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1.
Soils of the nearly level “Landes du Médoc” in southwestern France have a pattern of alternating bodies of hydromorphic podzols (Haplaquods) and low humic hydromorphic soils (Psammaquents). The soils are formed in a sedimentary mantle of coarse, quartzose sands with a slight microrelief consisting of low, elongated ridges and shallow, intervening troughs. The water table is at shallow depths throughout the plain, even at the surface in places. The podzols on the crests of the low ridges have distinct A2 and cemented B2 h horizons. Podzols persist down the sides of ridges but going downslope first lose the A2 horizon and then the cementation of the Bh horizon. Soils in the shallow troughs have A1 and Cg horizons without B horizons.The fine silt (2–20 μm) and clay (0–2 μm) fractions of the parent sand contain primary trioctahedral chlorite, mica, feldspars, and quartz, with the last mineral predominant. During soil development, the first three minerals undergo weathering at different rates and to different extents. Chlorite is most strongly weathered, followed in order by plagioclases and K-minerals. In the fine silt fraction, weathering seems to occur mostly by fragmentation of particles. In the clay fraction, the phyllosilicates successively form irregularly interstratified minerals with contractible but not expandable vermiculitic layers, interstratified minerals with contractible and expandable smectitic layers, and finally smectites.The extent to which the silicate minerals are weathered becomes progressively greater from the low humic hydromorphic soils to the podzols with friable Bh horizons to the podzols with cemented Bh horizons. Smectite is present only in the A2 horizons of these last podzols.The aluminum release by weathering of silicate minerals is translocated in part in the form of organo-metal complexes into the Bh horizons of the podzols. Greatest concentrations of Al are associated with coatings of monomorphic organic matter on mineral grains in the cemented Bh horizons, in which some Al has also crystallized into gibbsite. That mineral was not detected in friable B horizons of podzols nor in the low humic hydromorphic soil. Contrary to expectations, the mobile Al did not enter interlayer spaces of expanding 2:1 clay minerals. 相似文献
2.
Yu. N. Vodyanitskii A. A. Vasil’ev A. V. Kozheva E. F. Sataev M. N. Vlasov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(3):289-301
The study of the color in the CIE-L * a * b * system proved that, among the soils developed on the recent and ancient alluvium in the Perm Cis-Urals region, there are no soils composed of only brown horizons: the low-redness topsoils occur even in the automorphic soils. The color of the bulk of the soils does not depend on the total content of Fe-(hydr)oxide particles. The soils developed on the two-layered deposits are an exception, since the color of the lower layer of the heavy loam is affected by hematite-containing clay particles. In the upper horizons of other automorphic soils, red pigment is produced rather by Fe-containing hydroxides (feroxyhyte δFeOOH and Fe-vernadite Fe-δMnO2) than by hematite αFe2O3. The gleyed horizons are rich in free iron compounds (up to 3.2% (Fe2O3)d) that exert a weak effect on the redness. An identification procedure of the horizons showing hydromorphic features is developed, including the color control both in the untreated samples and in the samples in which the organic substance has been oxidized with H2O2. The soil becoming green after the organic matter oxidation appears to be a distinctive feature of the hydromorphic horizons, while reddening is a property of the automorphic horizons. 相似文献
3.
Soils with intricate patterns of their humus profiles developing in the neutral-calcium landscapes of the southern taiga of
Western Siberia under highly dynamic paleogeographic, climatic, and weather conditions are characterized. The specific features
of these soils comprise the diverse modern humus horizons along with the relic ones of different preservation rates, shallow
leaching of carbonates, and a weak development of the middle-profile soil horizons. Specifying these organo-accumulative soils is substantiated by their high humus content against the geochemical
background of the clayey calcareous parent rocks. The conjugated series of soils reflect different stages of the soil evolution
(the humus profile degradation, the development of eluvial process, and the increase of contrasts in the acid-base conditions)
and the hydromorphic transformation accompanied by the formation of organic horizons making the humus profile more complicated.
In accordance with the diagnostic horizons, the position of the soils studied was determined in the Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of Russia. The relic enrichment of the humus horizon is proposed to be used as a specific feature of these soils. 相似文献
4.
