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1.
The susceptibility of web-building and hunting spiders from the tropics (Panama), Europe (F.R. of Germany) and the Middle
East (Israel) to 30 pesticides (16 insecticides, 4 acaricides, 1 herbicide, 9 fungicides) was determined. Laboratory test
methods for juvenile and adult web-building spiders are described.Philodromus sp. (hunting spider), was completely resistant to all substances;Argiope sp. (web-building spider),Linyphia sp. (web-building spider) andChiracanthium sp. (hunting spider) showed medium to high susceptibility. Insecticides affected spiders in a wide range of responses: from
no mortality (most compounds of biological origin) and medium mortality (pyrethrin compounds, organophosphorus and carbamate
compounds), to high mortality (cyclo compounds). To both groups of spiders (the hunting and web-building), most acaricides
were highly toxic, whereas herbicides and fungicides were nontoxic. 相似文献
2.
Integrated pest management includes the use of various pesticides that can have a detrimental effect on spiders. A pesticide can express its activity directly or via residues. Most of the attention paid to the impact of pesticides on spiders has investigated the effects of direct exposure. Our aim in this study was to investigate the residual activity (repellency and toxicity) of selected pesticides on six principal species of spider occurring in an apple orchard. Four of these species (Clubiona spp., Pardosa spp., Philodromus spp., Xysticus spp.) are hunting spiders, and two species (Dictyna spp., Theridion spp.) are web-building. We were interested to see whether these spiders could avoid a surface with residues and to examine their susceptibilities to fresh and 1-day-old residues. For this purpose we conducted laboratory experiments using three types of pesticide, an organophosphate, phosalone (Zolone), a pyrethroid, permethrin (Ambush) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; Novodor), which were applied to paper discs or branches. Spiders could choose to stay on any treated paper/branch within a dish. Except for Theridion spp., all species were repelled by fresh residues but not by 1-day-old residues. Clubiona spp., Dictyna spp., Pardosa spp. and Xysticus spp were repelled by phosalone and permethrin residues only, whereas Philodromus spp. specimens were repelled also by Bt residues. Theridion spp. avoided contact with residues by making a web on any available branch. Regarding toxicity, neither fresh nor 1-day-old residues of phosalone or Bt caused significant mortality to any spider species. In contrast, both fresh and 1-day-old residues of permethrin caused significant mortality to all species except for Theridion spp. In conclusion, spiders can recognise and avoid only fresh residues, although older residues might still be toxic to them. 相似文献
3.
银川平原不同种植模式下苜蓿田地表蜘蛛群落多样性及时间动态模拟 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为探究不同种植模式对苜蓿田地表蜘蛛群落多样性及个体数量的影响,采用陷阱法对银川平原苜蓿-小麦邻作、苜蓿-玉米邻作和苜蓿-果园间作3种不同种植模式下的人工苜蓿田地表蜘蛛群落进行了调查,研究其多样性、丰富度、均匀度及优势度指数的差异和变化,并利用Gaussian函数对各指数进行时间序列动态拟合,分析了3种种植模式下人工苜蓿田地表蜘蛛群落总个体数量的时间动态变化。结果显示,该地区共收集到蜘蛛标本2 761头,隶属12科19属28种,其中优势种为星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera、甘肃平腹蛛Gnaphosa kansuensis和白斑隐蛛Nurscia albofasciata。2种邻作模式下,苜蓿田地表蜘蛛群落多样性、丰富度、均匀度及优势度指数同间作模式下的各指标均有显著差异,且多样性指数最大值出现时间分别为5月7日和5月18日,均早于间作模式下的7月3日。Gaussian函数拟合结果表明,苜蓿-小麦邻作模式下苜蓿田地表蜘蛛种群高峰期持续时间最长,为121.92 d,苜蓿-玉米邻作模式下2次种群高峰间隔时间最短,为49.2 d。苜蓿-小麦邻作模式下苜蓿田地表蜘蛛群落的个体数量最大值出现在5月上旬,其它2种模式下均出现在5月中旬。 相似文献
4.
