. Despite this, dark respiration was also highest, and both the gross and net rates of CO2 uptake at the level of the whole plant at day 63 were the highest in the 27°C night-temperature treatment. Thus, high night temperature strongly stimulated the growth of leaf blades during the early stage of rice plant growth, leading to increased biomass during the vegetative stage of the rice plants. As the CO2 uptake rate per total leaf area was higher, photosynthesis at the level of the whole plant was also stimulated by a high night temperature.  相似文献   

12.
The timing of spring phenological events of boreal trees, such as flowering and leaf bud burst, is controlled to a great extent by the ambient air temperature, and these events are already showing an advancement that can be attributed to climatic warming. In this paper we utilised this phenomenon to verify direct observations of climatic warming. We constructed eight phenological time series using observations covering 160 years of the leaf bud burst of two species and of the flowering of six species of native deciduous trees growing in Finland. To eliminate the effect of urbanization on local temperature, we rejected the observations made in densely populated areas. When analyzing the trends in the timing of leaf bud burst and flowering we found an advancement of these phenological events ranging from 3.3 to 11.0 days per century. We then converted the observed phenological trends into temperature trends by using thermal time-type models that link the timing of bud burst and flowering to the temperature conditions during bud development. Warming estimates derived from the phenological trends suggested that the mean spring temperature increase in Finland has been 1.8 °C per century, which is very close to the value of 1.5 °C per century indicated by long-term temperature records.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Oats were grown in perlite and nutrient solution at temperatures varying from 10/5°C (day/night) to 36/31°C. The optimum temperature for growth of tops was found to be 27°C day/22°C night over an eight week period. Plant S content showed an inverse relationship with yield.

Uptake of S was low at low temperature (10/5, 15/10°C), but was balanced by retarded growth at this temperature. Hence, uptake did not restrict growth at low temperature.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of air temperature and light on the grain filling of an indica (IR20) and ajaponica rice (Fujisaka 5) was studied in artificially lighted cabinets. Within the daily mean temperature range of 16° to 28°C, the higher the temperature, the faster the grains filled and matured. At 28°C, the upper grains of IR20 rice took 13 days to reach the maximum weight, whereas those of Fujisaka 5 took 18 days. The optimum daily mean temperature range to achieve maximum weight per grain was 19° to 25°C for IR20 and 16° to 22°C for Fujisaka 5.

Apparently, IR20 rice is better adapted to higher temperatures during the ripening period than is Fujisaka 5 rice. More chalky grains occurred when the temperature was above or below the optimum range. Both day and night temperatures affected grain weight and grain quality.

The daily mean temperature was found to be the most meaningful expression for describing the effect of temperature on grain filling. Low light intensity appeared to cause a slight delay in the grain filling of the whole panicle and a reduction in the percentage of filled grains on the lower branches. A combination of high light intensity and low temperature gave the best ripening grade (grain weight × percent filled grains).  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

In grassland areas where herbage production has no economic value, the cut grass is often left on the sward surface where its decomposition is influenced by weather conditions. Although the influence of temperature and humidity on decomposition has been investigated under controlled lab conditions, experimentation has generally been under ideal moisture conditions that have not tested the combinations of climatic limitations that might occur in the field. The decomposition of mown turfgrass clippings deposited at different times of vegetation period was studied in situ using nylon bags during the first 8 weeks after deposition to investigate the effect of weather conditions (the air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) on decomposition. Decomposition is the highest in the case of high air humidity and temperature of 10°C. Limiting factors for decomposition at temperatures above 10°C is the air humidity and below 10°C the air temperature. The general tendency was that the rate of decomposition increased with increasing air temperature up to 10°C, but with further increases of air temperature the decomposition rate slowed down. Relative air humidity had a variable impact (at the beginning of the decomposition process (weeks 1–2) the influence was negative, during weeks 3–8 of the decomposition process the effect was positive), and hence had no generalized relationship with decomposition over the studied decomposition period (weeks 1–8). The most significant influence of weather conditions on the decomposition rate was recorded directly after cutting. If the cutting was done during hot weather conditions, the material was drying fast and therefore decomposed slowly. Our results indicate that for fast decomposition of clippings it is important to maintain the freshness of material. Lower decomposition rates occurred during conditions of hot and dry weather, and also cooler (temperature near to 0°C) weather, and can be compensated as soon as favourable weather arrives.  相似文献   

