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1.
The recent advances in the nutrition of companion animals has resulted in a longer possible life-span for dogs and cats and an improvement in their quality of life. Numerous studies about geriatric animals show that an aging dog or cat requires a specific nutritional formulation that considers the metabolic changes associated with age. A correct diet plays an important role in the treatment of some chronic pathologies in aging animals, particularly those for which the aging process modifies the organ function. A correct diet can provide therapeutic support to the administration of drugs that can sometimes compromise organ function. In the present study, we identify key aspects of the clinical nutrition during chronic renal disorders of dogs and cats, diseases with an elevated incidence and a major cause of mortality in geriatric animals. The aim of nutritional treatment for dogs and cats affected by chronic renal disorders is to improve the quality and length of life, assuring an adequate amount of energy and slowing the progression of renal failure. To improve treatment efficacy it is necessary to prepare different dietary rations during the various stages of disease, on the basis of clinical signs and laboratory data. 相似文献
2.
The recent advances in the nutrition of companion animals has resulted in a longer possible life-span for dogs and cats and an improvement in their quality of life. Numerous studies about geriatric animals show that an aging dog or cat requires a specific nutritional formulation that considers the metabolic changes associated with age. A correct diet plays an important role in the treatment of some chronic pathologies in aging animals, particularly those for which the aging process modifies the organ function. A correct diet can provide therapeutic support to the administration of drugs that can sometimes compromise organ function. In the present study, we identify key aspects of the clinical nutrition during chronic renal disorders of dogs and cats, diseases with an elevated incidence and a major cause of mortality in geriatric animals. The aim of nutritional treatment for dogs and cats affected by chronic renal disorders is to improve the quality and length of life, assuring an adequate amount of energy and slowing the progression of renal failure. To improve treatment efficacy it is necessary to prepare different dietary rations during the various stages of disease, on the basis of clinical signs and laboratory data. 相似文献
3.
Ageing, like all physiological effects, has a multifactorial origin and is linked to the progressive reduction in the function of some organs and systems. Feeding can play an important role in the control of the ageing process by the improvement of quality of life and the prevention of some pathologies associated with age (renal diseases, obesity, rheumatism, dental pathologies, cardiovascular disorders). Clinical nutrition of old dogs allows us to clarify the animals' nutritional requirements, the required balance of nutrients, the quality of ingredients and dietetic function of some substances.
Twenty commercial dry foods formulated for old dogs were analysed. A wide variability of chemical composition was observed among the samples. Very different values were found for size and hardness of kibbles (parameters correlated with the incidence of some dental diseases). Good availability of foods with different nutritional characteristics could be useful to the needs of geriatric dogs. Similarly, a balanced home-made ration could satisfy the specific requirements of old dogs and gratify their owners. In conclusion, a diet for ageing dogs should be “personalized”, considering both the nutritional and extra-nutritional factors, which contribute to guarantee optimal well-being and health.
相似文献4.
Ageing, like all physiological effects, has a multifactorial origin and is linked to the progressive reduction in the function of some organs and systems. Feeding can play an important role in the control of the ageing process by the improvement of quality of life and the prevention of some pathologies associated with age (renal diseases, obesity, rheumatism, dental pathologies, cardiovascular disorders). Clinical nutrition of old dogs allows us to clarify the animals' nutritional requirements, the required balance of nutrients, the quality of ingredients and dietetic function of some substances. Twenty commercial dry foods formulated for old dogs were analysed. A wide variability of chemical composition was observed among the samples. Very different values were found for size and hardness of kibbles (parameters correlated with the incidence of some dental diseases). Good availability of foods with different nutritional characteristics could be useful to the needs of geriatric dogs. Similarly, a balanced home-made ration could satisfy the specific requirements of old dogs and gratify their owners. In conclusion, a diet for ageing dogs should be "personalized", considering both the nutritional and extra-nutritional factors, which contribute to guarantee optimal well-being and health. 相似文献
5.
Denise A Elliott 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2006,36(6):1377-84, viii
Chronic renal disease is a leading cause of death in dogs and cats. Recent clinical studies show that nutrition plays a key role in improving quality of life and life expectancy of these patients. Typical nutritional interventions include modifying the protein, phosphorus, and lipid concentrations. Nutritional therapy, however, does not simply mean changing the diet; consideration must also be given to ensuring adequate caloric intake and to the method of feeding. Monitoring the effects of the dietary therapy is also crucial to ensure that the patients are responding appropriately to the selected nutritional modifications. Nutritional management must be coordinated with medical management for long term successful treatment. 相似文献
6.
