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1.
This study is the first conducted in Spain to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of field isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. One hundred and eight isolates of the bacterium, recovered from different Spanish swine farms between 2000 and 2007, were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin, tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, clindamycin and lincomycin were determined using a broth microdilution technique. Most of the isolates showed poor susceptibility to erythromycin (MIC90 > 256 μg/ml), tylosin (MIC90 > 256 μg/ml), clindamycin (MIC90 > 4 μg/ml) and lincomycin (MIC90 = 128 μg/ml). Reduced susceptibility to tiamulin and valnemulin was observed with a MIC > 2 μg/ml in 17.6% and 7.41% of the B. hyodysenteriae isolates, respectively. Moreover, a survival analysis permitted the detection of an increasing trend in the MIC values for almost all the antimicrobials used in the treatment of swine dysentery when comparing recent isolates (from 2006 to 2007) with those recovered in earlier years (between 2000 and 2004).  相似文献   

2.
One hundred and fifty-two predominantly feline isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica were tested for their susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents using an agar dilution method. The majority of isolates tested by the agar dilution method were resistant to trimethoprim (MIC90 500 μg/ml) and ampicillin (MIC90 > 32 μg/ml) but sensitive to tetracycline, doxycycline and enrofloxacin (MIC90 2 μg/ml for all three agents). The isolates showed a spectrum of susceptibility to sulphadiazine and clavulanate potentiated amoxycillin. The MIC's of twenty-nine of the 152 isolates were then compared for five of the antimicrobial agents using the E-test (AB Biodisk, Sweden), a recently introduced method for measuring the MIC's of antimicrobial agents based on the diffusion of a pre-defined antibiotic gradient from a plastic strip. Comparisons with the E-test demonstrated an overall agreement (±1 log2 dilution) with the agar dilution method of 79.4% and an agreement within ±2 log2 dilutions of 96.2%.  相似文献   

3.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 20 antimicrobial agents for 41 isolates of Burkholderia mallei from natural outbreaks of equine glanders were determined by agar dilution. All isolates were intrinsically resistant to ampicillin (MIC90 ≥128). Resistance to other antimicrobials was as follows: 95.1% to amoxicillin and cephradine, 85.4% to cefuroxime and norfloxacin, 68.3% to ceftizoxime and ceftriaxone, 61.1% to ceftiofur, 58.5% to oxytetracycline, 41.5% to ciprofloxacin, 58.5% to roxithromycin, 17.1% cefotaxime, and 12.2% clarithromycin. Overall resistance patterns revealed that 17% of isolates were simultaneously resistant to amoxicillin, cephradine, cefuroxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone and norfloxacin. None of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin or trimethoprim-sulphadiazine. Mode MICs for these antimicrobials were 2, 1, 8, 4 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. A majority of the isolates (∼ 94%) were susceptible to both enrofloxacin and ofloxacin. These data provide an updated perspective on susceptibility profiles of current strains of B. mallei in an endemic area.  相似文献   

4.

Background

Few studies report the minimum inhibitory concentrations for antimicrobials against equine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate trends in the in vitro activities of 20 antimicrobials against equine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates from 1996 to 2012 and to determine if a relationship exists between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and location of the abscess.

Animals

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates from 196 horses with naturally occurring disease.

Methods

Retrospective and cross‐sectional design. Medical records were reviewed to obtain clinical and MIC data. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by the microdilution technique. The MIC results over 3 periods were compared (1996–2001, 2002–2006, 2007–2012).

Results

The MIC90 values for clinically relevant antimicrobials were as follows: chloramphenicol ≤4 μg/mL, enrofloxacin ≤0.25 μg/mL, gentamicin ≤1 μg/mL, penicillin =0.25 μg/mL, rifampin ≤1 μg/mL, tetracycline ≤2 μg/mL, trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMS) ≤0.5 μg/mL, ceftiofur =2 μg/mL, and doxycycline ≤2 μg/mL. There were no significant changes in MIC results over the study period. There was no relationship between MIC patterns and abscess location.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The MIC 50 and MIC 90 values of antimicrobials evaluated in this study for equine isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis did not vary over time. Abscess location was not associated with different MIC patterns in cultured isolates. Several commonly used antimicrobials are active in vitro against C. pseudotuberculosis in vitro.  相似文献   