陷阱法调查转Bt棉对棉田地面蜘蛛群落的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为明确转Bt棉对非靶标节肢动物棉田蜘蛛群落的影响,在棉花全生长期利用陷阱法对转Bt棉(中棉29)和传统棉田(湘杂3号)蜘蛛的群落多样性及数量动态变化进行了系统调查。结果表明:共采集棉田蜘蛛5 020头,隶属13科33种,其中转Bt棉田2 548头,隶属12科27种,传统棉田2 472头,隶属12科27种;转Bt棉田和传统棉田均以狼蛛科Lycosidae、平腹蛛科Gnaphosidae和隐石蛛科Titanoecidae为优势科,优势科的优势种也均为沟渠豹蛛Pardosa laura、蛞平腹蛛Gnaphosa kompirensis和白斑隐石蛛Nurscia albofasciata,2种棉田在地面蜘蛛群落组成上除少部分稀有物种存在差异外,优势科及优势科的优势种均无显著差异;且3种优势种蜘蛛数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及物种丰富度均无显著差异;2种棉田地面蜘蛛数量动态变化也无显著差异,均有2个高峰期,分别在苗期和铃期。表明转Bt棉对棉田地面蜘蛛群落无显著影响。 相似文献
5.
Spider communities (Araneae) inhabiting the canopy, the herbaceous layer and the borders, as well as the populations overwintering on the tree trunks of different aged IPM and conventional apple orchards were investigated in Hungary. Abundance and species richness of entire spider communities in IPM plots were significantly higher than in conventional plots, probably owing to the lower toxicity of pesticides used and higher prey densities. In the case of abundance, similar tendencies were observed in web-building and hunting spider guilds. Age of plantations can significantly influence spider density in the canopy, acting through the prey density. In young plantations, where size of the canopy was smaller and density of the pear lace bug (Stephanitis pyri L.) higher, significantly higher numbers of hunting spider communities were present than in old plantations which had been similarly treated. This relationship was not observed for web-building spiders. Diversity of canopy-inhabiting spider communities was higher in old plots, regardless of the treatments. The effect of the border of the orchard on spider communities was investigated and it was found that when selective insecticides were used, migration of spiders into orchards was increased significantly. When broad-spectrum insecticides were applied, spider densities in the canopy did not differ between outer and inner rows of the orchards. The effect of the treatments and orchard age, both on abundance and species richness of overwintering spider communities on the trunk, showed the same result as for canopy spiders, namely significantly larger spider communities were found in IPM plots and in the young plantation than in conventionally-treated plots and in the old plantation. Broad-spectrum insecticides reduced abundance and species richness of spider communities in the herbaceous layer of the conventionally-treated plot. At the same time, the spider communities of the herbaceous layer of the IPM plot did not differ significantly from adjacent herbaceous plants. A significant overlap exists between spider communities of the canopy and herbaceous layer. Despite chemical treatments, migration from the herbaceous layer into the canopy occurs. The effects of chemical treatments on the dominant species are discussed. There were no significant differences between the differently treated plots in abundance of one of the dominant species Oxyopes heterophthalmus Latreille. However, the other dominant species, Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch, was more abundant in the IPM plots. 相似文献
6.
Stano Pekár 《Pest management science》2012,68(11):1438-1446
Being one of the most abundant and species‐rich groups of natural enemies occurring in all agroecosystems, spiders are variably affected by pesticide applications. Here, a review is given of research on spider ecotoxicology. More than 40 species of spiders and almost 130 pesticides (acaricides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) have been tested so far in the field or under laboratory conditions. Field studies show that the degree of population reduction following pesticide application is a function of a number of factors inherent to pesticides, crops and spider species (guilds). These studies also revealed indirect effects via habitat and prey disruption. Among laboratory studies, a number of papers have investigated only the direct lethal effect. A meta‐analysis of these data reveals that spiders are mainly affected by acaricides and insecticides, particularly neurotoxic substances. Currently, ecotoxicological research on spiders is focused more on direct sublethal effects on a variety of behavioural traits (locomotion, predation, web‐building, reproduction, development) and physiology. Yet a standardised approach to the evaluation of sublethal effects is lacking. A few studies have provided some evidence for hormesis in spiders. Future research should be more concentrated on sublethal effects and the estimation of long‐term changes in spider populations as a result of pesticide treatment. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
7.
The effects of five economically important vegetable (seed) oils, peanut, cottonseed, castor, soybean and sunflower, on adult
and immature stages of the sweetpotato whitefly(Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) [Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae]) were studied in the laboratory. Irrespective of origin, oil residues had similar effects
on immature stages and adult mortality, and on settling and oviposition deterrence. Trends for 5-h settling, 24-h oviposition
and 24-h survival of adults on treated plants were similar for oils applied at the same concentration range. Settling deterrence
was strong enough to cause adult death due to starvation or dehydration under no-choice conditions, and caused greater mortality
than direct physical toxicity; similar results were obtained when adult survival on oil residues was compared to survival
of starved adults. Adults recovered when transferred from oil-treated to untreated plants. All oils produced similar effects
when sprayed on immatures; the egg and fourth instar (pupa) were the most tolerant stages. The oil concentration required
for significant effects on whitefly mortality and behavior was relatively high (>0.3%) compared with published efficacy data
for synthetic pesticides, and varied to some extent with oil origin. All tested oils were active as direct and residual larvicides.