Dogs and cats that have been perfectly acceptable pets for many years may develop behavioral problems with old age. Most often these problems develop in animals that have never been very well behaved but have been tolerated by the owners until the problem has somehow exacerbated secondary to some other geriatric problem. The behavioral problems of old dogs most likely to be encountered by the practitioner are those of deaf dogs, dogs that house-soil because of renal, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal problems, and dogs that are aggressive because of a change in the number of animals or humans in the household or that are aggressive secondary to a chronic painful condition such as arthritis. Common feline problems may concern changes in the cat's environment. The treatment of behavioral problems of old animals is similar to the treatment of the problems of young animals, except that the physical limitations and disabilities of the old, usually ill, animal must be considered. Owners should be advised of the behavioral problems that may occur secondary to degenerative diseases and also be persuaded to keep social and environmental changes to a minimum in an old animal's life. 相似文献
7.
Maintaining the health of dogs and cats by feeding wholesome nutritional diets is becoming an important component of responsible pet ownership. Pet owners now seek a long and healthy life for their pet and look to nutrition, as well as to veterinary medicine, to provide such support. Quality of life, measured in terms of reduced incidence of diseases and the ability to maintain an active life, would appear to be able to be enhanced by appropriate nutrition and nutraceutical supplementation. As a consequence numerous improvements in companion animal nutrition have resulted in development of a wide array of foods that provide complete and balanced nutrition. As a result emphasis also has to be placed on product safety and quality parameters, in connection with traceability. The origin of products, including product characteristics and properties, processing conditions and further handling throughout the period chain, is becoming ever increasingly an issue for collective chain management.
相似文献8.
Ageing, like all physiological effects, has a multifactorial origin and is linked to the progressive reduction in the function of some organs and systems. Feeding can play an important role in the control of the ageing process by the improvement of quality of life and the prevention of some pathologies associated with age (renal diseases, obesity, rheumatism, dental pathologies, cardiovascular disorders). Clinical nutrition of old dogs allows us to clarify the animals' nutritional requirements, the required balance of nutrients, the quality of ingredients and dietetic function of some substances.Twenty commercial dry foods formulated for old dogs were analysed. A wide variability of chemical composition was observed among the samples. Very different values were found for size and hardness of kibbles (parameters correlated with the incidence of some dental diseases). Good availability of foods with different nutritional characteristics could be useful to the needs of geriatric dogs. Similarly, a balanced home-made ration could satisfy the specific requirements of old dogs and gratify their owners. In conclusion, a diet for ageing dogs should be “personalized”, considering both the nutritional and extra-nutritional factors, which contribute to guarantee optimal well-being and health. 相似文献
9.
Before recommending a diet for a senior pet, a thorough nutritional evaluation should be completed. Although many middle-aged and older pets are overweight, a large percentage of geriatric cats and dogs have a low BCS. Approximately one third of cats older than 12 years of age may have a decreased ability to digest fat, whereas one in five may have a compromised ability to digest protein. Thus, appropriate diets for these two age groups may differ considerably. Mature (middle-aged) cats would likely benefit from a lower calorie food, whereas geriatric cats (>12 years of age) may need a highly digestible nutrient-dense diet. More than 40% of dogs between the ages of 5 and 10 years are overweight or obese. Such dogs may benefit from diets with lower fat and calories. Senior dogs also have an increased need for dietary protein, however. Therefore, healthy older dogs may benefit from diets with an increased protein-to-calorie ratio, providing a minimum of 25% of calories from protein. Common obesity-related conditions in dogs or cats include DM and OA. Diabetes differs between dogs and cats. Type I diabetes, common in dogs, seems to respond to fiber-enriched diets, whereas type II diabetes, common in cats, seems to benefit from high-protein and low-carbohydrate diets. OA, an inflammatory condition that occurs in approximately 20% of dogs, may benefit from weight management and nutrients that reduce the inflammatory responses, such as long-chain n-3 fatty acids. 相似文献
10.