5.
The prevalence of capsular and somatic serotypes were studied among 123 Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from chickens (n = 94), ducks (22), quails (4), turkeys (2) and geese (1) from different geographical regions of India. All strains exhibited similar cultural and morphological characteristics. Ninety-two of the isolates belonged to serotype A:1, the most prevalent serotype, with serotypes A:3, A:1,3, D:3 and F:3 having two isolates each. Only one isolate was positive for serotypes A:4 and D:1. Twenty isolates were untyped. A multiplex capsular PCR assay generated amplicons of sizes 460, 1044, 657 and 854 bp in 106 isolates identified as capsular serotype-A, 15 in serotype D and two in serotype F. Capsular types B and E were not detected in any of the avian isolates studied. The present findings suggest that a multiplex capsular PCR assay may be suitable for the rapid initial identification serotypes P. multocida during epidemiological studies of fowl cholera.  相似文献   

6.
The pharmacokinetics of oleandomycin OLD) after intravenous and oral administration, both alone and after intramuscular pretreatment with metamizole or dexamethasone, were studied in healthy dogs. After intravenous injection of OLD alone 10 mg/kg as bolus), the elimination half-life t 1/2, volume of distribution V d, area), body clearance CLB) and area under the concentration-time curve AUC) were 1.60 h, 1.11 L/kg, 7.36 ml/kg)/min and 21.66 µg h/ml, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences following pretreatment with metamizole or dexamethasone. After oral administration of OLD alone, the t frac12;, maximum plasma concentrations C max), time of C max t max), mean absorption time MAT) and absolute bioavailability F abs) were 1.68 h, 5.34 µg/ml, 1.5 h, 1.34 h and 84.29%, respectively. Pretreatment with metamizole caused a significantly decreased value for C max 2.93 µg/ml) but the MAT value 2.23 h) was significantly increased. Statistically significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of OLD following oral administration were also observed as a result of pretreatment with dexamethasone. The C max was increased 8.24 µg/ml) and the t max 0.5 h) and MAT 0.45 h) were lower.  相似文献   

7.
The pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol in lactating cows   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol were studied after intravenous and intramuscular administration of 25 mg/kg body weight in lactating cows. Distribution (t 1/2) and elimination (t 1/2) half-lives of 6.10±1.39 min and 1.60±0.30 h, respectively, were obtained after intravenous administration. The body clearance was 3.9±0.077 ml/kg per min and the apparent volume of distribution was 1220.79±256.67 ml/kg. The rate at which thiamphenicol appeared in the milk, as indicated by the penetration half-life (t 1/2P) (serum to quarters), was found to be 36.89±11.14 min. The equivalent elimination half-life (t 1/2E) (quarters to serum) from the milk was 3.62±1.06 h and the peak thiamphenicol concentration in the milk was 23.09±3.42 µg/ml at 2.5±0.32 h.After intramuscular injection, the elimination half-life was 2.2±0.40 h, the absorption half-life was 4.02±1.72 min and the peak concentration in the serum was 30.90±5.24 µg/ml at 23±8.4 min. The bioavailability after intramuscular administration approached 100%. The penetration half-life was 50.59±6.87 min, the elimination half-life was 5.91±4.97 h and the mean peak concentration in the milk was 17.37±2.20 µg/ml at 3.4±0.22 h.Abbreviations AUC area under the concentration-time curve - CAP chloramphenicol - C max peak concentration - IM intramuscular - IV intravenous - TAP thiamphenicol - t 1/2 distribution half-life - t 1/2 elimination half-life - V c volume of central compartment - V d volume of distribution  相似文献   

8.
《Veterinary microbiology》1998,61(4):305-309
The antimicrobial susceptibility of 55 isolates of Moraxella bovis to seven antibiotics was evaluated by broth microdilution procedures. The isolates had an MIC90 of ≤1 mg/l to erythromycin, ceftiofur, and ampicillin; 4 mg/l to tilmicosin; 16 mg/l to tylosin and gentamicin; and had MIC90s of ≥32 mg/l for oxytetracycline. The modal MIC values for these antibiotics were as follows: ampicillin, <0.25 mg/l; ceftiofur, ≤0.125 mg/l; tilmicosin, 2 mg/l; tylosin, 8 mg/l; erythromycin 1 mg/l; oxytetracycline, ≤0.5 mg/l; and gentamicin, ≤0.5 mg/l. This in vitro data showed most antibiotics have low MICs that are suggestive of clinical efficacy.  相似文献   

9.
A two-way crossover study was conducted in crossbred male calves (6–8 months old) to determine the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and dosage regimens for a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline (OTC-LA). The half-lives of oxytetracycline after intravenous and intramuscular administration were 7.8 h and 24 h, respectively. The volume of distribution and total body clearance values of the drug were 0.86±0.07 L and 76.1±3.3 (ml/h)/kg, respectively. The maximum concentration of the drug in the serum (4.7–7.4 g/ml) was achieved 8–10 h after intramuscular administration. The minimum therapeutic serum concentration of drug of 0.5 g/ml was maintained between 15 min and 84 h after intramuscular administration. The intramuscular bioavailability of the drug was 89.1±4.2%. The dosage regimens to maintain the minimum therapeutic serum concentrations of OTC following intramuscular administration of OTC-LA were computed.  相似文献   