Peanut oil was the most effective for all tested effects, followed by cottonseed oil, which was significantly less effective
than peanut and castor oils when applied-directly to eggs. Only by this latter parameter was castor oil more effective than
cottonseed oil and similar to peanut oil. As direct sprays to larvae, soybean and sunflower oils resembled castor oils, but
their residues were less effective against all stages. 相似文献
8.
为查明乌鲁木齐地区蜘蛛群落特征及其变化,2008年4月7月及9月中旬对该区6种不同生境蜘蛛群落特征进行了调查,共获得蜘蛛2195只,分别隶属于28科47属71种。在六种不同生境共有的优势类群为狼蛛科Lycosidae、跳蛛科Salticidae、园蛛科Araneidae和蟹蛛科Thomisidae等四科,占总捕获量的54.94%。常见类群为逍遥蛛科Philodromidae、球腹蛛科Theridiidae、狡蛛科Dolomedidae、妩蛛科Uloboridae、漏斗网蛛科Agelenidae、幽灵蛛科Pholcidae、皿网蛛科Linyphiidae等7科,占总捕获量的34.52%,其余7科为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的4.54%。不同生境所获得蜘蛛个体数和类群数之间差异均为显著(P<0.05),其个体数顺序为自然榆林>草地>防护林>居民点>果园>菜地,类群数顺序为自然榆林>防护林>草地>果园>居民点>菜地。不同生境蜘蛛组成和数量分布在不同季节之间差异较大,个体数在不同季节之间差异均为显著(P<0.05),其顺序为夏季>春季>秋季。以上结果表明,乌鲁木齐地区蜘蛛资源比较丰富,生境类型影响蜘蛛群落分布格局,植被丰富度和人为干扰是影响蜘蛛群落的重要因素。 相似文献
9.
Jrgen Stenersen 《Pest management science》1979,10(1):66-74
The action of seven cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides [aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, oxamyl, paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate) parathion and trichloronate], the organochlorine insecticide, gamma-HCH, and the nematicide potassium N-hydroxymethyl-N-methyl(dithiocarbamate) (PHMD) on four earthworm species was investigated by laboratory toxicity tests. Eisenia foetida was the most tolerant species to the pesticides tested. Aldicarb was the most toxic pesticide to this species, causing severe dehydration prior to death or at sublethal concentrations. Aldicarb was also toxic to the other species (Allolobophora caliginosa, A. chlorotica and Lumbricus rubellus), while oxamyl, the other oxime carbamate, was not toxic to any of them. Carbaryl and carbofuran at low concentrations were lethal to A. caliginosa, A. chlorotica and L. rubellus, but E. foetida could tolerate high concentrations without dying, although low concentrations severely affected its ability to work the soil or to disappear from the soil surface. Paraoxon, parathion, trichloronate and gamma-HCH were moderately toxic with low lethal effect to all species. The ability to work the soil was moderately affected by parathion, trichloronate and gamma-HCH. PHMD was toxic to all the species. The lethal and non-lethal effects of the pesticides are discussed in relation to their possible biochemical mode of action in earthworms, and the data are compared with published information from field trials. 相似文献
10.
