共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
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农用稀土的生态毒理学效应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
稀土农用给中国农业带来巨大经济效益,但环境安全问题也随之产生。本研究从生态毒理学角度,综述了稀土对土壤微生物、植物、动物的影响,指出稀土可以改变土壤微生物的种群结构、种群数量及其土壤酶活性,影响植物的生长发育、生理生化过程及富集规律,并对动物生殖系统、肝脏、儿童智力及人体健康造成损害。稀土对生物的生态毒理作用,可以是稀土对生物的直接影响,也可以是食物链蓄积的间接效应,在稀土农用中应充分考虑其对环境与人体的影响。 相似文献
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干湿变化与作物补偿效应规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄占斌 《中国生态农业学报》2000,8(1):30-33
干湿变化是作物生产的水分环境,利用植物旱后复水所产生的补偿效应是农业抗旱节水的新途径。论述了农业干湿变化类型和补偿效应的内涵、干湿变化对作物生态补偿和生长发育阶段间补偿及生理代谢功能间补偿性。通过土壤大气湿度组合的玉米实验,研究了大气湿度提高补偿土壤干旱作物生长与水分利用效应的规律。 相似文献
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干湿变化与作物补偿效应规律研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
干湿变化是作物生产的水分环境,利用植物旱后复水所产生的补偿效应是农业抗旱节水的新途径。论述了农业干湿变化类型和补偿效应的内涵、干湿变化对作物生态补偿和生长发育阶段间补偿及生理代谢功能间补偿性。通过土壤大气温度组合的玉米实验,研究了大气温度提高补偿土壤干旱作物生长与水分效应的规律。 相似文献
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本文通过田间试验与盆栽试验研究了农用稀土对作物生理效应的影响，在喷施０．０３％和０．０６％浓度的稀土液后，测其体内的养分含量，酶活性，光合和呼吸作用强度，以及蛋白质和氨基酸含量，结果表明（１）稀土促进了作物对养分的吸收，且以对氮的吸收最显著，其次是磷，钾表现出低浓度（０．０３％ＲＥ）的促进，高浓度（０．０６％ＲＥ）抑制效应，微量元素中锰，铜，锌，钼的吸收增加较显著，铁，硼的吸收却无一定的规律，表现 相似文献
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稀土农用给中国农业带来丰厚回报,但稀土的环境安全问题也引起了中外科学家的关注。本文结合国内外最新研究成果,从稀土细胞毒理学角度概述了稀土在细胞内定位,稀土对细胞膜、细胞器、细胞遗传物质及细胞信使物质的毒理效应,并对稀土细胞毒理学的研究进行了展望。 相似文献
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土壤中镉、铅、铜、锌复合污染生态效应的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文着重研究了土壤中镉、铅、铜、锌复合污染对春小麦、水稻产生的生态效应。研究结果表明，土壤中隔、铅、铜、锌复合污染浓度达到一定程度时，会抑制作物生长，降低产量，并在作物体内累积。随着复合污染浓度的增加，作物生长量下降，而累积量上升，皆呈直线相关。复合污染中各元素的生态效应与他们单因子时不同，这是由于各元素间存在着多种作用机制。 相似文献
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草纤维膜与塑料地膜覆盖农田的生态效应比较 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
根据多年定位试验资料，讨论了一种新型的农田覆盖材料──草纤维膜，覆盖农田对土壤理化性质、土壤温度、土壤水分状况以及作物生长发育的影响，并与塑料地膜覆盖农田的生态效应进行了比较。结果表明，草纤维膜与塑料地膜覆盖具有改善土壤结构，增强作物对土壤肥料的有效利用，改善作物生长的土壤温度状况，减少土壤无效蒸发和提高水分利用效率的作用。与塑料地膜相比，草纤维膜覆盖没有污染土壤的副效应，因此是解决我国北方旱农地区“旱”与“薄”问题的有效方法。 相似文献
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种植单一的超富集植物修复重金属污染土壤,不但中断农业生产导致经济收益降低,而且因生物量较低、修复周期长等诸多弊端导致修复效果不甚理想。间作作为一种传统的农艺管理方式,利用生态位和生物多样性原理等能提高农作物对资源的有效利用,对共植的农作物种类增量提质。在中、轻度污染土壤修复中利用间作体系,通过调控超富集植物与农作物的生长发育,促进超富集植物根系低分子量有机酸(LMWOAs)的分泌,降低其根际土壤p H,增加重金属活性,从而增加超富集植物对重金属的吸收,同时抑制农作物根系LMWOAs的分泌,以减少农作物对重金属的吸收,提高其产量和品质,实现"边生产边修复",提高土地利用率,并增加经济效益。本文根据近几年来国内外相关文献,综述了间作条件下超富集植物和农作物生物量、生理生化响应、重金属吸收、转运、富集等方面的变化,以及间作对土壤环境质量的影响,并对间作修复重金属污染土壤领域的发展趋势,如超富集植物和农作物间作的信号转导和分子生物学机制、间作体系下两类植物根际微生物类群的差异及其功能机制,以及构建高效间作体系提高重金属污染土壤的修复效率等方面进行了展望。 相似文献
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B. K. Sitaula P. L. Sankhayan R. M. Bajracharya B. R. Singh 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2005,16(5):435-446
Forest degradation, manifested through decline in forest cover, and the resulting soil erosion and organic carbon losses, is a serious problem caused by a complex coupling of bio‐physical, socio‐economic and technological factors in the Himalayan watersheds. Greater understanding of the linkages between these factors requires a systems approach. We have proposed such an approach using a bio‐economic model to explore the system behaviour of forest degradation, soil erosion, and soil C losses in the forest areas. The outcome of the model simulation over a 20‐year period indicates that soil erosion and C loss rates may increase more than four‐fold by the year 2020 under the existing socio‐economic and biophysical regime (the base scenario). Reductions in the population growth rate, introduction of improved agricultural technology and increase in the prices of major agricultural crops can help slow down the rates of forest decline, soil erosion and C loss or even stabilize or reverse them. The results suggest that economic incentives may be highly effective in the reduction of soil loss, as well as C release to the atmosphere. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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覆盖作物的种植是一种可实现农业可持续发展的保护性耕作措施，对维护农业生产的可持续性具有积极意义。目前，对覆盖作物的研究主要侧重于覆盖作物对土壤和后茬作物的影响评价，包括对土壤有机碳、氮的固存，对杂草和病虫害的抑制、对土壤理化性质的改良和对土壤微生物活性的影响等方面。然而，覆盖作物的效益因覆盖作物类型、地理位置和覆盖时间不同而存在差异。另外，覆盖作物的选择、设置方法、终止方法、经济效益等充满了不确定性，这限制了其在农田中的大面积推广。该研究基于当前国内外的研究进展简要介绍了覆盖作物的种植管理现状，总结了覆盖作物提供的多种生态系统服务功能，讨论了限制覆盖作物在农作物种植系统中广泛应用的关键因素，提出了覆盖作物合理选择的建议。同时，基于覆盖作物在农学、生态环境上的经济和生态效益，对覆盖作物的贡献以及面临的瓶颈进行了思考。发现良种培育、覆盖作物-土壤微生物-土壤养分-作物之间的协同机制仍是今后需要突破的重点课题，以期为覆盖作物的合理选择及大面积推广提供依据。 相似文献