Soils of a toposequence formed chiefly in Tertiary marls in the south-eastern part of the “Bassin Aquitain” have been studied by field and micromorphological methods. Profiles were examined in detail in the field and oriented samples taken of horizons for observations of micromorphology. From the upper to the lower part of the toposequence, the four profiles also form a chronosequence, viz., a recent calcareous brown soil (sol brun calcaire), an old calcic brown soil (sol brun calcique), a still older leached brown soil (sol brun lessivé) and a hydromorphic leached soil (sol lessivé hydromorphe).The profile distribution and forms of calcite can be related to the morphology, ages and parent materials of the soils. Calcite is found as relics in the upper horizons of the calcareous brown soil and in the form of accumulations in the Bca and Cca horizons of the calcareous brown soil, the calcic brown soil and the leached brown soil. Where accumulations are limited, calcite forms pseudomycelia associated with roots, first as calcitans in tabular pores or craze planes and second as coalescing pseudomycelia. Finally, the calcite invades the S-matrix by epigenesis and results in crumbly masses. These masses have the shapes of the structural voids originally present in the parent materials. The common voids in the marl are vertical craze planes, the widths of which differ with the moisture regime of a soil. In the sandstones, the craze planes are horizontal and very small. The distribution of the calcitans and the presence of the crumbly masses indicate that the processes of accumulation of calcite are in part biodependent, i.e., related to root distribution, and in part lithodependent, i.e., related to structure of the parent rock.Finally, the presence in the calcareous brown soil of calcite as relics in the upper horizons and as successions of cutans from outsides to insides of pores (calcitan, argillan, calcitan) in the Bca horizon shows that the profile has a polycyclic origin. 相似文献
5.
测定了具有代表性的4种母质发育、3种水育型的红壤性水稻土及起源土壤的可溶性稀土(REEs)和稀土总丰度(∑REE),分析了REEs的分布特征及与∑REE的相关,研究了经酸碱调节后土壤REEs与pH值的关系,结果表明:(1)不同母质发育的供试土壤REEs平均值依石英闪长岩母质土壤系列、凝灰岩母质土壤系列、黑云母花岗岩母质土壤系列、玄武岩母质土壤系列顺序递减。(2)供试土壤REEs与∑REE的相关不显著。(3)起源土壤剖面中REEs具有明显自上而下增大的趋势,而不同水育型水稻土剖面的REEs分布各有特征,但总的趋势是自上而下减少。(4)经酸度调节后供试土壤的REEs随着土壤pH值的提高而下降,呈显著的幂函数相关。 相似文献
6.
The origin and nature of halloysite in Ando soils from Towada tephra were investigated. These soils were formed from five tephras: Towada-a (1,000 years old), Towada-b (2,000 years old), Chuseri (4,000 years old), Nanbu (8,600 years old) and Ninokura (10,000 years old).Formation of halloysite took place only in the buried soils from Nanbu and Ninokura tephras occurring in an “accumulating zone”, where thicknesses of overburden tephra deposits were mostly 2.5 m or greater and silica enrichment of the clay fractions could occur.The amounts of halloysite were greater in (1) the soils from Ninokura tephra than in those from Nanbu tephra, and greater in (2) the humus horizons as compared to the nonhumus horizons of these same soils. The mean sizes of spheroidal halloysite particles and the ratios of numbers of tubular to spheroidal forms differed with differences in soil horizons and age.High-resolution electron micrographs of glycerol-solvated spheroidal halloysite particles had lattice images of 11 Å due to (001) from the exterior to the interior and had no indications of layer separation. Moreover, the central core of spheroidal halloysite with a diameter of 150 Å showed neither layer structure nor allophane spherules.Results obtained in this study thus indicate that spheroidal and tubular forms of halloysite were formed concurrently in these Ando soils. 相似文献
7.
The effect of hydrocarbon contamination on the accumulation of lipids in soils is discussed. The field study was performed in the Shchelkovo district of Moscow oblast on soddy-podzolic soils contaminated with hydrocarbons in low concentrations along the entire profile. It was shown that the transformation of the hydrocarbons under the particular soil-geochemical conditions follows the way of the formation of incompletely oxidized compounds that are analytically determined in the fraction of the lipids. A significant increase in the concentration of lipids was found in the lower horizons of the semihydromorphic and hydromorphic soils under conditions of excessive moistening and a low redox potential. There was no increase in the concentration of the lipids in the upper soil horizons with their optimum water content and high values of the redox potential, which could be due to the complete oxidation of the hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. 相似文献
8.