苜蓿田地表蜘蛛边缘效应及苜蓿刈割后的溢出效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确不同类型苜蓿田地表蜘蛛边缘效应及苜蓿刈割后地表蜘蛛溢出效应在小麦田与玉米田之间的差异,于2015年5—7月采用陷阱法调查了银川平原不同类型苜蓿田及邻作玉米田和小麦田中的蜘蛛种类及个体数,比较苜蓿田边缘区及中心区蜘蛛群落多样性指数和个体数量的时空变化以及苜蓿田刈割前后相邻农田边界处蜘蛛群落的时空动态变化。结果表明,在整个取样季节共采集蜘蛛标本7 894头,隶属10科22种,其中苜蓿单作田中蜘蛛个体数量最多,共2 550头;苜蓿-小麦邻作田中蜘蛛群落物种丰富度最高,共17种。星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera和甘肃平腹蛛Gnaphosa kansuensis为优势种,分别占个体总数的38.08%和27.17%。非量度多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析显示苜蓿单作田同苜蓿邻(间)作田蜘蛛群落的结构组成差异较大,且在苜蓿田边界处和内部存在差异。不同类型苜蓿田边界处和内部蜘蛛群落的多样性指数、优势度指数、个体数量和丰富度在取样的不同时期存在显著差异。刈割可以促进苜蓿田中地表蜘蛛向邻作农田中迁移,苜蓿刈割后与苜蓿田邻作的小麦田和玉米田中蜘蛛个体数量和多样性指数均存在溢出效应,溢出效应的范围为距界面处0~20 m。小麦田中蜘蛛个体数量密度和多样性指数总体高于玉米田,溢出效应的持续时间为1~7 d,高于玉米田。 相似文献
11.
Field bioassays were conducted to assess the toxicity of three insecticides, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and pirimicarb, to four species of springtails, Isotoma viridis, Isotomurus palustris, Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae) and Sminthurus viridis (Collembola: Sminthuridae). Spray residues on two soil types (a sandy clay loam and a sandy soil) were obtained in the field, in the presence and absence of a wheat crop canopy, after spray application by a commercial tractor-mounted sprayer. Collembola were then confined for 24-h periods on the sprayed soils in a constant laboratory environment at 1, 2, 3, 8 and 15 days after treatment. Residual insecticide toxicity was compared between species, insecticides, soils and exposure conditions (crop or no crop) using the age of residue at which median mortality occurred (DAT50). Cypermethrin and pirimicarb residues were of low toxicity, causing less than 10% mortality, whereas residues of chloryprifos were toxic to all four species of Collembola on both soil types and in both exposure treatments. Interspecific differences in collembolan susceptibility to chlorpyrifos residues gave the ranking (from most to least susceptible) S. viridis>F. candida>Isotomurus palustris>Isotoma viridis. Residues on the sandy soil were more toxic than those on the sandy clay loam. These results are discussed in terms of how field bioassay approaches may be used to determine pesticide residual toxicity to microarthropods. We conclude that field bioassays offer a feasible method for evaluating the toxicity of pesticides and the persistence of toxic effects on Collembola. Advantages and disadvantages of this method are considered. 相似文献
12.
Abstract The susceptibility of adults and cocooned stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) to four synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and five other chemical insecticides was tested. The chemicals, formulated as emulsifiable concentrates, were decamethrin (0.0014%), permethrin (0.01%), fenvalerate (0.01%), cypermethrin (0.005%), dichlorvos (0.05%), monocrotophos (0.05%), endosulfan (0.05%), phosalone (0.05%) and quinalphos (0.05%). Adults were exposed for 6 h to filter paper impregnated with insecticide solution and were then transferred to untreated vials for observation. Cocoons were sprayed with the chemicals by means of a glass atomiser and held for adult emergence. The pyrethroid formulations and phosalone had little or no harmful effect on the adults and cocooned stages of A. plutellae but quinalphos was highly toxic to all stages tested. Dichlorvos, monocrotophos and endosulfan were highly toxic to adults but relatively safe for the cocooned stages. 相似文献
13.
D. V. CLAY 《Weed Research》1980,20(2):97-102
The tolerance of strawberries to herbicides was tested by applications to the roots of plants growing in sand and by foliage applications to plants grown in compost, and compared with tolerance in the field. Dimefuron was safe as a foliar application but much more toxic than simazine when applied in sand or in the field. Metamitron caused slight injury as a foliar spray; in sand and in the field it was intermediate in toxicity between simazine and lenacil. At normal rates propachlor was safe as a foliar spray and much safer than lenacil when applied in sand. High rates had no adverse effect in the field. Ethofumesate and pendimethalin caused some temporary stunting when applied to foliage, but were less toxic than lenacil when applied to roots in sand. Field applications of both herbicides at 1–1.5 kg/ha were safe. Foliage sprays of bentazone, oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen severely damaged the sprayed leaves, but these herbicides were less active than lenacil when applied to the roots. In the field they caused severe leaf damage, but by the end of the growing season the plants had recovered. The experiments demonstrated the value of separate root and shoot activity tests for indicating which herbicides merit further field testing. 相似文献
14.
