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1.
秸秆促腐还田土壤养分及微生物量的动态变化   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
采用盆钵培养法,通过模拟旱作覆膜条件下秸秆还田,研究了添加不同腐解剂(多个好氧性菌种复合培养而成的F1、富含分解纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和其他生物有机物质的微生物菌群F2、由芽孢杆菌、丝状真菌、放线苗和酵母菌组成的F3)后,小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆在120 d的腐解过程中,土壤养分及土壤微生物量的动态变化特征。结果表明:小麦、玉米秸秆经过120 d的腐解,各处理土壤有机质、碱解氮、全氮的增加速率一致表现为先增加后减小,土壤磷素、钾素的增加速率总体则呈现增-减-增-减的趋势;整个试验阶段小麦秸秆各处理土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)含量表现为先增后减。玉米秸秆土壤SMBC的变化与小麦秸秆差异较大,呈现波浪式变化;玉米秸秆土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)变化在100 d后则与小麦截然不同。秸秆添加腐解剂还田土壤养分增加速率和土壤微生物量碳氮含量均大于秸秆直接还田(对照),培肥土壤效果明显,能够有效增加土壤微生物量碳氮含量。小麦、玉米秸秆添加腐解剂F3的处理各养分含量高于其他处理,即内含具特殊功能的芽孢杆菌、丝状真菌、放线菌和酵母菌的秸秆腐解剂F3增加土壤养分的效果最好;相同腐解剂下不同种类秸秆处理的土壤养分含量表现为:F1,小麦玉米;F2,小麦≥玉米;F3,小麦玉米,即F1对小麦秸秆促腐优势最大,F3对玉米秸秆的促腐作用优于F1和F2,F2对小麦、玉米秸秆的促腐效果基本相似。不同腐解剂下,小麦秸秆处理SMBC、SMBN含量表现为F2F3F1;玉米秸秆处理SMBC含量F2F3≈F1,SMBN为F3F2≈F1。玉米秸秆各处理的SMBC均大于小麦秸秆,SMBN则均小于后者,与秸秆C/N的趋势一致,即C/N越大,SMBC值越大,SMBN值越小。  相似文献   

2.
控释氮肥对玉米秸秆腐解及潮土有机碳组分的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
施肥影响秸秆还田效果,研究不同形态氮肥对秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响可为秸秆还田下氮肥合理施用提供科学依据。以10年小麦-玉米轮作定位施肥试验为基础,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋法,研究了控释掺混尿素和普通尿素不同用量(纯氮120,240,360 kg/hm~2)对潮土中玉米秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素具有促进秸秆腐解的趋势;在秸秆腐解后期,控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著促进了秸秆氮、磷的释放,而不同氮肥处理对秸秆中钾素的释放影响并不显著。在秸秆腐解后期,相同施氮量条件下,常规施氮量和增施氮量的控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著增加土壤水溶性和热水溶性有机碳含量。在增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量方面,在秸秆腐解的某些阶段控释掺混尿素处理的促进作用显著高于普通尿素处理。综合来看,与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素在秸秆腐解和增加土壤有机碳组分方面具有较好的促进作用。  相似文献   

3.
促腐菌剂对还田小麦秸秆腐解及土壤生物学性状的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
在小麦秸秆还田的基础上,于夏玉米季通过田间小区试验,研究了留茬和粉碎覆盖2种秸秆还田处理方式以及添加不同促腐菌剂对小麦秸秆腐解率、土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤纤维素酶活性动态变化特征的影响。结果表明,秸秆粉碎覆盖的还田方式比留茬还田方式小麦秸秆腐解率增加了11.0%,腐解效果较好,腐解率表现为M2M1CK。在2种秸秆还田方式下,施用不同的促腐菌剂在一定程度上提高了土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量水平,且表层土壤微生物量碳、氮明显高于下层。在小麦秸秆粉碎覆盖的还田方式下,施用促腐菌剂可以促进夏玉米生长中后期还田秸秆的腐解,小麦秸秆腐解率平均水平为62.3%~75.0%,土壤纤维素酶活性和土壤微生物量碳在添加促腐菌剂M2分别比CK增加了31.1%和80.6%,土壤微生物量氮在添加促腐菌剂M1比CK增加了37.9%,且土壤纤维素酶活性和土壤微生物量碳含量表现为M2M1CK,土壤微生物量氮含量表现为M1M2CK。  相似文献   

