Analysing the effect of soil organic matter on bacterial communities using T-RFLP fingerprinting: different methods,different stories?     

A. Blaud  F. Diouf  A. M. Herrmann  T. Z. Lerch 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2015,51(8):959-971

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Maize lines with different nitrogen use efficiency select bacterial communities with different β-glucosidase-encoding genes and glucosidase activity in the rhizosphere     

Shamina I. Pathan  Maria Teresa Ceccherini  Martin Asser Hansen  Laura Giagnoni  Judith Ascher  Mariarita Arenella  Søren J. Sørensen  Giacomo Pietramellara  Paolo Nannipieri  Giancarlo Renella 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2015,51(8):995-1004

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Do different agronomic soil tests identify similar nutrient deficiencies?     

Tuomas J. Mattila  Jukka Rajala 《Soil Use and Management》2022,38(1):635-648

Traditionally, locally calibrated soil tests were used for fertilizer and lime recommendations. Farmers and advisors are increasingly using new ‘universal’ soil tests without local calibration. The objective of this study was to compare five commercially available soil tests and to determine whether they would provide similar recommendations. In total, 24 fields in Western Finland were sampled for 4 years while being treated with fertilizers, lime and manure. The soil samples were analysed with Mehlich-3, ammonium acetate, H3A, hydrochloric acid and mild acetic acid (Spurway) extractants. In addition, Soil Health Tool (CO₂ burst, water-soluble C and N) and tissue testing were conducted. The different tests extracted different orders of magnitude of nutrients (especially P and Mg), but the results from the different extractions were correlated. Mehlich-3 degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) presented a threshold, below which soluble phosphorus was not detected. Similar thresholds were found for P, S and Mg. Mehlich-3 and ammonium acetate provided similar results for Ca, Mg and K and can be used interchangeably for liming recommendations. Mehlich-3 identified more fields with Zn, Cu, B and S deficiencies and less fields with Mn deficiencies compared with ammonium acetate + EDTA and tissue testing. The tests had strong correlation, but the determination of nutrient deficiencies needs local calibration of deficiency limits.  相似文献   

Landau–Deryagin law and hydration energy of soils of different genesis     

I. I. Sudnitsyn 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2017,72(3):106-112

Linear regression equations between the logarithm of the total soil moisture potential and soil moisture content in the hygroscopic moisture range (Landau–Deryagin law) were derived for typical soils from different natural zones of European Russia. From these equations, a compact algorithm was developed for calculating the hydration energy of soils, which increases from 1280 to 10600 J/kg in the following soil series: heavy loamy soddy podzolic soil–heavy loamy gray forest soil–medium loamy light chestnut soil–heavy loamy brown semidesert soil–light clayey solonchak–light clayey chernozem–medium clayey krasnozem. Relationships were revealed between the hydration energy of soils, the specific surface of soils, the content of physical clay in soils, and the concentration of hydrated exchangeably adsorbed ions.  相似文献   

Cyanobacterial–algal cenoses in ordinary chernozems under the impact of different phytoameliorants     

I. E. Dubovik  Ya. T. Suyundukov  R. F. Khasanova  R. R. Shalygina 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(4):457-465

General ecological and taxonomic characteristics of cyanobacterial–algal cenoses in ordinary chernozems under different ameliorative plants (phytoameliorants) were studied in the Trans-Ural region of the Republic of Bashkortostan. A comparative analysis of the taxa of studied cenoses in the soils under leguminous herbs and grasses was performed. The phytoameliorative effect of different herbs and their relationships with cyanobacterial–algal cenoses were examined. Overall, 134 cyanoprokaryotic and algal species belonging to 70 genera, 36 families, 15 orders, and 9 classes were identified. Cyanobacterial–algal cenoses included the divisions of Chlorophyta, Cyanoprokaryota, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Euglenophyta. Representatives of Ch-, X-, CF-, and P-forms were the leading ecobiomorphs in the studied cenoses.  相似文献   