10.
The pharmacokinetics of difloxacin (Dicural) was studied in a crossover study using three groups (n = 4) of male and female Friesian calves after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administrations of 5 mg/kg body weight. Drug concentration in plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. The plasma concentration–time data following i.v. administration were best fitted to a two-compartment open model and those following i.m. and s.c. routes were best fitted using one-compartment open model. The collected data were subjected to a computerized kinetic analysis. The mean i.v., i.m. and s.c. elimination half-lives (t 1/2β) were 5.56 ± 0.33 h, 6.12 ± 0.42 h and 7.26 ± 0.6 h, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution (V dss) was 1.12 ± 0.09 L/kg and total body clearance (ClB) was 2.19 ± 0.1 ml/(min. kg). The absorption half lives (t 1/2ab) were 0.38 ± 0.027 h and 2.1 ± 0.09 h, with systemic bioavailabilities (F) of 96.5% ± 6.4% and 84% ± 5.5% after i.m. and s.c. administration, respectively. After i.m. and s.c. dosing, peak plasma concentrations (C max) of 3.38 ± 0.13 μg/ml and 2.18 ± 0.12 μg/ml were attained after (t max) 1.22 ± 0.20 h and 3.7 ± 0.52 h. The MIC90 of difloxacin for Mannheimia haemolytica was 0.29 ± 0.04 μg/ml. The AUC/MIC90 and C max/MIC90 ratios for difloxacin following i.m. administration were 120 and 11.65, respectively and following s.c. administration were 97.58 and 7.51, respectively. Difloxacin was 31.7–36.8% bound to calf plasma protein. Since fluoroquinolones display concentration-dependent activities, the doses of difloxacin used in this study are likely to involve better pharmacodynamic characteristics that are associated with greater clinical efficacy following i.m. administration than following s.c. administration.  相似文献   

11.
The pharmacokinetics, PK/PD ratios, and Monte Carlo modeling of enrofloxacin HCl‐2H2O (Enro‐C) and its reference preparation (Enro‐R) were determined in cows. Fifty‐four Jersey cows were randomly assigned to six groups receiving a single IM dose of 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg of Enro‐C (Enro‐C10, Enro‐C15, Enro‐C20) or Enro‐R. Serial serum samples were collected and enrofloxacin concentrations quantified. A composite set of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Leptospira spp. was utilized to calculate PK/PD ratios: maximum serum concentration/MIC (Cmax/MIC90) and area under the serum vs. time concentration of enrofloxacin/MIC (AUC0‐24/MIC90). Monte Carlo simulations targeted Cmax/MIC = 10 and AUC0‐24/MIC = 125. Mean Cmax obtained were 6.17 and 2.46 μg/ml; 8.75 and 3.54 μg/ml; and 13.89 and 4.25 μg/ml, respectively for Enro‐C and Enro‐R. Cmax/MIC90 ratios were 6.17 and 2.46, 8.75 and 3.54, and 13.89 and 4.25 for Enro‐C and Enro‐R, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations based on Cmax/MIC90 = 10 indicate that only Enro‐C15 and Enro‐C20 may be useful to treat leptospirosis in cows, predicting a success rate ≥95% when MIC50 = 0.5 μg/ml, and ≥80% when MIC90 = 1.0 μg/ml. Although Enro‐C15 and Enro‐C20 may be useful to treat leptospirosis in cattle, clinical trials are necessary to confirm this proposal.  相似文献   

12.
The susceptibility to 21 antimicrobial agents of 214 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs affected with swine erysipelas in Japan between 1988 and 1998 was determined. Ampicillin, cloxacillin, benzylpenicillin, ceftiofur, tylosin, enrofloxacin and danofloxacin were the most active agents [minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs); ≤ 0.025?0.78 μg/ml], followed by cefazolin, virginiamycin, tiamulin, chloramphenicol, florphenicol and oxolinic acid (MICs; 0.1–25 μg/ml). Activity was poor or absent with kanamycin and sulfadimethoxine. Strains resistant to dihydrostreptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline and doxycycline were detected. The susceptibilities to dihydrostreptomycin and oxytetracycline tended to decrease. Investigation of the differences in antimicrobial susceptibility of the 214 strains according to their serotypes, sources, isolation years and regions, showed that the strains resistant to dihydrostreptomycin were most frequently found in the strains of serotype 1a and in strains from septicaemic cases. Strains resistant to oxytetracycline were detected in all serotypes and all sources, and most of the strains resistant to erythromycin were detected in the strains of serotype 2. The frequency of strains resistant to dihydrostreptomycin gradually increased from 1988 to 1996, but then decreased between 1997 and 1998. The frequency of strains resistant to oxytetracycline was remained more than 38% from 1988 to 1998. It was suggested that the strains resistant to dihydrostreptomycin and oxytetracycline were distributed over almost all districts of Japan.  相似文献   