S Donoghue 《The Cornell veterinarian》1991,81(2):109-128
A full-time nutrition support service provided 1,133 consultations in a small animal teaching hospital from July 1986 to June 1988, consisting of 840 dogs, 260 cats, 23 exotic species, and 10 consultations with incomplete information. The dog and cat consultations represented 2.1 and 3.7% of canine and feline admissions, respectively. Consultations involved the determination of nutritional goals which led to recommendations of specific dietary regimens. Most frequent requests were for diet evaluation and diet formulation to meet estimated calorie and protein needs during illness and stress (23%), for specific calorie or nutrient modification given a working diagnosis (23%), and for avoidance of tissue utilization or weight loss (23%). Frequently involved single organ systems were gastrointestinal (16%), liver (12%), kidney (9%), and pancreas (4%), but multiple system involvement was more common (19%). Most frequent diagnostic categories were metabolic disorders (17%), chronic organ failure (17%), and neoplasia (12%). Enteral nutrition was preferred for 98% of consultations. Voluntary consumption was deemed adequate in 81% of consultations, and highly palatable balanced homemade diets and specialty products were recommended in 74% of these. Human hospital liquid enteral products were used in 95% of consultations recommending involuntary feeding, either fed alone, blended with petfoods, or supplemented with modules of protein or fat. The service demonstrated that full-time nutrition support can be utilized effectively in a small animal teaching hospital. Further development of such services will depend on research focused especially on determination of case-specific nutritional goals, patient responses, and cost effectiveness. 相似文献
11.
M S Crisp D J Chew S P DiBartola S J Birchard 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1989,195(9):1262-1266
The records of 25 dogs and 2 cats treated with peritoneal dialysis during an 11-year period were evaluated. The indications for peritoneal dialysis were acute renal failure in 21 animals, chronic renal failure in 5 animals, and azotemia of undetermined cause in 1 animal. Peritoneal dialysis resulted in a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in serum urea nitrogen concentration in 19 of the dogs and a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in serum creatinine in 20 dogs. The most common complication of peritoneal dialysis was hypoalbuminemia (11 animals affected). Other common complications were dialysate retention/catheter obstruction (8 animals), peritonitis (6 animals), hypochloremia (6 animals), and subcutaneous leakage of dialysate (6 animals). Twelve dogs and 2 cats died during treatment, 6 dogs were euthanatized, and 1 dog was lost to follow-up evaluation. The remaining 6 dogs survived and were discharged from the hospital after successful peritoneal dialysis. On the basis of the results of this study, the authors concluded that peritoneal dialysis, although associated with a high complication rate, was a successful technique for reducing azotemia in dogs with acute and chronic renal failure. Survival rates were poor because of the severity of the underlying renal diseases. 相似文献
12.
WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Task Force Members 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2011,13(7):516-525
OBJECTIVES: Careful assessment of the nutritional needs of cats and dogs must be taken into consideration in order to maintain optimum health, be part of a treatment regimen for a diseased state, or to maximize the quality of life in all animals. The goal of these World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guidelines is that a nutritional assessment and specific nutritional recommendation is made for every patient on every visit. This will become known as the 5th Vital Assessment (5VA), following the four vital assessments of temperature, pulse, respiration and pain that are already addressed on each patient interaction. EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS: A brief screening evaluation of nutritional status can be routinely and seamlessly performed during the history-taking and physical examination of every patient. Nutrition-related risk factors that can be easily identified from the history and physical examination include age (growing or old), suboptimal body condition score (overweight or thin), muscle loss, atypical or homemade diet, medical conditions or changes in appetite. An extended evaluation would follow if one or more risk factors is identified on screening. These guidelines provide criteria with which to evaluate the animal and the diet, as well as key feeding and environmental factors. In addition, recommendations for interpretation, analysis and action are included so that a plan for optimizing the animal's nutritional status can be instituted. TEAM APPROACH: Client compliance with nutritional recommendations requires input from the veterinarian, veterinary technicians/nurses and hospital staff. A team approach to continuous nutritional education, implementation of appropriate protocols, and focused client communication, utilizing these WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines, is key to reaching this 5VA goal. 相似文献
13.