N. A. Avetov E. O. Sopova Yu. A. Golovleva A. V. Kiryushin P. V. Krasilnikov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2014,47(11):1077-1085
The complex studies of hydromorphism features in taiga weakly differentiated soils using morphological (color), chemical (iron content in different extracts, indicators of reducing conditions (IRIS)), and geobotanic (using the Ramenskii scale) methods have led to ambiguous conclusions. In all the soils, surface gleying was manifested. According to the results obtained by different methods, the maximum reduction processes were related to either the sublitter or the next deeper horizon. The Schwertmann coefficient, the criterion of Bodegom, and the Ramenskii scale indicated an increase of hydromorphism in the soils studied in the following sequence: the lower part of the ridge slopes drained by the small gullies < the middle part of the slopes < the flat tops of the ridges < the depression between the ridges. The morphological diagnostics of gleying proved to be a less sensitive method, which can recognize only the most contrasting hydromorphic soils. The lower horizons in some taiga soils have a bluish gray color probably not related to the recent soil hydromorphism. 相似文献
9.
F. R. Zaidelman A. S. Nikiforova L. V. Stepantsova T. V. Krasina V. N. Krasin 《Eurasian Soil Science》2014,47(4):223-235
Specific features of the genesis of chernozem-like, solonetzic chernozem-like soils, and hydromorphic chernozem-like solonetzes were investigated on the southern Tambov Plain. Typical chernozems occupy well drained areas. The yield of cereals is limited by the amount of precipitation. On the flat surface of weakly drained watersheds, deeply gleyed chernozem-like soils are formed under the influence of bicarbonate-calcium ground water and water stagnation on the plow sole. In closed depressions with the 1.5- to 2.0-month long stagnation of surface water on the compact lower horizons, podzolized gleyic chernozem-like soils are formed. They have favorable physical properties, weak eluvial differentiation, and rather high acidity. In humid and moderately humid years, the cereals on these soils are waterlogged; in dry years, their yield increases by 20% as compared to that on the typical chernozem. In the low undrained areas of the watersheds, solonetzic chernozem-like soils and hydromorphic chernozem-like solonetzes are formed under the influence of bicarbonate-sodium water. Despite the unfavorable physical properties of the solonetzic horizons, their better supply with moisture determines the possibility to obtain stable high yields of cereals on the solonetzic chernozem-like soils. The productivity of the gleyic chernozem-like solonetzes is low irrespective of the humidity of the year. 相似文献
10.
The humus state of rainfed chernozems affected by local waterlogging was studied. The total humus content in the hydromorphic
chernozems increases, as well as the content of fulvic acids, whereas the content of nonhydrolyzable residue (humin) decreases.
A significant increase in the portions of the third fractions of humic and fulvic acids is observed. The role of the fine
silt and clay fractions in the binding of humic substances increases in the lower horizons of locally hydromorphic soils.
The increase in the content of fulvic acids (fulvatization) is mainly due to their predominance in the clay fraction. The
latter is specified by the significant narrowing of the Cha-to-Cfa ratio, the lower content of the nonhydrolyzable residue, and the increased content of the clay-bound (3rd fraction) fulvic
and humic acids. The composition of the humus in the fine silt fraction of the studied soils is characterized by an increased
amount of humic acids of the second fraction with a decrease in the relative content of fulvic acids. 相似文献
11.
The morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of eight prominent classes of soil developed in the coast aeolianites and sands of Natal are presented. These data and information on soil geography lead to the conclusion that: (i) losses of silica and bases and relative accumulation of iron (the ferrallitic process) have given rise to red and yellow kaolinitic materials; (ii) clay eluviation has given rise to coarse textured topsoils and to B2t horizons; and (iii) the hydromorphic process has caused grey colours in many sandy topsoils, plinthite development at some E/B horizon interfaces and gleying of some B2 horizons. In the soils on the older aeolianites, there is no evidence of either podzolization or the coarser textured topsoil being a younger geological deposit. The development of yellow soils in younger aeolianites may indicate a cooler climate than existed when red materials developed from the older aeolianites. 相似文献
12.
The amorphous iron content in the upper soil horizons, the profile distribution of iron oxides and hydroxides, and the Schwertmann (Feo/Fed) ratio can be used as diagnostic criteria for the degree of gleyization in the classification of hydromorphic soils. Drainage removes chemical elements, e.g., nonsilicate Fe, from soils. 相似文献
13.
