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1.
《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2004,121(3-4):207-225
A two-dimensional, hourly or daily time step model was developed, which takes canopy characteristics and row orientation into account to simulate solar radiation interception in hedgerow orchards. In order to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of soil irradiance across the tree row, the canopy path length through which the radiation must travel to reach a certain point on the soil surface is calculated. The model assumes leaves to be uniformly distributed within an ellipsoid, and radiation penetrating the canopy is attenuated according to Beer’s law. Beam or direct radiation and diffuse radiation for the PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) and NIR (near-infrared radiation) wavebands are calculated separately, as they interact differently with the canopy. The attenuation of beam radiation by the canopy is strongly dependent on canopy dimensions and architecture, zenith and azimuth angle, as well as row orientation. Radiation can penetrate neighbouring rows, so two rows on either side of the simulated row are considered. Validation of the model was carried out for a wide range of conditions (crops, row orientation, canopy density, tree size and shape). Field measurements included solar radiation, soil irradiance at different distances from the tree row with tube solarimeters, leaf area density, as well as canopy size and row orientation. Model predictions of soil irradiance were excellent in orchards with symmetrical and elliptical canopies having a uniform leaf distribution. In orchards where the canopy was non-symmetric and/or had non-uniform leaf distribution, errors in predictions of solar radiation transmittance occurred. As a result of these discrepancies, the overall MAE was 40% of the average measured value of radiant transmittance over the whole day. 相似文献
2.
Audrey G. Quentin Anthony P. O’Grady Christopher L. Beadle Dale WorledgeElizabeth A. Pinkard 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2011,151(3):356-364
Partial defoliation has been shown to affect the water relations and transpiration (gas exchange) of plants. Over one growing season, the water relations in response to partial (∼45%) defoliation were examined in four-year-old Eucalyptus globulus trees in southern Australia. Daily maximum transpiration rates (Emax), maximum canopy conductance (GCmax), and diurnal patterns of tree water-use were measured over a period of 215 days using the heat-pulse technique in adjacent control (non-defoliated) and defoliated trees. Sap-flux measurements were used to estimate canopy conductance and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (KP); leaf water potential (Ψ) and climate data were also collected. Following the removal of the upper canopy layer, defoliated trees exhibited compensatory responses in transpiration rate and canopy conductance of the remaining foliage. Defoliated E. globulus had similar predawn but higher midday Ψl, transpiration rates (E), canopy conductance (GC) and KP compared to the non-defoliated controls, possibly in response to increased water supply per unit leaf area demonstrated by higher midday Ψl. Higher E in defoliated E. globulus trees was the result of higher GC in the morning and early afternoon. This paper also incorporates the cumulative effect of defoliation, in a phenomenological model of maximum canopy conductance of E. globulus. These results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of plant responses to defoliation, in particular the often observed up-regulation of photosynthesis that also occurs in response to defoliation. 相似文献
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大气CO2浓度升高会给地球生态系统带来一系列环境问题,植物能够通过气孔调节光合作用和蒸腾作用,对环境变化做出响应。本研究以评价植物光合作用和蒸腾作用相互关系的指标水分利用效率为切入点,以冬小麦为研究对象,在灌浆期将冠层按距离地面高度分上、中、下三层,采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统测定数据对各层叶片光合、蒸腾特性随CO2浓度变化的响应进行了对比分析。结果表明：随着CO2浓度的增加,（1）各层叶片净光合速率呈直角双曲线形式增加,不同层叶片之间净光合速率对CO2浓度响应的差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但各层羧化速率、光合能力、光呼吸表现不一致,均为上层〉中层〉下层;（2）各层叶片蒸腾速率总体下降,不同层叶片之间蒸腾速率对CO2浓度响应的差异显著（P〈0.01）,蒸腾速率的变化是气孔导度随CO2浓度变化的结果,两者呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）;（3）净光合速率提高与蒸腾速率降低,共同使叶片水平水分利用效率提高。研究工作有利于加深气候变化对农业影响的认识,也为农田生态系统碳、水耦合循环的多层模型研究奠定基础。 相似文献
4.