三种常用农药对环棱螺、圆田螺和河蚬的急性毒性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用急性毒性试验方法,研究了3种常用农药毒死蜱、丁草胺和三唑酮对3种本地底栖生物环棱螺Bellamya quadrata、圆田螺Cipangopaludina cathayensis和河蚬Corbicula fluminea的毒性效应,同时测定了螺类不同大小个体对供试农药的敏感性。结果显示:毒死蜱、丁草胺和三唑酮对环棱螺的96 h-LC50值分别为4.32、3.62和15.2 mg/L,对圆田螺的96 h-LC50值分别为6.31、4.31和16.9 mg/L,对河蚬的96 h-LC50值分别为8.75、6.83和26.5 mg/L;毒死蜱和丁草胺对3种供试生物均为中等毒性,三唑酮属低毒。环棱螺幼螺对毒死蜱、丁草胺和三唑酮的敏感性分别比大螺高2.52、1.84和1.72倍,圆田螺幼螺对毒死蜱、丁草胺和三唑酮的敏感性分别比大螺高2.26、2.26和2.67倍。因此,在田间使用3种供试农药时需注意对供试底栖生物尤其是其幼体的保护。 相似文献
15.
F. Mansour 《Phytoparasitica》1987,15(1):31-41
Densities of spiders in sprayed and unsprayed cotton fields were determined during 1981 and 1982. Eighteen families were found in an unsprayed field and 13 in sprayed fields. Species of Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae and Philodromidae comprised more than half of the total number collected. The mean weekly number of spiders per meter of cotton row was 9.1 in the unsprayed field and 5.1–5.6 in sprayed fields. Spider populations fluctuated similarly in sprayed fields in both observation years, with only one peak in July, whereas there were two peaks in the unsprayed field. Spiders played an important role in suppressing pest populations and in delaying pest outbreaks early in the cotton growing season. Thus, early pesticide applications to cotton fields are unnecessary. In a biocontrol experiment, spiders suppressed larvae of the Egyptian cotton leaf worm,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), thereby reducing damage to cotton leaves. 相似文献
16.
The relative toxicity (μg a.i. g?1 body wt) of the formamidine insecticide chlordimeform (CDM) and the triazapentadiene insecticide amitraz was examined in two species of noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis and Heliothis virescens. When applied topically, there was an unexpected and marked difference in the toxicity of CDM base and its hydrochloride to adults of both species, the salt being appreciably more toxic. For H. virescens at least, this difference in toxicity could not be explained by differences in penetration. This trend was reversed for larval instars of S. littoralis; while there was relatively little difference in the toxicity of the base to adult and larval stages, the salt was at least 1000-fold more toxic to adults than to larvae. N1-Demethylchlordimeform (DCDM) was the only metabolite of CDM to show biological activity against either species, but was much less toxic than the parent compound. Amitraz was far less toxic than either CDM or DCDM; like the CDM salt, it appeared to be more toxic to adult than larval stages of S. littoralis. Application of piperonyl butoxide significantly increased the toxicity of the CDM salt, DCDM and amitraz to adult H. virescens, the synergist being particularly effective with DCDM and amitraz. In contrast, piperonyl butoxide had no significant effect on the toxicity of DCDM, and slightly antagonised the toxicity of DCDM to fourth-instar larvae of S. littoralis. 相似文献
17.
Stanislav Pekr 《Pest management science》1999,55(11):1077-1082
Field experiments have revealed that some species of spiders are more sensitive to insecticides than others. Among many factors influencing their susceptibility, foraging mode seems to play an important role. Aspects of foraging mode that appear to be relevant are whether the spider is diurnal or nocturnal, a hunter or a web-maker. Six spider species, Araniella opisthographa, Clubiona neglecta, Dictyna uncinata, Pardosa agrestis, Philodromus cespitum and Theridion impressum were used in the study. P agrestis and P cespitum are diurnal hunters that may come into direct contact with insecticide. C neglecta is nocturnal and so is exposed to residues only. The remaining three species are web-makers building webs that vary in the extent to which they can protect the spider from direct spray. The effect of sprays was tested under laboratory conditions (Potter tower) with three commercial insecticides, an insect growth regulator (hexaflumuron), a selective organophosphorus (phosalone) and a non-selective pyrethroid insecticide (permethrin) using a four-day exposure period. Data were analysed using bootstrap method and randomization tests. The results obtained showed that hunting spiders were more susceptible to the insecticides tested than web-makers (in their webs). Diurnal hunting spiders (Philodromus and Pardosa) were severely affected only by permethrin. A high mortality was observed for the nocturnal hunter, Clubiona, after application of phosalone and permethrin. This species appears to be very sensitive to residues of both insecticides. Comparing the effect on web-making spiders, with and without webs, it was observed that the sparse orb-web of Araniella did not protect its owner at all, but the dense cribellate and frame-webs of Dictyna and Theridion, respectively, reduced the mortality caused by permethrin significantly in comparison with specimens without webs. Of other factors studied, posture (normal and upside-down position) did not influence the susceptibility. Mortality increased slightly with body size after permethrin application. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
18.