G. V. Matyshak L. G. Bogatyrev O. Yu. Goncharova A. A. Bobrik 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(10):1115-1124
Differently directed and heterochronous cryogenic processes have contributed to the contrasting soil cover patterns and spatial heterogeneity of the properties of soils in hydromorphic ecosystems of the discontinuous permafrost zone of the northern taiga in Western Siberia. Frost heave and permafrost thawing within ecosystems of highmoor bogs have led to the development of specific cryogenic landforms, such as flat-topped and large peat mounds. A set of cryogenic soils is developed in these ecosystems; it includes different variants of cryozems, gleyzems (Cryosols), and peat soils (Histosols). The distribution of these soil types is controlled by the local topography and thawing depth, other factors being insignificant. Alternation of peat horizons of different types and ages, whirl-like patterns of horizon boundaries, considerable variations in the thickness of soil horizons, and inversions of soil horizons under the impact of frost cracking, frost heave, and cryoturbation are typical of the considered soils. Thawing depth is the most significant factor affecting the thickness of organic horizons, the soil pH, and the degree of decomposition of peat. As a result of the upward movement of bog ecosystems under the impact of frost heave, peat soils are subjected to considerable transformation: peat horizons undergo mineralization, and the thickness of organic horizons decreases; in some cases, eluvial–illuvial differentiation of the mineral horizons takes place, and peat podzols are developed. However, the opposite process of the return of the soils to the bog stage of pedogenesis with peat accumulation may take place in any time in the case of activation of thermokarst processes. 相似文献
14.
F. R. Zaidel’man 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(2):115-125
By the examples of four typical catenas in the East European Plain, the role of lessivage in the development of automorphic and hydromorphic loamy and clayey soils with light-colored acid eluvial horizons and with different degrees of gleyzation has been studied. It is found that characteristic features of lessivage are often observed in the soils without hydrological barriers hampering or preventing the vertical migration of soil water and mass transfer processes. The hydrological barriers may be represented by the shallow horizons of temporarily perched water, or by the ascending capillary fringe of the ground water, or by the water-saturated horizons, in which the volume of free pores does not exceed 2–4%. It is shown that light-colored acid eluvial horizons may be formed in the profiles of loamy and clayey soils without any signs of lessivage. The development of strongly gleyed soils (gleyed soddy-podzolic soils and pseudogley soils (Stagnosols)) is not related to colmatage (silting of their illuvial horizons through lessivage); it is conditioned by the actual hydrological regime of these soils. The role of lessivage, podzolization, and gleyzation in the development of clay-differentiated soils is discussed. 相似文献
15.
在按规模和频度对黄土高原重力侵蚀分类的基础上,分析了重力侵蚀具有普遍性、沿河谷分布、区域差异明显等区域分布特点。并分析了地质地貌因素对各种主要重力侵蚀形成与分布的影响:塌陷在碳酸盐地层存在地分布较多,高陡边坡地区易于形成巨大滑坡,群发性崩塌、滑坡以及泥流的形成多发生在沟谷密度较大地区,巨大泥流的形成在沟头地区多有较大的汇水面积等。因此在防治重力侵蚀过程中,必须充分地研究各地的地质地貌条件,因地制宜地防治不同类型的重力侵蚀。 相似文献
16.
The method of chemodestructive fractionation is suggested to assess the composition of soil organic matter. This method is based on determination of the resilience of soil organic matter components and/or different parts of organic compounds to the impact of oxidizing agents. For this purpose, a series of solutions with similar concentration of the oxidant (K2Cr2O7), but with linearly increasing oxidative capacity was prepared. Chemodestructive fractionation showed that the portion of easily oxidizable (labile) organic matter in humus horizons of different soil types depends on the conditions of soil formation. It was maximal in hydromorphic soils of the taiga zone and minimal in automorphic soils of the dry steppe zone. The portion of easily oxidizable organic matter in arable soils increased with an increase in the rate of organic fertilizers application. The long-lasting agricultural use of soils and burying of the humus horizons within the upper one-meter layer resulted in the decreasing content of easily oxidizable organic matter. It was found that the portion of easily oxidizable organic matter decreases by the mid-summer or fall in comparison with the spring or early summer period. 相似文献
17.