红壤坡地不同土地利用方式土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾规律研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
为明确红壤坡地土壤水分耗散特征，通过田间定位观测，分析了农作区、茶园和桠柑园土壤水分蒸发和蒸腾过程。结果表明：蒸发、蒸腾与土壤表层含水率和植被叶面积指数关系密切，不同利用方式日蒸发量大小顺序为遮荫茶园〈对照茶园〈桠柑园〈农作区。茶树和桠柑蒸腾速率日变化曲线均呈现单峰型，桠柑日蒸腾速率比对照茶树弱，这两种土地利用方式下6—10月均以蒸腾耗水为主。遮荫可有效削弱茶园土壤蒸发及植被蒸腾。茶园蒸发受微地形条件影响较大，梯地蒸发比梯坎蒸发弱，而农作区和桠柑园土壤蒸发更多受水分条件的影响。合理的土地利用方式和适度遮荫可以有效降低红壤坡地土壤水分散失，提高水分利用效率和防治季节性干旱。 相似文献
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6.
The interaction between salinity and nitrogen (N) forms and concentration was studied with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in pots with fine sand under greenhouse conditions. Salinity (0–100 mM NaCl) caused a substantial reduction in carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and leaf area, while transpiration rate was least affected. Salinity effects were considerably moderated by additional N supply, varied with form, concentration, and stage of plant growth. The photosynthesis was reduced more in ammonium‐ than in nitrate‐fed plants, while the transpiration rate was relatively lower in nitrate‐fed plants grown either with or without NaCl. The plants also responded differently to salinity and N levels at two harvests. This indicated a change in plant behaviour with age. The promotive effect of N on photosynthesis and other parameters in saline as well as in non‐saline conditions may be attributed to the enhanced synthesis and availability of carbon assimilatory enzymes and cofactors required for optimal photosynthesis. 相似文献
7.
三峡库区坡地脐橙园保护性措施对土壤团聚体结构及碳、氮、磷含量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
依托三峡工程生态与环境秭归实验站的8 a长期试验,对5种保护性管理措施下坡地脐橙园土壤团聚体结构与团聚体碳、氮、磷含量分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,脐橙套种多年生白三叶草(CM)和脐橙园地面农作物秸秆覆盖(SM)处理表层土壤(0～5 cm)大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)值、大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体氮含量及SM处理表层土壤大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体磷含量显著高于其他处理;脐橙套种黄花菜等高植物篱(CH)处理和脐橙园沿等高线埋设防渗膜(MM)处理表层土壤大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量及CH处理的MWD值显著高于常规脐橙栽植(CK)和脐橙套种小麦-花生(PC)处理;与CK处理相比,PC处理大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、MWD值、团聚体碳含量和表层土壤团聚体氮含量没有显著变化,但5～20 cm土壤团聚体磷含量有升高趋势。团聚体MWD与大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体和团聚体氮含量有极显著相关关系。 相似文献
8.
Roni Avissar Patricia Avissar Ytzhaq Mahrer Ben Ami Bravdo 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1985,34(1):21-29
In order to simulate plant transpiration under different field climatic conditions we have developed and verified a semi-empirical model for predicting the stomatal response to solar global radiation, leaf temperature, vapour pressure difference between the leaf and ambient air, ambient air CO2 concentration and soil water potential. The transpiration and the stomatal relative conductance of a Nicotania Tabaccum var “samsun” plant leaves were measured in a laboratory apparatus and compared to those predicted by the model: good agreement was obtained between them for the different investigated cases. The model was incorporated in a numerical greenhouse microclimate model and its effects on the canopy microclimate are discussed here. 相似文献
9.