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Sijun Qin Kuibao Jiao Jiali He 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2016,66(3):229-236
In this study, we investigated the effects of planting three types of forage crops in an apple orchard on the soil microbial community structure. The apple orchard was intercropped with native grasses (NG), red clover (RC; Trifolium pratense L.), ryegrass (RE; Trifolium repens L.), and no vegetation (CT control; clean tillage). We obtained soil samples from depths of 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60?cm from the different treatment plots in the orchard and analysed them using a high-throughput DNA sequencing technique. The three forage crops had affected the soil bacterial and fungal community structures. Compared with CT control, intercropping with NG increased the proportion of Acidobacteria and reduced those of Nitrospirae and Verrucomicrobia, whereas intercropping with RC increased the proportions of Nitrospirae and Verrucomicrobia and reduced that of Planctomycetes. Intercropping with RE increased the proportions of Nitrospirae and Chloroflexi, whereas reduced that of Acidobacteria. Furthermore, unlike in the other treatments, intercropping with NG increased the proportion of Zygomycota in the 0–20-cm soil layer. Intercropping with RC increased the proportion of Chytridiomycota in all the three soil layers, whereas intercropping with RE increased the proportion of Basidiomycota in the 20–40-cm soil layer. Collectively, these findings suggest that intercropping with forage crops, especially RC, in an apple orchard, could alter soil microbial community structure. In our previous study, we showed that microbial sole-carbon-source utilisation is changed by intercropping with forage crops; thus, it can be considered as an effective approach to improve the efficiency of soil C cycling in the apple orchard by altering the microbial community structure. 相似文献
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2022年夏季（6−8月），全国平均气温为22.3℃，较常年同期偏高1.1℃，大部农区热量充足。全国平均高温日数达14.3d，较常年同期偏多6.3d，为1961年以来历史同期最多。全国平均降水量仅290.6mm，为1961年以来历史同期第2少。全国平均日照时数677.4h，接近常年同期，较2021年同期偏多53.7h。夏收区大部天气晴好，利于夏收粮油作物充分成熟和品质提升；6月下旬两次明显降水过程有效缓解北方夏播区前期旱情，但陕西、甘肃部分地区土壤墒情偏差，不利于适时夏种。大部农区光热充足，未出现明显阴雨寡照天气，北方农区降水充沛，土壤墒情适宜，有利于玉米、大豆等作物生长发育和产量形成。南方持续高温少雨导致农业干旱发生发展，水稻、玉米等作物遭受高温热害，气象条件不利于农作物、经济林果等稳健生长；辽宁、山东出现叠加性降水，导致部分低洼农田出现渍涝。6月上旬、8月下旬东北地区阶段性低温，影响秋收作物生长发育和灌浆。 相似文献
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提高农作物生产的碳效率是实现低碳农业的重要途径之一,对我国应对气候变化、实现减排目标有着重要的意义。本研究基于鄱阳湖生态经济区主要农作物生产过程中的碳投入量和产出量,对鄱阳湖生态经济区县域农业碳效率进行了估算,分析了研究区农作物生产碳效率的时空变化。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖生态经济区农作物碳的生产效率从2000年的9.27 kg·kg-1(CE)增长到2010年的10.16 kg·kg-1(CE),经济效率由2000年的10.73 Yuan·kg-1(CE)下降到2010年的9.25 Yuan·kg-1(CE),生态效率从2000年的1.76 kg(C)·kg-1(CE)上升至2010年的1.94 kg(C)·kg-1(CE);(2)鄱阳湖生态经济区农作物碳效率的空间分布呈现较为明显的集聚特征,主要年份高效率区大都集中于该区的东南部地区,低效率区主要集中在九江地区各县(市);(3)在碳投入一定的情况下,农作物碳的生产效率受农业发展水平和农作物经济产量的影响,经济效率受粮食产量和价格的影响,生态效率则主要受农业碳产出的影响。(4)鄱阳湖生态经济区大部分县(市)为碳汇区,且高碳汇区逐年增多。 相似文献
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Productivity and nutrient use efficiency of maize,sorghum, and cotton in the West African Dry Savanna 
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下载免费PDF全文 Kokou Adambounou Amouzou Jesse B. Naab John P.A. Lamers Mathias Becker 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2018,181(2):261-274