Growth of tomato seedlings under different HCO‐ 3 concentration in the medium     

J. Biatczyk  Z. Lechowski  A. Libik 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):801-816

An increase in the concentration of HCO^‐ ₃ ions in liquid media surrounding the root system significantly affected the biomass production of tomato seedlings in early stages of growth. This effect depended upon HCO^‐ ₃ concentration. The cultivation of seedlings during a period of 24 days (from 21–45 days after sowing) on a medium enriched to 5.68 mM HCO₃ (0.025% CO₂ after the computed dissociation) increased the production of dry matter (DW) plant"¹ to about 179% as compared with the respective control. Various tomato organs showed different values of DW increase, the greatest one being noted in leaf blades. This result was correlated with an increase in leaf blade area to about 176% in relation to the control. With an increase in the concentration to 22.72 mM HCO^‐ ₃ (0.1% CO₂ after the computed dissociation) a general tendency of changes was maintained, however, the absolute values of growth were diminished. In media of an enriched HCO₃ content the length of shoots, and roots, was not significantly modified. The values of other growth parameters computed for the respective three experimental series with HCO₃ concentration of 0.0, 5.68, and 22.72 mM, respectively, in the medium also showed correlations with the biomass production in tomato organs. The enrichment of liquid media with HCO₃ affected the processes of absorption, distribution, and accumulation of such elements as nitrogen, potassium, and calcium. No statistically significant differences in the content of phosphorus were obtained. The data presented here are the continuation of the study whose results were published in 1992 (J. Plant Nutr. 15: 293–312).  相似文献   

Soil fertility in a long‐term fertilizer trial with different tillage systems     

Sandor Hoffmann  Tamas Kismányoky 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3-4):239-250

The presented results originate from a field experiment established in 1972 on an Eutric cambisol with two main factors: soil tillage (conventional‐, reduced‐, and no‐tillage) and NPK fertilization. The test plants were maize and winter wheat in two years rotation.

The long‐term soil fertility without and with optimum fertilization, the influence of fertilization, tillage and crop sequence on grain yields, the organic carbon content (C_org) and the nitrate infiltration are discussed.

In the course of years without any NPK fertilization grain yields of maize and winter wheat decreased significantly and reached a minimum level which was modified however by the actual climatic conditions. The analogous yield level of optimum NPK fertilization at maize showed a growing tendence while at wheat it remained mostly constant.

The method of soil tillage influenced grain yield of winter wheat to a lesser extent than the yield of maize. Grain yields of maize and winter wheat were consistently lower with no‐till as compared to reduced or conventional tillage, however the differences with w. wheat were much smaller. The effect of tillage was especially high at N₀ P₀ K₀. Crop rotation had a positive effect on the yields of maize. For winter wheat at N₀ P₀ K₀ oneself was the better forecrop, while at optimum N and PK maize performed a little better. C_orgcontent of soil slightly increased in the course of 25 years not only on the fertilized plots but on the nil plots too. Increasing N‐doses showed only a little effect on the C_org. There was a little positive effect of no‐till on C_org content of soil as well as compared fall ploughing. Soil tillage did not much influence the total amount of nitrate in the soil profile. The distribution of nitrate‐N in the soil profile was more affected by the actual climatical circumstances than by the system of tillage. However big nitrate accumulations were found in the subsoil according to different soil tillage systems at some other times, as well as lack of it, which suppose the possibility of a relative quick nitrate infiltration.  相似文献   

Conservation in a city: Do the same principles apply to different taxa?     