枸杞叶片蒸腾与生理及微气象因子的关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
模拟研究枸杞叶片蒸腾速率与气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2 浓度及外界光、温、湿和风的关系结果表明 ,枸杞叶片蒸腾速率与环境气象因子和气孔导度均密切相关 ,影响枸杞叶片蒸腾的环境气象诸因子中气温、环境相对湿度起主导作用 ,辐射作用相对较弱 ,弱风对蒸腾的影响较小 相似文献
10.
Q. X. XU T. W. Wang C. F. CAI Z. X. Li Z. H. SHI 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2012,23(1):34-42
Mountain region citrus production systems occupy large parts of the landscape prone to soil erosion in the Three‐Gorges Area of China. Several soil conservation measures, such as terracing hedgerows, are widely implemented in citrus orchards to control soil erosion. However, little is known about the effect of those measures on soil properties. The objective of this work was to analyse the changes of soil properties in citrus orchards subjected to different conservation measures. Experiments were conducted in four plots: control plot (SC, sloping orchard without conservation measures), sloping orchard with contour hedgerows (SCH), terraced orchard (TC) and terraced orchard with grass cover (TCG). Samples of soil surface from 0 to 15 cm were collected to analyse texture, bulk density (BD), aggregate stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil organic matter (SOM) and soil nutrients. The spatial variability of those properties was also evaluated at slope and field scales. The results showed that the three conservation measures significantly increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, SOM and available N, P, K, but decreased BD. The terracing with grass cover measures were the most effective in improving soil fertility among the three measures. The average SOM, available P, N, K in TCG were 0·27, 0·50, 1·74 and 1·72 and these rates are larger than for the in SC. Compared to SC, silt content was increased the SCH, while clay content was increased with TC and TCG. There was a downslope increase in clay content and total N but a decrease in gravels in the SC plot. However, that trend did not exist in the other plots. At the field scale, the soil aggregate stability and total nitrogen were significantly higher near the hedgerow under SCH, and the available N was significantly higher in the middle position under TC; the other soil properties had no significant trends based on the distance to hedgerow or stone bunds. Results of this study will contribute to a further understanding of the environmental influence of soil conservation measures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
果园行间3D LiDAR导航方法 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为克服二维激光扫描仪在果园导航中感知信息少、无法有效应对树冠茂密、树干被遮挡等复杂三维果园场景,该研究提出一种基于3D LiDAR的果园行间导航方法。以3D LiDAR为检测设备实时采集果园信息,使用挖空打断后的树墙体心等效树干位置,根据左右树行的最佳平行度对随机采样一致性算法与最小二乘法拟合的树行进行互补融合并求其中心线得到导航线;对纯跟踪算法进行改进,实现差速运动机器人对树行的跟踪。结果表明:系统在篱壁式仿真果园环境下以0.33 m/s的速度沿中心线行走时,绝对航向定位偏差在1.65°以内,绝对横向定位偏差在6.1 cm以内;以0.43 m/s的速度跟踪树行的绝对横向偏差在15 cm以内。在真实梨园下,系统分别以0.68与1.35 m/s的速度跟踪树行,绝对横向偏差分别不超过21.3与22.1 cm。本系统可广泛用于标准果园与复杂三维果园机械的自主导航,具有可靠的稳定性。 相似文献
12.