16.
The effects of different temperature treatments during the seedling stage on growth and nutrient absorbance of Gerbera jamesonii cv ‘Sunshine Coast’ growing in the organic substrate were investigated. The temperature treatments were conducted in growth chamber where the day/night temperature were set to 15/10, 20/15, 25/20, and 30/25°C individually. The results showed that the fresh and dry weight of aboveground part and that of roots, average number of leaves and lateral roots were greater at 30/25°C than other treatments. The highest level of macro elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the leaf samples were also detected at 25/20°C and 30/25°C. However, there was no significant influence of different temperatures on zinc (Zn) levels in leaves. In general, the day temperature 25～30°C and night temperature 20～25°C are thought to be the better temperature condition for gerbera growth as well as the nutrient uptake and accumulation in the plants during the seedling stage.  相似文献   

17.
The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.  相似文献   

18.
Diminished quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from high temperature during maturation is usually attributed to direct effects of the stress on the shoots or grain. However, the upper soil temperature approaches the air temperature, and roots are highly sensitive and interact profoundly with other plant parts. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of differential shoot and root temperatures on quality of hard red spring wheat (cv. Len). Plants were grown in hydroponic containers at 15/10°C day/night until 10 days after anthesis, when shoot/root treatments of 15/15°C, 15/30°C, 30/15°C, and 30/30°C were imposed until the grain ripened. Both high shoot and high root temperature affected quality of the grain. Kernel size and weight were diminished more by high root than by high shoot temperature, but flour yield was decreased significantly only by the 30/30°C treatment. The percentage of starch in B granules was reduced by high shoot temperature, and the diameter of A granules was decreased by all heat treatments. Amylose concentration was increased by high temperatures of both shoot and root, resulting in decreased pasting characteristics. Flour protein increased after all heat treatments, but high shoot temperature decreased the polymer‐to‐monomer ratio and unextractable polymeric protein and it affected dough mixing. We concluded that stress on roots directly affects properties of the grain that are important for milling and baking.  相似文献   

19.
Important rice grain quality characteristics such as percentage of chalky rice kernels are affected by both high and low night temperatures and by different day and day/night temperature combinations. High nighttime temperatures have also been suspected of reducing rice milling quality including head rice yields. Experiments to confirm or refute this have not been reported. A controlled climate experiment was conducted. Conditions in the chambers were identical except between 2400 and 0500 hours (midnight and 5 am). For those times, two temperature treatments were imposed: 1) 18°C (low temperature treatment) and 2) 24°C (high temperature treatment). Two cultivars were tested: LaGrue and Cypress. The high temperature treatment reduced head rice yields compared with the low temperature treatment. Grain widths were reduced for the high temperature treatment compared with the low temperature treatment. There was no effect of temperature on grain length or thickness. Amylopectin chain lengths 13–24 were increased by the high temperature treatment by ≈1%. Future research will focus on determining whether genetic variability exists among cultivars in their head rice yield response to high temperatures. After identifying a source of resistance to high temperature effects, this characteristic can be incorporated into rice cultivars. In addition, ways to reduce this effect, including biotechnological remedies, have the potential for increasing rice yield and quality.  相似文献   

20.
High‐quality japonica rices Yujing 6 and Fangxin 4 were cultured under ambient night temperature (ANT, 19.7°C) and high night temperature (HNT, 26.7°C) in a greenhouse for the analysis of amyloplast development and grain quality during the grain‐filling stage. Results indicated that the HNT treatment had distinct effects on the grain‐filling rate of Yujing 6 and Fangxin 4 1–10 days after anthesis. HNT increased the rate of grain filling by 9.89–40.45% and decreased the accumulation of grain‐filling matter, resulting in inferior appearance and poor milling qualities (e.g., brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate, imperfect rice rate, chalky rice rate, and chalkiness degree). Results from a rapid viscosity analyzer showed that the HNT treatment decreased the paste viscosity, depending on the rice cultivar. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the gelatinization temperatures of HNT such as onset temperature, peak temperature, and final temperature were all significantly higher than those of ANT. However, HNT had no distinct effects on the X‐ray diffraction pattern of rice starch.  相似文献   

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