Vojtěch Jarošík  Martin Konvi?ka  Petr Pyšek  Tomáš Kadlec  Ji?í Beneš 《Biological conservation》2011,(1):490-499

Factors shaping overall species richness and representation of endangered species of vascular flora and butterflies were determined in 48 nature reserves in Prague, Czech Republic. Total species richness of both groups, and the presence of endangered butterflies, reflect the present status of habitats, while that of endangered plants reflects habitat composition at the time of reserve establishment. Reserve area has a much stronger effect on the species richness of sessile plants than mobile butterflies which, especially endangered species, respond more positively to heterogeneity than to area. Both species richness and endangered species peak in reserves half covered with forest, likely because they harbor species of both woodland and non-woodland habitats, and edge specialists. Solely relying on area and disregarding habitat quality, or a failure to conserve small but high quality sites, may be counterproductive for conserving endangered plant and butterfly species. To conserve diversity of plants and butterflies current management practices, often aimed at maintaining large blocks of pre-selected plant communities, should change to include maintenance of fallows, edges and transient zones.  相似文献   

Evaluation of soil fertility under different Cupressus chengiana forests using multivariate approach   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

PANG Xue-Yong  BAO Wei-Kai  ZHANG Yong-Mei 《土壤圈》2006,16(5):602-615

The distribution and growing conditions of Cupressus chengiana forests along with the physical and chemical properties of soils in Northwest Sichuan were studied in 2002 to investigate the conditions and characteristics of soil fertility of C. chengiana and to compare and investigate differences of soil fertility for six C. chengiana populations and their relationships with vegetation, climate and disturbance. The results of the study at 0-20 cm soil depth showed that 1） significant differences （P〈0.05） existed among populations for soil bulk density, soil total porosity, capillary porosity, maximum water-holding capacity, capillary water-holding capacity and topsoil natural water content; 2） chemical characteristics of soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, available K and cation exchange capacity were significantly different among the populations; and 3） based on the significant effect of soil fertility factors on forest growth, soil physical and chemical characteristics could be selected as an integrated fertility index （IFI） for evaluation of different C. chengiana populations. Principal component and cluster analyses showed significant differences probably due to the difference of vegetation conditions, management measurements, human-induced disturbances and environmental factors. In order to protect the soil ecological functions in fragile ecological regions, C. chengiana could be used in programs enclosing the hill for natural afforestation, natural forest protection programs, and programs replacing agriculture with afforestation measures.  相似文献   

Ambient nitrous oxide emissions from different landform complexes as affected by simulated rain‐fall     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13-14):2279-2293

Abstract

The Tesponse of ambient nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions to four levels of simulated rainfall (5, 10, 20, and 40 mm) was assessed using large‐diameter cores of undisturbed soil in a greenhouse. The soil cores were taken from the two dominant soil‐landform groups present in the study area: Mollic Albaqualfs in footslope complexes and Typic Haploborolls in shoulder complexes. The footslope complexes had higher ambient N₂O emission than the shoulder complexes at all rainfall levels which was attributed to the differences in inherent characteristics of the soils occurring at these landscape positions. This demonstrates the importance of a spatially‐based investigative approach to account for landscape‐scale differences in soil characteristics when investigating N₂O emission at a large scale. Rainfall level strongly influenced the aeration status of the soil which, in turn, affected N₂O emission. Rainfall showed to be a potential suitable parameter in a predictive model for N₂O emissions (R² = 0.73** and 0.57** on the footslope and shoulder complexes, respectively). Nitrous oxide emissions also occurred in bursts following high rainfall levels; major increases were observed following 20 and 40 mm rainfall. At these rainfall levels, the N₂O fluxes from the footslope and shoulder complexes returned to the background level after 48 h and 24 h, respectively. In addition to an appropriate spatial sampling scheme, this study also illustrates the importance of rainfall in deriving a reliable temporal sampling scheme that would include rainfall‐induced episodic emissions to obtain meaningful N₂O flux estimates. The potential of using rainfall data for predicting N₂O emission activity warrants further investigation under actual field condition.  相似文献   

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry fingerprinting of Brazilian artisan cachaça aged in different wood casks     

de Souza PP  Siebald HG  Augusti DV  Neto WB  Amorim VM  Catharino RR  Eberlin MN  Augusti R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(6):2094-2102