13.
Penicillin is administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) to horses for the prevention and treatment of infections, and both routes have disadvantages. To minimize these shortcomings, a 24‐hr hybrid administration protocol (HPP) was developed. Our objective was to determine penicillin plasma concentrations in horses administered via HPP. Venous blood was collected from seven healthy horses administered IV potassium penicillin G at 0 and 6 hr and IM procaine penicillin G at 12 hr. Blood was collected at 2‐hr intervals from 0 to 20 hr and at 24 hr. Plasma penicillin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Penicillin susceptibility from equine isolates was examined to determine pharmacodynamic targets. The MIC90 of penicillin for 264 isolates of Streptococcus sp. was ≤0.06 μg/ml. For the 24‐hr dosing interval, the mean plasma penicillin concentration was >0.07 μg/ml. Five horses (72%) exceeded 0.06 μg/ml for 98% of the dosing interval, and two horses exceeded this value for 52%–65% of the dosing interval. The HPP achieved mean plasma penicillin concentrations in healthy adult horses above 0.07 μg/ml for a 24‐hr dosing interval. However, individual variations in plasma concentrations were apparent and deserve future clinical study.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of the present study was to determine which Pasteurella and Mannheimia species are present in the upper respiratory tract of healthy calves with no history of antimicrobial treatment prior to sampling. The presence of subpopulations of tetracycline-resistant Pasteurellaceae was also investigated. Nasal swabs from 61 loose group-housed, clinically healthy calves, 1 to 4 months old, from 16 dairy herds were inoculated aerobically on a selective medium (Columbia agar with 5% ovine blood and 16 mg/L bacitracin) with or without 4 mg/L oxytetracycline (OTC). A total of 43 strains belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae were isolated from 38 calves (62.3%) out of 13 herds (81.3%). The predominant organisms were Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida (57.4%), Mannheimia varigena (4.9%) and M. haemolytica (3.2%). Growth of Pasteurellaceae on the OTC-containing medium was seen only with samples from two herds (6 animals; 9.8%), and on only one farm this proved to be an OTC-resistant subpopulation. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations by means of agar dilution confirmed a low prevalence of OTC-resistant Pasteurellaceae, with overall MIC50 and MIC90 values of 0.25 and 32 mg/L, respectively. These data do not support the hypothesis that the relative high frequency of tetracycline-resistant P. multocida isolates from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease is related to the presence of minor tetracycline-resistance subpopulations within this species.  相似文献   

15.
The pharmacokinetic properties of oxytetracycline were studied following a single injection of a long-acting formulation (20 mg/kg body weight) into the semimembranosus muscle of healthy dogs and of dogs that had been experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis. The disposition curves of the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation before and after infection were best described by a bi-exponential decline after a first-order absorption. The mean maximum serum concentration (C max) following infection was significantly lower and the time taken to attain this concentration (t max) was significantly shorter than that in the healthy dogs. The mean apparent elimination half-life (t 1/2) was significantly increased following infection. The corresponding rate constant () was significantly decreased. The absorption half-life (t 1/2ab) was significantly decreased after infection. The volume of distribution at steady state (V dss) increased significantly following infection. It was concluded that the pharmacokinetic behaviour of a long-acting oxytetracycline in dogs after intramuscular administration is characterized by a two-compartment model with a slow elimination phase. This could be due to flip-flop kinetics. The febrile reaction in experimental E. canis infection affected some pharmacokinetic parameters of oxytetracycline.  相似文献   