4.
高寒草原土壤有机碳矿化对水氮添加的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的]研究不同水氮添加下的高寒草原土壤有机碳矿化过程,探讨土壤性质与土壤碳矿化的关系,为揭示全球变化背景下高寒草原土壤碳转化规律提供科学依据。[方法]设置45%,60%,75%,90%的田间持水量(WHC)4个水分梯度和4个氮添加梯度(0,0.2,0.4,0.8 mg/g)进行室内培养,分析CO_2浓度,测定土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量以及土壤酶活性。[结果]①在水或氮添加范围内,土壤有机碳矿化量呈抛物线变化趋势,土壤碳矿化受水分调控更加敏感,氮添加对土壤碳矿化的影响依赖于水分添加量。②土壤水分从45%增加到60%WHC,加速了土壤中可溶性物质溶出,增加了有机碳矿化;施氮量从0 mg/g增加到0.4 mg/g,土壤有机碳含量、土壤微生物量碳含量呈上升趋势,刺激了土壤有机碳的矿化。③90%田间持水量WHC的高水分添加与45%田间持水量土壤水分下的高氮添加(0.8 mg/g)抑制高寒草原土壤碳矿化,高水分添加通过降低土壤通透性抑制有机碳矿化过程,高氮添加通过降低土壤DOC生物有效性、土壤MBC含量、土壤酶活来抑制土壤有机碳矿化过程,高氮添加对碳矿化的抑制作用在90%WHC条件下得到缓解。[结论]随着未来氮沉降量与降雨量的持续增加,青藏高原高寒草原土壤有机碳的矿化作用可能会受到抑制,有利于高寒草原土壤有机碳积累。  相似文献   

5.
李力  陈明茹  张久红  张军  黄应平  袁喜  李萌 《土壤》2022,54(5):1058-1063
本文通过土壤腐解试验研究外源添加水稻或玉米秸秆对多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤CO2-C释放和污染物去除率的影响，同时清晰秸秆腐解中间产物溶解性有机碳（DOC）与土壤PAHs降解的关系。结果表明：秸秆添加处理促进了PAHs污染土壤CO2-C的释放，以玉米秸秆提升效果较好。外源添加秸秆显著增加了土壤DOC含量，且增加幅度随秸秆添加量的增加而增大；水稻秸秆对土壤DOC含量的提升幅度较大。与对照相比，秸秆添加处理下土壤菲、芘残留量均显著降低，菲、芘去除率显著增加，去除效果：玉米＞水稻，高量＞低量，菲＞芘；与对照相比，添加高量玉米秸秆处理（PY15）对土壤菲、芘去除率的增加幅度分别为91.7%和182%。此外，在一定范围内土壤DOC含量与PAHs去除率呈正相关关系。可见，农作物秸秆，尤其是玉米秸秆添加可提升PAHs污染土壤有机碳矿化，亦可在提升土壤DOC含量的同时促进污染土壤PAHs的降解。  相似文献   

6.
玉米植株不同部位还田土壤活性碳、氮的动态变化   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
探讨玉米植株不同部位腐解对还田土壤活性碳、 氮动态变化的影响。采用室内培养方法,通过动态监测土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）、微生物量氮（SMBN）、可溶性碳（DOC）和矿质氮含量,研究等量玉米根茬、秸秆、茎及叶4个部位在连续7季还田（秸秆+根茬还田）和不还田土壤（仅根茬还田）中的腐解转化特征。结果表明,秸秆腐解的最初 7 d是土壤活性碳、 氮动态变化的高峰期;腐解期间（62 d）SMBC、SMBN含量表现为添加秸秆始终高于根茬,叶分别在前28 d、14 d内高于茎,后期则低于茎,秸秆介于茎、叶之间;土壤DOC、矿质氮含量为叶＞秸秆＞茎＞根茬;培养结束时,各处理SMBC和矿质氮含量均较起始（0 d）显著提高,DOC含量基本保持不变,SMBN含量显著下降。与不还田土壤相比,还田土壤对新鲜残体的腐解影响不显著,且两者间土壤活性氮组分的差异较碳组分明显。腐解期间土壤活性碳、 氮的动态变化主要取决于各器官碳、 氮等化学组分的差异性,等量秸秆较根茬更有利于补充土壤活性碳、氮数量,土壤活性氮组分对还田土壤的响应较碳组分灵敏。  相似文献   