We have investigated the capability of direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode, ESI(-)-MS, to differentiate representative samples of artisan cacha?a, a Brazilian sugar cane distillate of large production, aged in four different types of wood casks: amburana (Amburana cearensis), jequitibA (Cariniana estrellensis), balm (Myroxylon peruiferum), and oak (Quercus rubra). The ESI(-)-MS were found to be very characteristic, showing sets of diagnostic ions for each of the four types of samples: amburana (m/z 271, 313, 377), jequitibA (m/z 143, 171, 255), balm (m/z 137, 269, 283, 297), and oak (m/z 197, 301, 307). Furthermore, principal component (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), applied to the ESI(-)-MS data, divided these samples into four definite categories. The influence of the aging time on the ESI(-)-MS fingerprints of the cacha?a samples stored in oak casks was also established. An inversion in the relative intensity of the diagnostic ions of m/z 307 and 301 is detected in the ESI(-)-MS as the aging time increased from 1 to 2 years. The chemical structures of the major cacha?a components were proposed on the basis of the following: (a) the comparison of the ESI(-)-MS/MS of the diagnostic anions with those of the authentic anions or (b) the interpretation of the fragmentation patterns of the previously unknown diagnostic anions. Hence, direct infusion ESI(-)-MS allows not only a rapid, simple, and accurate way to distinguish among cacha?a samples stored in different wood casks but also monitoring changes in their chemical composition according to the aging time.  相似文献   

Phosphorus balance and risk assessment in the rice–canola cropping system under different drainage strategies     

Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali  Ali Shahnazari  Fatemeh Karandish 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2016,62(11):1554-1566

This research was conducted to quantify total phosphorus (TP) losses in poorly drained-consolidated paddy fields equipped with different surface and shallow subsurface drainage systems including drain depth of 0.9 m and drain spacing of 30 m (D_0.9L₃₀), drain depth of 0.65 m and drain spacing of 30 m (D_0.65L₃₀), drain depth of 0.65 m and drain spacing of 15 m (D_0.65L₁₅), drain spacing of 15 m and drain depths of 0.65 and 0.9 m as alternate depths (Bilevel). Typical surface drainage system of consolidated paddy fields was also considered as conventional practice of the study area (control). The subsurface drained fields were under year-round crop production of rice-canola, while the surface drained fields experienced only rice cropping once a year. During three rice-canola-rice growing seasons, TP losses through drainage and leaching in the D_0.9L₃₀, Bilevel, D_0.65L₃₀, D_0.65L₁₅ and control treatments were respectively, 1.12, 0.98, 1.44, 1.53 and 24.48 kg ha^?1, equivalent to about 3.9%, 3.4%, 5.1%, 5.3% and 85.7% of applied triple superphosphate fertilizer. In the rice growing seasons, TP losses through surface runoff were higher than those through subsurface drainage effluents. Shallow subsurface drainage systems were promising for the study area compared surface drainage as phosphorus risks were reduced by 79%, 77%, 64% and 57% through D_0.9L₃₀, Bilevel, D_0.65L₃₀ and D_0.65L₁₅, respectively. These results demonstrated that, by providing suitable condition for winter cropping, subsurface drainage systems can diminish concerns related to phosphorus losses from poorly drained paddy fields in the north of Iran.  相似文献   

Effect of different nitrogen‐forms and iron‐chelates on the development of stinging nettle     

F. Fodor  E. Cseh 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):2239-2253

The development of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) grown on culture solution containing with either ammonium or nitrate ions, or urea, was investigated under iron deficiency conditions, and with added FeEDTA or FeCto. Both seed‐cultured and vegetatively‐cultured stinging nettle plants produced normally developed green shoots when nitrate and 4 μM FeEDTA or FeCto were supplied. Stinging nettle plants were able to utilize Fe‐citrate, Fe‐ascorbate, and Fe‐malate effectively at the same concentration as well. When K3Fe(CN)6 was supplied, which is impermeable to the plasmalemma, and therefore is used to measure the reductive capacity of the roots, stinging nettle plants became chlorotic because the complex was stable at the pH of the culture solution. Urea did not induce chlorosis but inhibited growth. The plants died when ammonium was supplied as a sole N source. Applying bicarbonate and ammonium together prevented the plants from dying, but the plants became chlorotic. Total exclusion of iron from the culture solution resulted in iron‐deficiency stress reactions as has been described for other dicotyledonous plants (Strategy II).  相似文献   