《Geoderma》2001,99(3-4):199-224
Most of gypsum-enriched soils in Isfahan and neighboring provinces occur on alluvial fans, dissected flood plains (old dissected alluvium)and piedmont plains. Herein we investigate the processes of formation and alteration of gypsic horizons and their pedofeatures. We described and sampled representative pedons on a transect from the mountain to the piedmont plain. In the study area, different gypsic pedofeatures have various kinds of internal lenticular cryslalitic fabrics. Micromorphologic observations confirmed that gypsic horizons have an evolutionary sequence across the different geomorphic surfaces from the upper fan to the piedmont plain. In primary stages (upper fan), gypsum crystals occur individually in the soil groundmass or as clusters in voids with idiotopic or xenotopic fabrics. Eventually, they form internal coatings or infillings and pendants (in middle and lower fans). In the more developed horizons (dissected flood plains or plateaus), the fibrous gypsum crystals are banded and perpendicularly distributed with reference to the gravels and soil surface. These loosely compacted fibers constitute the bulk of the soil materials, leaving non-gypsic particles as islands between crystals. In these pedofeatures, perpendicularly oriented fibrous crystals, with their lateral inter-connections give rise to a continuous three-dimensional firm structure.The fabric of these lenticular gypsum crystals is xenotopic or hyp-idiotopic. In the piedmont plain, the idiotopic crystals have no preferred orientation and have random distribution. Internal fabric of these pedofeatures is porphyrotopic. This study indicates that, physical environment plays a great role in formation of different gypsic pedofeatures. 相似文献
18.
Humus forms may be the first tool to assess qualitatively organic matter turnover in soils; as such they should be related
to the stocks of organic C a soil can store, to the characteristics of organic matter that affect its stability and, more
generally, to the factors of soil formation. In this work, we tested these hypotheses in 27 forest soils of northwestern Italy.
Site variables representing the pedogenic factors allowed classifying the plots into three clusters, which were significantly
different for soil and humus types. The average stocks of organic C in the humic episolum (organic and top mineral horizons)
ranged from 2.7 kg m−2 in Eumulls to 9.5 kg m−2 in Amphimulls. A clear trend in C stocks was visible and related both to the increasing presence of organic layers where
the environmental conditions do not favour a rapid turnover of organic matter and to the good mixing of organics and minerals
in “bio-macrostructured” A horizons. The characteristics of organic matter were also linked to humus forms: The proportion
of humified complex substances was the highest in the most active forms, and conversely, non-humified extracted substances
formed a considerable part of organic matter only where the environmental conditions limit organic matter degradation. Humus
forms seem therefore to reflect several mechanisms of organic matter stabilisation and are clearly related to the capacity
of the soil to store C. 相似文献
19.
Knowledge about soil formation in tropical montane rainforests is scarce and patchy. We examined the altitudinal change of soils in a Bolivian tropical montane rainforest, aiming to illuminate the contribution of podzolization and hydromorphic processes to soil formation. In three transects from 1700 m to 3400 m a.s.l. we determined the pH, exchangeable cation exchange capacity, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and iron and aluminium fractions from 26 soil profiles. Three zones of different dominant soil forming processes were found: In the lower montane forest (LMF, 1700–2200 m a.s.l.), Dystropepts with high nutrient concentration and acidity were common. The pronounced change to the upper montane cloud forest (UMCF, 2200–2700 m a.s.l.) coincided with the appearance of Placorthods with more acidic conditions, deep ectorganic horizons and increasing translocation of sesquioxides. In the sub-alpine forest (SCF, 2700 m–3400 m a.s.l.), hydromorphic processes dominated over podzolization, resulting in Placaquods with low mineralization rate and nutrient concentration. This shows that due to increasing wetness and colder temperatures at high altitudes, dominant soil forming processes change from podzolization to hydromorphism soils with increasing altitude. 相似文献
20.
N. V. Kazakov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2010,43(2):216-225
The morphological features of the soils and the degree of their mechanical disturbance within the oil-and-gas prospecting
area in western Kamchatka were studied. A scale based on the status of the topsoil horizons was suggested for assessing the
mechanical disturbance of the soils. It was found that the minimum mechanical disturbance is typical of the automorphic light
ocherous volcanic soils, whereas the maximum disturbance is typical of the hydromorphic peat bog soils. 相似文献