柑橘黄龙病（Huanglongbing, HLB）是柑橘生产中的毁灭性病害,柑橘植株遭到黄龙病菌侵染后光合能力发生变化而后表现出相应的黄化症状。及早实现HLB的原位快速诊断是防控HLB的重要手段。为探究黄龙病菌侵染柑橘叶片的光合响应机制并实现HLB的原位诊断,该研究分析了健康（Healthy）、未显症HLB（asymptomatic HLB, aHLB）、显症HLB（symptomatic HLB, sHLB）以及黄斑病（Macular,症状与黄龙病相似）柑橘叶片的光合参数与光合色素含量差异。利用光谱技术与日光诱导叶绿素荧光（Sun-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, SIF）技术分析了4种类型柑橘叶片的反射率光谱与SIF光谱差异。采用竞争自适应重加权采样（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling, CARS）算法结合反射率光谱筛选出特征波段,采用SIF光谱的峰值位置（687和741 nm）构建了上行（Upward, Up）和下行（Downward, Dw）SIF产量指数（Up687, Up741, Dw687, Dw741, Up687/741, Dw687/741）。进一步分别利用特征波段的反射率和SIF产量指数,结合K最邻近（K-nearest Neighbor, KNN）分类算法构建了柑橘黄龙病的诊断模型。结果表明,黄龙病菌的侵染使柑橘叶片的光合作用明显减弱,在未显症时期已经表现出来,证明了SIF技术在诊断早期HLB的优势。基于特征波段反射率的KNN模型对未显症HLB和显症HLB的诊断精度为72.7%和75.6%,健康叶片和黄斑病叶片分别为82.2%和64.1%,而基于687和741 nm波长处的上行比值SIF产量指数Up687/741构建的KNN模型对未显症HLB和显症HLB的诊断精度为84.8%和91.1%,健康和黄斑病叶片分别为88.9%和82.1%,均优于反射率光谱模型。结果证明了SIF技术用于诊断柑橘HLB的潜力,为实现柑橘HLB的田间原位、快速、早期诊断提供了可能。 相似文献
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Sebinasi Dzikiti Stephan J. VerreynneJan Stuckens Albert StreverWillem W. Verstraeten Rony SwennenKaren I. Theron Pol Coppin 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2011,151(8):1035-1044
This study describes the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of the canopy reflectance, water use and water status of Midknight Valencia citrus trees under semi-arid conditions. Hyperspectral canopy reflectance data was collected on 30 trees at monthly intervals over a period of 16 months in a commercial orchard in South Africa. The mean canopy reflectance in the wavelength range 350-2500 nm followed a clear seasonal trend influenced by environmental conditions and tree phenology. Mean monthly reflectance peaked in summer (∼22%) while the lowest value (∼15%) was reached in winter with the seasonal changes in the sun's position accounting for a significant proportion of the variations. A sensitivity analysis of a Penman-Monteith transpiration model showed that water use by individual trees changed by up to 13% when the canopy reflectance was varied over the seasonal range of measured values. This suggested that the seasonal changes in tree water use influenced the seasonal trend of the canopy reflectance. Thus monitoring the canopy reflectance of citrus trees could offer information on the tree water status. To test this, sap flow data of water uptake and loss by the trees were compared with the canopy spectra. Sap flow data showed a heavy reliance by the citrus trees on the internally stored water with up to 25% of the daily total transpiration withdrawn from the trees’ internal water storage pools when soil water was limited. This depletion of internally stored water, and hence the change in tree water status, was detected using spectral indices based on the first order derivatives of the canopy reflectance centered at two and, at most, four spectral bands. We conclude that even if citrus trees are evergreen, their canopy reflectance changes significantly throughout the year with a considerable impact on tree energy balance and water use. In addition, the contribution of the internally stored water to daily transpiration is a possible indicator of drought stress for citrus trees detectable from changes in canopy reflectance and it has potential applications in irrigation scheduling using canopy level spectral information. 