Are different biodiversity metrics related to the same factors? A case study from Mediterranean wetlands     

S. Gascn  D. Boix  J. Sala 《Biological conservation》2009,142(11):2602-2612

Conservation biology is mainly interested in prioritizing sites on the basis of their high biodiversity. Although species richness is a commonly used criterion, it does not take other crucial aspects of identifying conservation priority sites into account, such as rarity or taxonomic distinctness. Additionally, management efforts are usually focused on the conservation of a small number of species, mainly vertebrates. However, the biodiversity patterns of these faunal groups and the main factors which determine them cannot be generalized to other faunal groups (e.g. aquatic invertebrates). Therefore, the objectives of the present study are: (1) to compare the response of 11 biodiversity metrics in order to know which ones are redundant, (2) to identify key environmental factors for biodiversity, and (3) to find out whether sites with high biodiversity values also have a good habitat condition and high protection status. The study was done at assemblage level (crustaceans and insects) in 91 wetlands in the NE Iberian Peninsula. Regression tree models were used to identify the key factors influencing biodiversity, including water, wetland and landscape characteristics as explanatory variables. Generalized Linear models were used to establish the relationship between biodiversity metrics and protection status and habitat condition. The results obtained by the two sampled seasons were compared. Conductivity was the main factor influencing biodiversity metrics. Positive significant relationships were found between some biodiversity metrics and wetland habitat condition, whereas there were none for protection status, indicating the inadequacy of conservation policies to protect wetland aquatic invertebrate biodiversity.  相似文献   

Effects of different management practices on surface water quality from rice fields in south Louisiana∗     

S. E. Feagley  G. C. Sigua  R. L. Bengtson  P. K. Bollich  S. D. Linscombe 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1305-1321

Water samples collected in the Mermentau River Basin over several years at Lousiana Department of Environmental Quality monitoring sites contained high levels of total solids and nutrients during the spring that were highly correlated to pre‐ and post‐plant discharges from rice fields. This study was developed to evaluate the potential of selected management practices (MP's) for reducing total solids, nutrients and pesticides from discharge water in order to improve the surface water quality in southwest Louisiana. Five rice plots located on the Rice Research Station in Crowley, LA represented the different MP's to be evaluated. The five water seeding MP's were: a.1‐no till; a.2‐water cultivation with 30‐day settling; a.3‐dry cultivation with clear water planting; a.4‐mudding‐in with vegetated filter, and b‐mudding‐in (control).

Quality of discharged water from rice fields in the Mermentau River Basin was clearly affected by the different MP's. From the first year of data, all the MPa's were better than the mudding‐in (MPb). The concentrations of the total solids (kg/ha) in the discharged water (initial + final drain) for the different MP's were in the order: MPb(4860) > MPa.3(3906) > MPa.4(3412) > MPa.2(3068) > MPa.1(1807). The MPa.3, MPa.4 and MPb had no detectable amounts of pesticides being released. The 30‐day holding period (MPa.2), clear water planting (MPa.3) and the mudding‐in with vegetated filter (MPa.4) were similar as far as TDS, TSS and TS with the no‐till (MPa.1) being the least. The 30‐day holding period (MPa.2) and the no‐till (MPa.1) had less nutrients, but more pesticides released.