Akmoutsou P Mademtzoglou D Nakou I Onoufriadis A Papadopoulou X Kounatidis I Frantzios G Papadakis G Vasiliadis K Papadopoulos NT Mavragani-Tsipidou P 《Pest management science》2011,67(12):1534-1540
BACKGROUND: The insecticides spinosad and deltamethrin are being increasingly used in pest management programmes. In order to assess further their toxic effects to target and non‐target insect species, an evaluation was made of their insecticidal profile on Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.). Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of the two pesticides were investigated using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in D. melanogaster. RESULTS: Both insecticides were highly effective against B. oleae, exhibiting similar LC50 values. Moreover, they were found to be more effective against Bactrocera than against Drosophila adults. However, spinosad was significantly more toxic than deltamethrin to D. melanogaster. The results showed a lack of genotoxic activity of both insecticides under the in vivo experimental procedure employed, at least at applied doses. CONCLUSION: The present study provides information for lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad and deltamethrin against a target and a non‐target species. Both insecticides can exert high toxicity to B. oleae when adults are exposed even to very low doses for long periods of time. The results contribute to the database on the genotoxic potential of spinosad and deltamethrin, suggesting a safety profile for both insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of human pathogens. Wide‐scale use of pesticides has led to the development of resistance to most common insecticide groups. The need to develop novel products that have a low impact on human health and the environment is well established. The toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against adult Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Say). The two most active insecticides against Ae. aegypti were also evaluated against Ae. albopictus (Skuse). RESULTS: Fifteen semiochemicals classified as terpenoid alcohols, ketones or carboxylic esters showed toxicity to both mosquito species. Geranyl acetone (LC50 = 38.51 µg cm?2) followed by citronellol (LC50 = 48.55 µg cm?2) were the most toxic compounds to Ae. aegypti, while geraniol and lavonax, with LC50 values of 31.88 and 43.40 µg cm?2, showed the highest toxicity to An. quadrimaculatus. Both geranyl acetone and citronellol were highly toxic to Ae. albopioctus. No semiochemical showed fumigation activity against either species. All semiochemicals persisted for less than 24 h when tested on filter paper. CONCLUSION: Quantification of LC50 values of several semiochemicals against Ae. Aegypti, An. quadrimaculatus and Ae. albopioctus showed that semiochemicals not only modify insect behaviors but also hold potential as potent insecticides for mosquito control programs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
20.
In the present study, the effects of spinosad, spinetoram and chlorpyrifos on ground-dwelling arthropod diversity and abundance were compared in a herbaceous field in order to evaluate their relative compatibility with conservation of arthropod densities. Ten different treatments of spinosad, spinetoram, and chlorpyrifos, which was used as a toxic reference, were allocated at random to experimental plots. A total of 101,119 individuals of epigeal arthropods belonging to 18 orders and suborders were captured in pitfall traps, with the most abundant taxa Hymenoptera, Collembola, Araneae, Acari, Coleoptera, Isopoda, Julida and Opiliones. The orders Araneae, Coleoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera and Opiliones were identified to the family or species level. Gnaphosidae, Carabidae, Entomobryidae, Formicidae and Metaplatybunus grandissimus CL Koch (Phalangiidae) were the most abundant taxa of Araneae, Coleoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera and Opiliones, respectively. Significant density reduction was observed for Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae (Araneae), Carabidae, Entomobryidae, Formicidae and M. grandissimus after chlorpyrifos treatment. Formicidae individuals were significantly reduced after spinosad application, while the Entomobryidae and M. grandissimus individuals were reduced after the application of both spinosad and spinetoram. Our results showed no significant differences in diversity level of orders and suborders as well as of Araneae families between the spinetoram-treated plots at both concentrations tested and the control. In contrast, a significant difference in the diversity of Coleoptera was detected between the spinetoram treatments and the control. Our findings showed that spinosad and spinetoram may disrupt the structure and the abundance of surface-active arthropod fauna causing considerable changes in the ground-dwelling biodiversity of this ecosystem. 相似文献