相似文献
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为探讨除草剂施用对柑橘园土壤氮转化及温室气体排放的影响,在实验室培养条件下,研究了0年(林地)、种植10年和30年的柑橘园土壤中分别添加除草剂草甘膦和丁草胺后,尿素态氮含量、硝化和反硝化作用以及温室气体排放的变化。研究结果表明,橘园土壤中尿素第1 d的水解率、氮肥硝化率、反硝化作用损失总量以及N_2O和CO_2排放量显著高于林地土壤(P0.05)。与10年橘园土壤相比,30年橘园土壤显著增加了尿素的水解速率、氮肥硝化率和CO_2排放量(P0.05),但二者的反硝化损失量没有显著差异。施用草甘膦和丁草胺都显著促进了林地土壤的尿素水解(P0.05),第1 d尿素态氮含量分别降低11.20%和12.43%;但对3种土壤氮肥的硝化率均没有明显影响。施用丁草胺显著降低了林地土壤的CO_2排放量(P0.05),对两种橘园土壤的CO_2排放没有明显影响,但明显增加了两种橘园土壤的N_2O排放总量(P0.05),分别比不施除草剂增加56.27%和85.41%;施用草甘膦对3种土壤的N_2O和CO_2排放均没有明显影响。可见,草甘膦和丁草胺的施用不会对柑橘园土壤的氮转化过程产生影响,但丁草胺显著增加了柑橘园土壤的N_2O排放。 相似文献
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The transpiration of Tamarillos (Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.), Sendt.) grown in a sheltered orchard was measured periodically through a season. A series of excision experiments provided daily water uptake data which agreed closely with rates calculated on the basis of equilibrium transpiration and projected canopy area. Comparative porometer and leaf water potential measurements indicated that the excised trees functioned normally over the measurement periods. Shelter apparently reduced the influence of advection on evaporation with the result that transpiration was strongly dependent on net radiation. 相似文献
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为了探索大气CO2浓度升高对作物蒸腾耗水与根系吸水的影响,该文布置了春小麦室内水培试验,试验共设置3个CO2浓度梯度(400±50、625±50、850±50μmol/mol),期间对各处理条件下小麦生长与蒸腾耗水的动态变化过程进行监测,包括水气交换、干物重、叶面积、根长、蒸腾速率等。试验结果表明:当CO2浓度从400μmol/mol升高至625、850μmol/mol时,短期(约3 d)内叶片气孔导度迅速降低,蒸腾耗水减弱,光合作用增强,导致水分利用效率升高;随着小麦被置于高CO2浓度条件下时间的延长,叶片气孔导度与蒸腾速率的降低幅度以及光合速率的增大幅度都逐渐缩小,即发生了CO2驯化现象。此时小麦生长仍然很旺盛,但蒸腾耗水并未发生显著变化,因此水分利用效率升高。CO2浓度升高可显著促进根系生长发育,导致单位根长潜在吸水系数显著降低(P<0.05),但其与单位根长氮含量之间仍呈线性正相关关系(R^2=0.83)。研究结果可为改进根系吸水模型与作物生长模型提供参考依据,并有助于系统理解土壤-作物-大气连续体。 相似文献
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为构建适用于模拟南疆滴灌成龄枣园蒸散及其组成成分的模型,了解枣园土壤蒸发特征,本研究在双源模型和局部湿润灌溉方式下稀疏植被蒸散估算模型基础之上构建滴灌枣园局部湿润模型,以涡度相关法实测2017年枣园蒸散数据,对双源模型（Shuttleworth-Wallace）及滴灌枣园局部湿润模型（Partial Root-zone Irrigation model）系数进行拟合;之后通过评价两种模型模拟值的可靠性以及增加和减少模型参数10%来观测模型各参数对蒸散的影响方式,并校验各模型参数计算公式的准确性;然后以涡度相关法与液流法实测的2018年枣园蒸散与蒸腾量为基准值,对双源模型与滴灌枣园局部湿润模型模拟2018年枣园蒸散及蒸腾量的可靠性进行评价,筛选出适合模拟南疆滴灌枣园蒸散及其组分的模型并模拟滴灌枣园土壤蒸发特征。结果表明：滴灌枣园局部湿润模型和双源模型的模型系数拟合准确;依据模型模拟评价标准,两种模型模拟2018年枣园蒸散的结果均为极好,且精度基本一致。滴灌枣园局部湿润模型模拟蒸腾量结果良好,与实际测定值之间的差值为15.73 mm;双源模型模拟蒸腾量结果不可取。因此筛选出滴灌枣园局部湿润模型模拟枣园土壤蒸发,枣园土壤蒸发量占蒸散量的19.74%。滴灌枣园局部湿润模型可以准确估算滴灌成龄枣园蒸散及蒸散组成成分。 相似文献