Depending on the priority of the stream problems, different MP's may be more advantageous than others. All of the selected MP's were better than the control (MPb), and therefore, should help to improve water quality.  相似文献   

Fermentation of β-glucans derived from different sources by bifidobacteria: evaluation of their bifidogenic effect     

Zhao J  Cheung PC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(11):5986-5992

β-Glucans obtained from barley, seaweed, bacteria, and mushroom sclerotia were incubated with pure cultures of Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis for a 24 h batch fermentation to evaluate their bifidogenic effect with inulin as the positive control. The pH value in all culture media was decreased by 0.5-1.5 units. All β-glucans supported the growth of the three bifidobacteria with B. infantis, having a relatively larger increase in populations (3-4 log(10) colony forming units). B. infantis produced almost double the amount of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) than the other two bifidobacteria. The SCFA profile of B. infantis had a relatively higher proportion of propionic and butyric acid but less acetic acid than the other bifidobacteria. The utilization of all the β-glucans isolated from different sources regardless of their differences in glycosidic linkages and molecular weight by all three bifidobacteria was comparable to that of inulin.  相似文献   

How the deadwood of different tree species in various stages of decomposition affected nutrient dynamics?     

Jarosław Lasota  Ewa Błońska  Wojciech Piaszczyk  Małgorzata Wiecheć 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(8):2759-2769

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Desiccation and cracking behaviour of clay loam subjected to different irrigation methods during wetting–drying cycles     

Wei Qi  Zhan-Yu Zhang  Ce Wang 《European Journal of Soil Science》2021,72(2):793-809

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Fate of 15 N-labeled fertilizer in soils under dryland agriculture after 19 years of different fertilizations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bin Liang  Xueyun Yang  Daniel V. Murphy  Xinhua He  Jianbin Zhou 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2013,49(8):977-986

This study addressed if long-term combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers could improve the synchrony between nitrogen (N) supply and crop demand. ¹⁵?N-labeled urea was applied to micro-plots within three different fertilized treatments (no fertilizer, No-F soil; inorganic NPK fertilizers, NPK soil; and manure plus inorganic NPK fertilizers, MNPK soil) of a long-term field trial (1990–2009) in a dryland wheat field in the south Loess Plateau, China. After one season of wheat harvest, ¹⁵?N use efficiency was 20, 58, and 65 % in the No-F, NPK, and MNPK soil, respectively. During the early wheat growth stage, microbial immobilization of applied ¹⁵?N was significantly (P?<?0.05) highest in the MNPK soil (15.3 %), higher in the NPK soil (12.6 %), and lowest in the No-F soil (7.4 %). Of the ¹⁵?N immobilized by the soil microbial biomass, 69 % (NPK soil) to 83 % (MNPK soil) was released between the stem elongation and flowering of wheat. Compared with the NPK soil, the MNPK soil had significantly (P?<?0.05) higher grain yield. Our findings highlight that long-term application of organic manure with inorganic fertilizers cannot only improve the synchrony of N supply for crop demand but also increase N use efficiency and grain yield.  相似文献   

Use of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy to assess nitrogen concentration in different plant tissues of rapeseed     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):2987-2995

Abstract

An evaluation of the performance of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in the analysis of nitrogen (N) concentration in different rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) tissues was made. A total of 228 samples from an N‐efficiency study corresponding to leaves and stems at flowering, fallen leaves, mature stems, and mature pod walls were oven dried, ground, and then analyzed by NIRS. The N concentration was determined by Dumas combustion. Two different calibration strategies were followed: (i) separate calibration equations were developed for each type of tissue, resulting in r² above 0.95 in crossvalidation for all tissues with the ratio of the standard error of crossvalidation (SECV) to the standard deviation of the population (SD) ranging from 0.10 to 0.22, and (ii) a NIRS calibration equation was developed from a set integrating 149 samples from the five groups of tissues. External . validation with a set containing 79 further samples from all the groups resulted in an r² of 0.99 and a ratio of the standard error of performance (SEP) to the SD of 0.08. External validation for each group separately resulted in r² from 0.91 to 0.99 and SEP/SD from 0.10 to 0.27. It was concluded that a universal NIRS calibration equation integrating samples from all the types of tissues is an adequate approach for the accurate analysis of N concentration in rapeseed. Based on our results, the NIRS technique can reliably replace the Kjeldahl or Dumas methods to determine the N concentration in investigations of the N efficiency in rapeseed.  相似文献