7.
[目的]研究玉米秸秆不同构件混合分解的非加和效应及其对黄绵土土壤有机碳矿化的影响,为秸秆还田背景下坡地土壤CO2排放提供理论支撑。[方法]采用室内模拟试验,试验设置无玉米秸秆土壤对照(CK)及4种玉米秸秆添加处理:茎+土壤(CKS)、叶+土壤(CKL)、鞘+土壤(CKLS)、混合玉米秸秆+土壤(CKM)。[结果]培养结束土壤有机碳矿化累积排放量实测值显著高于预测值,且促进作用主要是由培养初期快速分解阶段(1~28d)导致的。培养结束后混合玉米秸秆剩余质量预测值明显高于实测值,且元素含量发生明显改变,其中全氮含量预测值明显低于实测值,C/N预测值明显高于实测值。培养结束后CKS处理土壤微生物碳含量明显高于其他几种处理,其他几种处理差异不显著;添加玉米秸秆处理土壤微生物量氮明显降低,相应的土壤微生物量C/N增大,CKS,CKL和CKM处理与CK处理差异达到显著水平。土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量CKLS和CKM处理明显高于其他3种处理,CKS与CKL处理与对照差异不显著。[结论]玉米秸秆不同构件按比例混合对玉米秸秆分解产生协同促进作用,混合分解过程促进氮累积。  相似文献   

8.
小麦秸秆腐解对自身锌释放及土壤供锌能力的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为探讨秸秆在土壤中腐解对其本身所含锌的释放及其对土壤原有锌、外源施入锌形态转化以及对微生物量锌（Mic-Zn）含量的影响,进行了为期42 d的小麦秸秆腐解室内培养试验。结果表明,秸秆在土壤中腐解时CO2-C累积释放量和土壤微生物量碳（Mic-C）随着秸秆添加量的增加而显著增加,而秸秆自身锌含量高低以及外源施锌对其均无明显影响。土壤中无论是否添加秸秆,施入外源锌均明显增加了土壤Mic-Zn和土壤有效锌（DTPA-Zn）含量,土壤交换态锌（Ex-Zn）和松结有机态锌（Wbo-Zn）含量也明显增加;与低锌秸秆相比,高锌秸秆在土壤中腐解可明显增加土壤Mic-Zn和DTPA-Zn含量,提高土壤Ex-Zn和Wbo-Zn比例;秸秆腐解本身释放的锌主要转化为有效性较高的Ex-Zn。因此,增加秸秆还田量以及使用高锌秸秆还田能显著增加土壤Wbo-Zn比例,提高土壤有效锌含量,从而增强土壤供锌能力。  相似文献   

9.
甜玉米/白三叶草秸秆还田的碳氮矿化研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
豆科/禾本科作物间套作后进行秸秆还田能补充土壤养分,缓解集约化农业生产对环境的压力.根据田间甜玉米/白三叶草套种各作物的秸秆产量,在恒温恒湿条件下进行室内培养,探讨秸秆不同方式还田后土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、呼吸产生的CO2和矿化产生的无机氮的变化规律.研究发现,各施肥处理的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮均在培养前期出现峰值,后期平稳降低;甜玉米秸秆和白三叶草绿肥同时还田的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮在各培养时期均最大,峰值分别达529.57 mg·kg-1和75.50 mg·kg-1,土壤呼吸产生的CO2最多;白三叶草绿肥单独还田有利于土壤无机氮的释放,培养第26 d 无机氮达到最大值,为29.81 mg·kg-1,之后一直在对照处理的1.60倍以上,第80 d达到2.48倍;甜玉米秸秆单独还田不利于土壤无机氮的释放,培养的第26 d至结束,甜玉米秸秆处理的无机氮为对照的13%～53%,最大为7.51 mg·kg-1;甜玉米秸秆配施尿素,短期内不利于土壤无机氮矿化.结果表明,施用有机物料能引起土壤有机质的短期快速转化,甜玉米秸秆和白三叶草绿肥配施有利于维持较大基数的土壤微生物量,单施白三叶草绿肥土壤微生物活性强,最有利于土壤速效氮的释放.  相似文献   