Sustainable agricultural practices are needed to improve food security and support livelihoods in West Africa, where soil nutrient deficiencies and rainfed production systems prevail. The objective of this study was to assess the productivity and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) use efficiencies of three dominant crops (maize, sorghum, and cotton) under different soil management strategies in the dry savanna of northern Benin. Data were collected for each crop in experiments with (1) an un‐amended soil as control, (2) a low use of external inputs, (3) an integrated soil–crop management practice, and (4) a high mineral fertilizer use, as treatments. Data were collected through researcher‐managed and farmer‐managed on‐farm trials in 2014 and 2015, and analyzed using linear robust mixed effects model and Pearson's correlation. Above‐ground biomass accumulation did not differ significantly among the control, integrated soil–crop management practice, and high mineral fertilizer use up to 30, 50, and 60 d after planting for maize, cotton, and sorghum, respectively. Thereafter, the differences in growth were substantial for each crop with highest biomass monitored with high mineral fertilizer use and lowest with the control. Biomass and economic yields at harvest were highest under high mineral fertilizer use and integrated soil–crop management practice, although the magnitude was crop‐specific. With the integrated soil–crop management practice and high mineral fertilizer use, N and P uptake by all crops was higher than for the un‐amended soil conditions. Inter‐seasonal changes in N uptake were higher for sorghum and cotton, but lower for maize. The highest agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of N and P as well as positive N and P partial balances were obtained with the integrated soil–crop management practice for all three crops tested. The integrated soil–crop management strategy gave the highest yields and significantly improved N and P use efficiencies. The findings can contribute to formulating site and crop‐specific recommendations for sustainable agricultural practices in the Dry Savanna zone of West Africa. 相似文献
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Cover crops can improve soil properties, especially soil structure, through organic matter input and rooting activity. However, large variations exist among cover crops, which may lead to differences in the extent of these effects. In this study, cover crops with differing properties were compared regarding soil structure and subsequent sugar beet growth. Field experiments were conducted at two Luvisol sites in Central Germany. Four cover crops (oil radish, saia oat, spring vetch and winter rye) were compared with fallow. Cover crop effects on soil water, Nmin content, soil structure and subsequent early sugar beet growth were studied. Additionally, sugar beet received either no or optimal N fertilizer application. Rye and radish had the highest and vetch the lowest above- and belowground biomass. Soil water content was hardly affected by cover cropping, while topsoil Nmin contents in April were increased. Penetration resistance was lowered, and aggregate stability was increased by the cover crops, especially oil radish, while values after spring vetch were similar to those of fallow. Differences among the cover crops might be because of a differing root biomass. Independent of N fertilizer application, sugar beet biomass in May tended to be higher after all cover crops, in particular under oil radish. The higher aggregate stability and lower penetration resistance were found to be beneficial for early sugar beet growth. Thus, sugar beet can benefit from a 1-year cultivation of preceding cover crops. Modifications of this effect through cover crop root biomass and architecture as well as repeated cover cropping need to be investigated in further studies. 相似文献