Dietary protein, carbohydrates, fats and fibre have marked influences on gastrointestinal tract function and dysfunction. This article reviews the nutritional management of common gastrointestinal disorders in companion animals and introduces some of the current areas of research including probiotics, prebiotics, protein-hydrolysate diets, immunonutrition and dietary fibre. Nutritional management of oesophageal disease revolves around varying the consistency of the diet and feeding the animal from an elevated container. Provision of bowel rest remains the mainstay of the management of acute gastroenteritis but food-based oral rehydration solutions are a useful adjunct. The recommended diet for chronic small bowel diarrhoea is a highly digestible, hypoallergenic, gluten-free, low-lactose and low-fat diet with modest amounts of fermentable fibre. The use of probiotics in the management of diarrhoea in companion animals has not yet been shown to be beneficial. It is likely that prebiotics will prove more effective than probiotics in the prevention of enteropathogenic infections. Approximately 50% of cats in New Zealand that suffer from chronic idiopathic vomiting or diarrhoea will respond to a novel-protein-elimination diet and approximately 30% meet the diagnostic criteria for food sensitivity. Growing evidence supports the use of protein-hydrolysate diets in the management of inflammatory bowel disease and further advances in immunonutrition are expected. The dietary management of colitis should include a hypoallergenic diet with a fermentable fibre source. Manipulation of the diet provides clinicians a powerful therapeutic strategy to be used alone or concurrently with drug therapy in the management of gastrointestinal disorders. 相似文献
14.
15.
Disorders of the urinary system are common in geriatric dogs. Common urinary disorders that are seen in older dogs include chronic renal failure, urinary incontinence, bladder tumors, and prostate problems. Therapy for chronic renal failure is aimed at both slowing the progression of the disease and ameliorating the signs of uremia. Therapeutic recommendations for the conservative medical management of chronic renal failure include reducing dietary protein, moderately reducing salt intake, maintaining normal serum phosphorus levels, providing free access to water, avoiding stress, supplementing water soluble vitamins, using anabolic steroids to treat the anemia of chronic renal failure, treating acidosis, and controlling hypocalcemia. Urinary incontinence can often be controlled or eliminated. The appropriate approach to management of this disorder is to identify and remove specific causes. Common causes of urinary incontinence are urethral incompetence, urinary tract infection, and polyuria and polydypsia. Bladder tumors are, fortunately, not a common tumor of dogs, but are more common in geriatric dogs than in the young. The most common bladder tumor is the transitional cell carcinoma. Therapy for this tumor is usually palliative because of its malignant nature and because it is usually located in the neck of the bladder. Its location in the bladder often makes it impossible to resect the tumor completely without removing the entire bladder and diverting the ureters. New chemotherapeutic modalities are being evaluated that may increase life expectancy after diagnosis and, therefore, improve prognosis. Prostate disease is also seen in older dogs. Types of prostate abnormalities seen in dogs include prostatic hyperplasia, cysts, abscesses, acute and chronic infection, and neoplasia. The institution of proper therapy requires an accurate diagnosis; neutering is often recommended as a part of therapy regardless of the type of prostatic disease present. 相似文献
16.
Lisa M. Freeman DVM Mary A. Labato DVM John E. Rush DVM MS Robert J. Murtaugh DVM MS 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》1995,5(1):32-41
The medical records of animals with pancreatitis that received nutritional support were evaluated. Over a five year period (1989–1994), 16 patients with pancreatitis (14 dogs and 2 cats) received nutritional support. Affected animals commonly exhibited vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss, as well as multiple clinicopathological abnormalities.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was used in 13 of the cases, while two animals received partial parenteral nutrition (PPN), and one was fed through a jejunostomy tube. The duration of nutritional support ranged from one to 13 days, with a mean of 6.6 days. Three of the animals receiving TPN had complications resulting from the nutritional support, including hyperglycemia, hyperammonemia, and hyperlipidemia. The survival rate for all 16 cases was 56% (9 of 16).
A variety of nutritional support techniques can be successfully used in animals with pancreatitis and are associated with few complications, most of which can be managed with adjustments in treatment regimen. 相似文献
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was used in 13 of the cases, while two animals received partial parenteral nutrition (PPN), and one was fed through a jejunostomy tube. The duration of nutritional support ranged from one to 13 days, with a mean of 6.6 days. Three of the animals receiving TPN had complications resulting from the nutritional support, including hyperglycemia, hyperammonemia, and hyperlipidemia. The survival rate for all 16 cases was 56% (9 of 16).
A variety of nutritional support techniques can be successfully used in animals with pancreatitis and are associated with few complications, most of which can be managed with adjustments in treatment regimen. 相似文献
17.