10.
通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的保护性耕作措施长期定位试验,共设4个处理（T：传统耕作;NT：免耕无覆盖;TS：传统耕作＋秸秆还田;NTS：免耕＋秸秆覆盖）,采用春小麦豌豆双序列轮作（即小麦→豌豆→小麦和豌豆→小麦→豌豆,本文中所指春小麦地、豌豆地分别指2008年种植春小麦、豌豆的轮作次序）,于2008年3月中旬对春小麦、豌豆双序列轮作下的土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳及土壤微生物量氮含量进行了采样测定。结果表明,经过7a的轮作后,两种轮作次序下,0-30cm土层中土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮含量均有在免耕＋秸秆覆盖、传统耕作＋秸秆还田处理较免耕不覆盖、传统耕作处理高的趋势,且其含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低。其中,土壤微生物量碳含量在两种轮作次序下的排序均为：免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）〉传统耕作（T）;而土壤微生物量氮含量在春小麦地和豌豆地的排序则分别表现为：免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉传统耕作（T）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）和免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）〉传统耕作（T）。同时,微生物量碳、微生物量氮与有机碳和全氮均呈显著正相关,说明提高土壤有机质、全氮含量的保护性耕作模式有利于土壤微生物量碳与氮的积累。  相似文献   

11.
A 28-day incubation experiment at 12°C was carried out on the decomposition of maize leaf litter to answer the questions: (1) Is the decomposition process altered by chemical manipulations due to differences in the colonization of maize leaf litter? (2) Do organisms using this maize material contribute significantly to the soil microbial biomass? The extraction of the maize straw reduced its initial microbial biomass C content by 25%. Fumigation and extraction eliminated the microbial biomass by 88%. In total, 17% of added maize straw C was mineralized to CO2 during the 28-day incubation at 12°C in the treatment with non-manipulated straw. Only 14% of added C was mineralized in the treatment with extracted straw as well as in the treatment with fumigated and extracted straw. The net increase in microbial biomass C was 79 μg g?1 soil in the treatment with non-manipulated straw and an insignificant 9 μg g?1 soil in the two treatments with manipulated straw. However, the net increase did not reflect the fact that the addition of maize straw replaced an identical 58% (≈180 μg g?1 soil) of the autochthonous microbial biomass C3-C in all three straw treatments. In the two treatments with manipulated straw, the formation of maize-derived microbial biomass C4-C was significantly reduced by 25%. In the three straw treatments, the ratio of fungal ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C ratio showed a constant 60% increase compared to the control, and the contents of glucosamine and muramic acid increased by 18%. The average fungal C/bacterial C ratio was 3.6 in the soil and 5.0 in the recovered maize straw, indicating that fungal dominance was not altered by the initial chemical manipulations of the maize straw-colonizing microorganisms.  相似文献   

12.
An incubation experiment was carried out with maize (Zea mays L.) leaf straw to analyze the effects of mixing the residues with soil and N amendment on the decomposition process. In order to distinguish between soil effects and nitrogen effects for both the phyllospheric microorganisms already present on the surface of maize straw and soil microorganisms the N amendment was applied in two different placements: directly to the straw or to the soil. The experiment was performed in dynamic, automated microcosms for 22 days at 15 °C with 7 treatments: (1) untreated soil, (2) non-amended maize leaf straw without soil, (3) N amended maize leaf straw without soil, (4) soil mixed with maize leaf straw, (5) N amended soil, (6) N amended soil mixed with maize leaf straw, and (7) soil mixed with N amended maize leaf straw. 15NH415NO3 (5 at%) was added. Gas emissions (CO2, 13CO2 and N2O) were continuously recorded throughout the experiment. Microbial biomass C, biomass N, ergosterol, δ13C of soil organic C and of microbial biomass C as well as 15N in soil total N, mineral N and microbial biomass N were determined in soil samples at the end of the incubation. The CO2 evolution rate showed a lag-phase of two days in the non-amended maize leaf straw treatment without soil, which was completely eliminated when mineral N was added. The addition of N generally increased the CO2 evolution rate during the initial stages of maize leaf straw decomposition, but not the cumulative CO2 production. The presence of soil caused roughly a 50% increase in cumulative CO2 production within 22 days in the maize straw treatments due to a slower decrease of CO2 evolution after the initial activity peak. Since there are no limitations of water or N, we suggest that soil provides a microbial community ensuring an effective succession of straw decomposing microorganisms. In the treatments where maize and soil was mixed, 75% of microbial biomass C was derived from maize. We concluded that this high contribution of maize using microbiota indicates a strong influence of organisms of phyllospheric origin to the microbial community in the soil after plant residues enter the soil.  相似文献   