16.
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 18 antimicrobial agents were determined for 49 Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolates (42 bovine isolates and 7 porcine isolates). Benzylpenicillin and ampicillin were the most active antibiotics, with MIC ranges of < or = 0.0125-0.05 microgram/ml for both bovine and porcine isolates. All isolates were susceptible to penicillins and cephems. MICs for 90% of the isolates of dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin and oxytetracycline for bovine isolates were > 100 micrograms/ml, 1.56 micrograms/ml and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively. More resistance to dihydrostreptomycin appeared among porcine isolates (85.7%) than among bovine isolates (52.4%). Resistance to gentamicin occurred in only 3 (7.1%) of the bovine isolates. Resistance to oxytetracycline also appeared more frequent among porcine isolates (85.7%) than among bovine isolates (57.1%). All bovine isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, tilmocosin and lincomycin, but two porcine isolates (28.6%) were simultaneously resistant to these antibiotics. Tiamulin was as active as tilmicosin, with an MIC for 50% of the isolates (MIC50) of 0.05 microgram/ml for both bovine and porcine isolates. The MIC50s of chloramphenicol and its derivatives florfenicol and thiamphenicol were all 1.56 micrograms/ml. The fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin and ofloxacin were not so active as penicillins and macrolides, with MIC50s of 0.78 microgram/ml and 1.56 micrograms/ml, respectively, for both bovine and porcine isolates.  相似文献   

17.
In this study, 908 bacterial pathogens from defined infections of dogs and cats were tested for their susceptibility to the novel fluoroquinolone pradofloxacin, which was approved in 2011 for use in cats and dogs. Most of the bacteria tested (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Escherichia coli, β-haemolytic streptococci, Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica) exhibited low pradofloxacin MIC90 values of ≤0.25 μg/ml. Solely Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had higher MIC90 values of ≥4 μg/ml. Only six (3.4%) of 177 S. pseudintermedius and 12 (5.3%) of 227 E. coli isolates showed pradofloxacin MICs of ≥2 μg/ml. Analysis of the quinolone resistance determining regions of the target genes identified double mutations in GyrA that resulted in amino acid exchanges S83L + D87N or S83L + D87Y and single or double mutations in ParC that resulted in amino acid exchanges S80I or S80I + E84G in all 12 E. coli isolates. The six S. pseudintermedius isolates exhibited amino acid exchanges S84L or E88K in GyrA and S80I in GrlA. Comparative analysis of the MICs of pradofloxacin and the MICs determined for enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin, but also marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin, difloxacin and ibafloxacin was conducted for the target pathogens S. pseudintermedius, E. coli and P. multocida. This comparison confirmed that pradofloxacin MICs were significantly lower than those of the other tested fluoroquinolones.  相似文献   

18.
The in vitro susceptibilities of 128 isolates of east1+Escherichia coli from pre‐weaned and post‐weaned pigs with diarrhoea were tested with nine commonly used anti‐microbial agents by an agar dilution minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) procedure according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. For the isolates from pre‐weaned and post‐weaned pigs, most of them were susceptible to low concentrations (MIC90) of tetracycline (4 and 2 μg/ml), ceftiofur (2 and 2 μg/ml), and colistin (4 and 2 μg/ml). Marked resistance was found in others.  相似文献   

19.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration and modelling were used to predict dosage schedules of oxytetracycline for two pig pneumonia pathogens, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) were determined in broth and porcine serum. PK/PD integration established ratios of average concentration over 48 h (Cav0–48 h)/MIC of 5.87 and 0.27 μg/mL (P. multocida) and 0.70 and 0.85 μg/mL (A. pleuropneumoniae) for broth and serum MICs, respectively. PK/PD modelling of in vitro time–kill curves established broth and serum breakpoint values for area under curve (AUC0–24 h)/MIC for three levels of inhibition of growth, bacteriostasis and 3 and 4 log10 reductions in bacterial count. Doses were then predicted for each pathogen, based on Monte Carlo simulations, for: (i) bacteriostatic and bactericidal levels of kill; (ii) 50% and 90% target attainment rates (TAR); and (iii) single dosing and daily dosing at steady‐state. For 90% TAR, predicted daily doses at steady‐state for bactericidal actions were 1123 mg/kg (P. multocida) and 43 mg/kg (A. pleuropneumoniae) based on serum MICs. Lower TARs were predicted from broth MIC data; corresponding dose estimates were 95 mg/kg (P. multocida) and 34 mg/kg (A. pleuropneumoniae).  相似文献   

20.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 antimicrobial agents were determined for Pasteurella multocida from cattle and pigs (72 and 68 isolates, respectively). Higher MICs were observed with oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tilmicosin and thiamphenicol for porcine isolates than for bovine isolates. Enrofloxacin was the most active, with an MIC for 90% of the isolates (MIC90) of 0.05 microg/ml for both bovine and porcine isolates. Aspoxicillin exhibited the same excellent activity against penicillin-susceptible isolates as ceftiofur, with MICs ranging from < or = 0.025 to 0.1 microg/ml. Aminoglycosides were less active, with an MIC90 of > 100 microg/ml for both bovine and porcine isolates.  相似文献   

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