V. Bontempo 《Veterinary research communications》2005,29(2):45-50
Maintaining the health of dogs and cats by feeding wholesome nutritional diets is becoming an important component of responsible pet ownership. Pet owners now seek a long and healthy life for their pet and look to nutrition, as well as to veterinary medicine, to provide such support. Quality of life, measured in terms of reduced incidence of diseases and the ability to maintain an active life, would appear to be able to be enhanced by appropriate nutrition and nutraceutical supplementation. As a consequence numerous improvements in companion animal nutrition have resulted in development of a wide array of foods that provide complete and balanced nutrition. As a result emphasis also has to be placed on product safety and quality parameters, in connection with traceability. The origin of products, including product characteristics and properties, processing conditions and further handling throughout the period chain, is becoming ever increasingly an issue for collective chain management. 相似文献
18.
Bontempo V 《Veterinary research communications》2005,29(Z2):45-50
Maintaining the health of dogs and cats by feeding wholesome nutritional diets is becoming an important component of responsible pet ownership. Pet owners now seek a long and healthy life for their pet and look to nutrition, as well as to veterinary medicine, to provide such support. Quality of life, measured in terms of reduced incidence of diseases and the ability to maintain an active life, would appear to be able to be enhanced by appropriate nutrition and nutraceutical supplementation. As a consequence numerous improvements in companion animal nutrition have resulted in development of a wide array of foods that provide complete and balanced nutrition. As a result emphasis also has to be placed on product safety and quality parameters, in connection with traceability. The origin of products, including product characteristics and properties, processing conditions and further handling throughout the period chain, is becoming ever increasingly an issue for collective chain management. 相似文献
19.
S K Abood C A Buffington 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1992,201(4):619-622
Feeding commercial enteral diets to critically ill dogs and cats via nasogastric tubes was an appropriate means for providing nutritional support and was associated with few complications. Twenty-six cats and 25 dogs in the intensive care unit of our teaching hospital were evaluated for malnutrition and identified as candidates for nutritional support via nasogastric tube. Four commercial liquid formula diets and one protein supplement designed for use in human beings were fed to the dogs and cats. Outcome variables used to assess efficacy and safety of nutritional support were return to voluntary food intake, maintenance of body weight to within 10% of admission weight, and complications associated with feeding liquid diets. Sixty-three percent of animals experienced no complications with enteral feedings; resumption of food intake began for most animals (52%) while they were still in the hospital. Weight was maintained in 61% of the animals (16 of 26 cats and 15 of 25 dogs). Complications that did occur included vomiting, diarrhea, and inadvertent tube removal. Most problems were resolved by changing the diet or adhering to the recommended feeding protocol. Nutritional support as a component of therapy in small animals often is initiated late in the course of the disease when animals have not recovered as quickly as expected. If begun before the animal becomes nutrient depleted, enteral feeding may better support the animal and avoid serious complications. 相似文献
20.
Use of the Cell-Dyn 3500 to predict leukemic cell lineage in peripheral blood of dogs and cats 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Fernandes PJ Modiano JF Wojcieszyn J Thomas JS Benson PA Smith R Avery AC Burnett RC Boone LI Johnson MC Pierce KR 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2002,31(4):167-182
Background— Morphology and cytochemistry are the foundation for classification of leukemias in dogs and cats. Advances in automated hematology instrumentation, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular biology are significantly improving our ability to recognize and classify spontaneous myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders. Objective— The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of flow cytometry‐based light scatter patterns provided by the Cell‐Dyn 3500 (CD3500) automated hematology analyzer to predict the lineage of leukemic cells in peripheral blood of dogs and cats. Methods— Leukemic cells from 15 dogs and 6 cats were provisionally classified using an algorithm based on the CD3500 CBC output data and were subsequently phenotyped by enzyme cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, indirect flow cytometry, and analysis of antigen receptor gene rearrangement. Results— The algorithm led to correct predictions regarding the ontogeny of the leukemic cells (erythroid/megakaryocytic potential, myeloid leukemia, monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, lymphoid leukemia) in 19/21 animals. Mismatches in the WBC impedance count and the WBC optical count in conjunction with microscopic assessment of blasts in the blood were useful for predicting myeloproliferative disorders with erythroid or megakaryocytic potential. The leukocyte light scatter patterns enabled distinction among myeloid leukemias (represented by acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia) and lymphocytic leukemias (including acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias). One case of acute lymphocytic leukemia was misidentified as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Conclusions— Algorithmic analyses can be applied to data generated by the CD3500 to predict the ontogeny of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood of dogs and cats. This rapid and quantitative technique may be used to improve diagnostic decisions, expand therapeutic choices, and increase prognostic accuracy. 相似文献