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为爬山虎在石漠化荒山植被恢复中的栽培利用提供科学依据。应用英国PPS公司生产的CIRAS-2型光合作用系统,在不同土壤水分条件下测定2年生爬山虎苗木叶片光合与蒸腾速率的光响应特性。结果表明:爬山虎叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率对土壤水分含量和光合有效辐射强度的变化具有明显的阈值响应。土壤体积含水量在12.6%～20.7%、相对含水量在45.2%～74.3%,爬山虎叶片的光合速率都具有较高水平,其中在体积含水量为18.3%（相对含水量为65.7%）左右时,叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率均达到最高水平,但水分利用效率较低。维持爬山虎叶片具有最高水分利用效率的土壤水分大约在体积含水量为12.6%（相对含水量为45.2%）。维持爬山虎同时具有较高光合速率和水分利用效率的适宜土壤水分范围,在体积含水量为12.6%～18.3%（相对含水量为45.2%～65.7%）之间,超出此范围时,其光合速率与水分利用效率都会明显下降。土壤水分条件适宜时,光合有效辐射强度在400～1000μmol.m-2.s-1之间,爬山虎的光合速率和水分利用效率都能维持较高水平,超出此范围则明显下降。其中最适宜的光合有效辐射强度为800μmol.m-2.s-1左右。所以,爬山虎对光照强度的适应范围较广,具有较强的抗旱性而不适应高土壤水分环境,是适用于干旱瘠薄荒山植被恢复的优良藤本植物。 相似文献
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Eran Raveh 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2013,176(3):420-428
Maintaining orchards with trees at optimal leaf nutrient concentrations is one of the key issues for maximizing yield. Experiments for evaluating and updating guidelines are very rare since they require several years of field experiments with mature fruit‐bearing trees. In the present paper, we first evaluated the Israeli guidelines for citrus by comparing them to the Israeli orchard leaf mineral status using a 10‐year leaf‐mineral database (results of 20 244 leaf analyses from commercial orchards all over Israel). Then, we created an updated guideline using a second database (the Israeli National Wastewater Effluent Irrigation Surveys database; INWEIS). This database summarizes yield and leaf mineral concentrations of commercial orchards from all over Israel. The data were collected from 122 orchards: 39 orchards of “Oroblanco” Pomelit (Citrus grandis), 33 orchards of “Michal” mandarin (C. reticulata), 30 orchards of “Star Ruby” grapefruit (C. paradise), and 20 orchards of “Shamouti” oranges (C. sinensis) over a 7‐year period. Based on the first database, there was a disagreement between recommendations and the leaf nutrient status (e.g., the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture recommendations were higher than orchard median values), which indicated that the growers and/or the recommendations need to be corrected. Based on the INWEIS database, a new guideline was set. It was found that the optimal leaf nutrient concentrations for grapefruit trees are 1.7% to 2.1% dry weight (DW) for N, 0.08% to 0.010% DW for P, 0.37% to 0.48% DW for K, and 0.33% to 0.45% DW for Mg. For orange trees, the optimal leaf nutrient concentrations are 1.9% to 2.3% DW for N, 0.11% to 0.14% DW for P, 0.80% to 1.00% DW for K, and 0.19% to 0.26% DW for Mg. For mandarin trees, the optimal leaf nutrient concentrations are 2.0% to 2.4% DW for N, 0.09% to 0.12% DW for P, 0.55% to 0.69% DW for K, and 0.19% to 0.26% DW for Mg. Maintaining leaf nutrient concentrations within these ranges will support maximal yields of 110 to 120 t ha–1 for grapefruit, 65 to 70 t ha–1 for orange, and 60 to 70 t ha–1 for mandarin cultivars. 相似文献