13.
添加玉米秸秆对黄棕壤有机质的激发效应   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
苗淑杰  乔云发  王文涛  施雨涵 《土壤》2019,51(3):622-626
玉米秸秆还田是培肥地力的一项重要措施,但是玉米秸秆添加后会改变土壤原有有机质的矿化过程,即引起激发效应,从而影响土壤碳平衡和周转。因此,适量秸秆还田将是高效且环境友好的提升土壤生产潜力的关键。本试验以黄棕壤为研究对象,设不添加玉米秸秆对照(CK)和添加占干土重的1%、5%和9%的粉碎玉米秸秆处理进行室内培养,分析土壤CO_2释放动态及激发效应。试验结果表明,添加不同量玉米秸秆后,土壤CO_2释放速率和累积量呈现出抛物线型变化趋势。在培养前期,各处理土壤CO_2释放速率表现为9%5%1%CK,到培养的第8天左右,添加5%玉米秸秆的土壤CO_2释放速率超过了添加9%玉米秸秆的土壤,在培养后期,所有处理的土壤CO_2释放速率慢慢地趋于一致。从累积CO_2释放量来看,添加5%玉米秸秆的处理比9%玉米秸秆的处理土壤总CO_2释放量高,表明添加5%秸秆的处理对微生物群落和微生物活性的作用最大。在整个培养阶段,玉米秸秆添加对土壤有机质的激发效应均为负值,而加入的玉米秸秆并没有完全矿化,从而使土壤有机碳含量因添加玉米秸秆而升高。这些结果表明,添加玉米秸秆有利于提高黄棕壤土壤有机碳含量,在本试验的短期培养过程中以土壤干重9%的添加量增加最多。  相似文献   

14.
Summary A study was conducted to determine the effects of grinding, added N, and the absence of soil on C mineralization from agricultural plant residues with a high C:N ratio. The evolution of CO2 from ground and unground wheat straw, lentil straw, and lentil green manure, with C:N ratios of 80, 36, and 9, respectively, was determined over a period of 98 days. Treatments with added N were included with the wheat and lentil straw. Although the CO2 evolution was initially much faster from the lentil green manure than from the lentil or wheat straw, by 98 days similar amounts of CO2 had evolved from all residues incubated in soil with no added N. Incubation of plant residues in the absence of soil had little effect on CO2 evolution from the lentil green manure or lentil straw but strongly reduced CO2 evolution from the wheat straw. Grinding did not affect CO2 evolution from the lentil green manure but increased CO2 evolution from the lentil straw with no added N and from the wheat straw. The addition of N increased the rate of CO2 evolution from ground wheat straw between days 4 and 14 but not from unground wheat straw, and only slightly increased the rate of CO2 evolution from lentil straw during the initial decomposition. Over 98 days, the added N reduced the amounts of CO2 evolved from both lentil and wheat straw, due to reduced rates of CO2 evolution after ca. 17 days. The lack of an N response during the early stages of decomposition may be attributed to the low C:N ratio of the soluble straw component and to microbial adaptations to an N deficiency, while the inhibitory effect of N on CO2 evolution during the later stages of decomposition may be attributed to effects of high mineral N concentrations on lignocellulolytic microorganisms and enzymes.  相似文献   

15.
In view of the significance of agricultural soils in affecting global C balance, the impact of manipulation of the quality of exogenous inputs on soil CO2–C flux was studied in rice–barley annual rotation tropical dryland agroecosystem. Chemical fertilizer, Sesbania shoot (high quality resources), wheat straw (low quality resource) and Sesbania + wheat straw (high + low quality), all carrying equivalent recommended dose of N, were added to soil. A distinct seasonal variation in CO2–C flux was recorded in all treatments, flux being higher during rice period, and much reduced during barley and summer fallow periods. During rice period the mean CO2–C flux was greater in wheat straw (161% increase over control) and Sesbania + wheat straw (+129%) treatments; however, during barley and summer fallow periods differences among treatments were small. CO2–C flux was more influenced by seasonal variations in water-filled pore space compared to soil temperature. In contrast, the role of microbial biomass and live crop roots in regulating soil CO2–C flux was highly limited. Wheat straw input showed smaller microbial biomass with a tendency of rapid turnover rate resulting in highest cumulative CO2–C flux. The Sesbania input exhibited larger microbial biomass with slower turnover rate, leading to lower cumulative CO2–C flux. Addition of Sesbania to wheat straw showed higher cumulative CO2–C flux yet supported highest microbial biomass with lowest turnover rate indicating stabilization of microbial biomass. Although single application of wheat straw or Sesbania showed comparable net change in soil C (18% and 15% relative to control, respectively) and crop productivity (32% and 38%), yet they differed significantly in soil C balance (374 and −3 g C m−2 y−1 respectively), a response influenced by the recalcitrant and labile nature of the inputs. Combining the two inputs resulted in significant increment in net change in soil C (33% over control) and crop yield (49%) in addition to high C balance (152 g C m−2 y−1). It is suggested that appropriate mixing of high and low quality inputs may contribute to improved crop productivity and soil fertility in terms of soil C sequestration.  相似文献   

16.
Maize straw and pea straw were added to five Pakistani soils from a gradient in salinity to test the following hypotheses: Increasing salinity at high pH decreases proportionally (1) the decomposition of added straw and (2) the resulting net increase in microbial biomass. In the non-amended control soils, salinity had depressive effects on microbial biomass C, biomass N, but not on biomass P and ergosterol. The ratios microbial biomass C-to-N and biomass C-to-P decreased consistently with increasing salinity. In contrast, the ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C ratio was constant in the four soils at pH>8.9, but nearly doubled in the most saline, but least alkaline, soil (pH 8.2). The addition of the maize and pea straw always increased the contents of microbial biomass C, biomass N, biomass P and ergosterol, but without clear effects of salinity. Highest mean contents of microbial biomass C and biomass N were measured at day 0, immediately after the straw was added. Straw amendments increased the CO2 evolution rates of all five soils without any effect of salinity. The same was true for total C and total N in the two fractions of particulate organic matter (POM) 63–400 μm and >400 μm. Lowest percentage of straw-derived CO2-C and highest recoveries of POM-C and POM-N were observed in the maize straw treatment and the reverse in the pea straw treatment. Yield coefficients were calculated for maize and pea straw based on the assumption that the balance gap between CO2 and the amount of POM can be fully assigned to microbial products.  相似文献   

17.
Like straw, biochar incorporation can influence soil microorganisms and enzyme activities and soil carbon(C) responses; however,few studies have compared the various effects of straw and biochar and the underlying mechanisms. An experiment was performed to study the changes in soil respiration(SR) and soil organic C(SOC) fluxes in response to the incorporation of three kinds of straw(reed, smooth cordgrass, and rice) and their pyrolyzed products(biochars) at Chongming Island, China. In addition, the microbial activity and community structure of some amended soils were also analyzed to clarify the mechanisms of these responses. The results showed that all biochar incorporation(BC) induced lower SR than the corresponding unpyrolyzed straw incorporation(ST), and the average SR in the soils following BC and ST during the experimental periods was 21.69 and 65.32 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1), respectively.Furthermore, the average SOC content was 16.97 g kg~(-1) following BC, which was higher than that(13.71 g kg~(-1)) following ST,indicating that compared to ST, BC was a low-C strategy, even after accounting for the C loss during biochar production. Among the BC treatments, reed-BC induced the lowest SR(17.04 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)), whereas smooth cordgrass-BC induced the highest SR(27.02 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)). Furthermore, in contrast with ST, BC significantly increased the abundance of some bacteria with poorer mineralization or better humification ability, which led to lower SR. The lower easily oxidizable C(EOC) and higher total C contents of biochars induced lower SR and higher SOC in the soil following BC compared to that following ST. Among the BC treatments,the higher total nitrogen content of rice biochar led to significantly higher soil microbial biomass, and the lower EOC content of reed biochar led to lower soil microbial activity and SR.  相似文献   

18.
Submerged rice paddies are a major source of methane (CH4) which is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2). Accelerating rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season could help to reduce CH4 emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in cold temperate regions. For understanding how both temperature and moisture can affect the rate of rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season in the cold temperate region of Tohoku district, Japan, a modeling incubation experiment was carried out in the laboratory. Bulk soil and soil mixed with 2% of δ13C-labeled rice straw with a full factorial combination of four temperature levels (?5 to 5, 5, 15, 25°C) and two moisture levels (60% and 100% WFPS) were incubated for 24 weeks. The daily change from ?5 to 5°C was used to model the freezing–thawing cycles occurring during the winter season. The rates of rice straw decomposition were calculated by (i) CO2 production; (ii) change in the soil organic carbon (SOC) content; and (iii) change in the δ13C value of SOC. The results indicated that both temperature and moisture affected the rate of rice straw decomposition during the 24-week aerobic incubation period. Rates of rice straw decomposition increased not only with high temperature, but also with high moisture conditions. The rates of rice straw decomposition were more accurately calculated by CO2 production compared to those calculated by the change in the SOC content, or in its δ13C value. Under high moisture at 100% WFPS condition, the rates of rice straw decomposition were 14.0, 22.2, 33.5 and 46.2% at ?5 to 5, 5, 15 and 25°C temperature treatments, respectively. While under low moisture at 60% WFPS condition, these rates were 12.7, 18.3, 31.2 and 38.4%, respectively. The Q10 of rice straw decomposition was higher between ?5 to 5 and 5°C than that between 5 and 15°C and that between 15 and 25°C. Daily freezing–thawing cycles (from ?5 to 5°C) did not stimulate rice straw decomposition compared with low temperature at 5°C. This study implies that to reduce CH4 emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in the cold temperate regions, enhancing rice straw decomposition during the high temperature period is very important.  相似文献   

19.
Long‐term no‐tillage management and crop residue amendments to soil were identified as an effective measure to increase soil organic carbon (SOC). The SOC content, SOC stock (SOCs), soil carbon sequestration rate (CSR), and carbon pool management index (CPMI) were measured. A stable isotopic approach was used to evaluate the contributions of wheat and maize residues to SOC at a long‐term experimental site. We hypothesized that under no‐tillage conditions, straw retention quantity would affect soil carbon sequestration differently in surface and deep soil, and the contribution of C3 and C4 crops to soil carbon sequestration would be different. This study involved four maize straw returning treatments, which included no maize straw returning (NT‐0), 0.5 m (from the soil surface) maize straw returning (NT‐0.5), 1 m maize straw returning (NT‐1), and whole maize straw returning (NT‐W). The results showed that in the 0–20 cm soil layer, the SOC content, SOCs, CSR and CPMI of the NT‐W were highest after 14 years of no‐tillage management, and there were obvious differences among the four treatments. However, the SOC, SOCs, and CSR of the NT‐0.5 and NT‐W were the highest and lowest in 20–100 cm, respectively. The value of δ13C showed an obviously vertical variability that ranged from –22.01‰ (NT‐1) in the 0–20 cm layer to –18.27‰ (NT‐0.5) in the 60–80 cm layer, with enriched δ13C in the 60–80 cm (NT‐0.5 and NT‐1) and 80–100 cm (NT‐0 and NT‐W) layers. The contributions of the wheat and maize‐derived SOC of the NT‐0.5, NT‐1 and NT‐W increased by 11.4, 29.5 and 56.3% and by 10.7, 15.1 and 40.1%, relative to those in the NT‐0 treatment in the 0–20 cm soil layer, respectively. In conclusion, there was no apparent difference in total SOC sequestration between the NT‐0.5, NT‐1, and NT‐W treatments in the 0–100 cm soil layer. The contribution of wheat‐derived SOC was higher than that of maize‐derived SOC.  相似文献   

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