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1.
A. V. Smagin N. A. Azovtseva M. V. Smagina A. L. Stepanov A. D. Myagkova A. S. Kurbatova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2006,39(5):539-551
The ecological status and functioning of soils in urban ecosystems are considered. A series of criteria and simple methods of their determination are suggested to assess soil suitability for landscaping purposes. Their practical application is shown by the example of the ecological assessment and monitoring survey of different urban territories in the southwestern, western, and northwestern administrative districts of Moscow and in Moscow suburbs. It is shown that the main damage to the soils of actively used territories in Moscow is due to the artificial salinization induced by the application of deicing substances and fertilizers. The second factor of soil degradation is the soil compaction. An unfavorable water and air regime (a deficit or excess of soil moisture) is a factor that manifests itself sporadically in time (during the extremely dry years) and in space (at the sites with an increased soil compaction and soil water evaporation). A considerable decrease in the potential biological activity of urban soils, including the soils of newly built residential areas, in comparison with their natural analogues attests to the disturbance of their functioning under the impact of chemical pollution and an unfavorable physical status. 相似文献
2.
Assessment of the functional state of soils in Moscow Zoo on the basis of microbiological parameters
The functional state of soils in the Moscow Zoo was assessed on the basis of the indices of intensity of the main biological processes. Studies of the carbon and nitrogen cycles in the soils, the soil enzyme activity, the microbial biomass, and the functional diversity of soil microorganisms (using the method of multisubstrate testing) were performed in aviaries, open-air animal enclosures, and on public parts of the Moscow Zoo. Against the background of relatively favorable physical properties of the soils (soil density and soil air, water, and temperature regimes), their biological activity was very low. The highest values of the biological activity were found in the soils of enclosures with the white-tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnou) and the cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). No significant differences in the biological activity of the soils within the aviaries and animal enclosures and on the public territories were found. 相似文献
3.
The contamination of soils with heavy metals in the city of Moscow has been assessed using the conventional procedure and a new resource approach developed at the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University. The approach involved the consideration of the profile distribution of a pollutant and the variation in the bulk density of the enclosing soil. The integral parameter of contamination was the reserve of the pollutant in a conventional normative soil layer 1 m in thickness according to the Moscow Law On the Urban Soils. In the soil samples taken in the main administrative districts of Moscow, the contents of heavy metals of the first (zinc, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury) and second (nickel and copper) hazard classes were determined. For each profile, distribution graphs of all of the above elements have been developed, and the element reserves have been calculated in the upper 1-m-thick layer with consideration for the changes in the soil density with depth. The obtained data have been compared with the normative reserves of heavy metals and the estimates of technogenic contamination derived using the conventional procedure. An increase in the total reserves of pollutants has been observed at the increase in their concentrations with depth; therefore, a clean soil according to the conventional procedure can be classified as contaminated. Analogously, a decrease in the total reserve of a pollutant in the upper 1-m-thik layer and, hence, a decrease in the degree of soil contamination have been observed when the concentration of the pollutant reduced with the depth. In general, the profile distributions of heavy metals and the soil bulk density strongly interfere with the estimation of the contamination of the soil as a spatially heterogeneous body and should be taken into consideration in the development of a present-day system of quality criteria and norms for urban soils. 相似文献
4.
Eurasian Soil Science - We have analyzed the distribution of soil properties and the intensity of net nitrification in the profiles of eutrophic peatlands on the Yakhroma River floodplain (Moscow... 相似文献
5.
Physical (water content, density, and air and water regimes) and physicochemical (electrical conductivity, pH, and SAR) properties of urban soils were investigated on test plots of Moscow to evaluate their dynamics under anthropogenic impact. The wilting point and the dependence of the capillary-sorption and total water potentials of the soil water content were determined in laboratory experiments with natural and artificially saline soil samples to evaluate the effect of salt antifreeze substances on water availability for plants under conditions of active application of deicing reagents. Seasonal dynamics of these parameters were investigated. It was found that electrolytes display a steady tendency for the accumulation and redistribution in the root zone rather than for their deep leaching despite humid climatic conditions in Moscow megalopolis. In summer, regular droughts result in drying of the root zone to critical values and to the concentration of electrolytes up to the values that make the total water potential of soil unsuitable for water uptake by roots. The key factor of soil degradation under the impact of electrolytes is the soil dispersity: the finer the texture, the higher the soil salinization and solonetzicity and the stronger irreversible changes in the soil water retention capacity and physical properties. 相似文献
6.
A. V. Smagin N. B. Sadovnikova A. S. Bashina A. V. Kirichenko V. G. Vityazev 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(12):1382-1391
A conceptually new instrumental method has been proposed for the determination of the sorption fragment of the soil water retention curve and the specific surface area of soils and sediments by drying samples at different temperatures, which is based on fundamental models for relative air humidity and thermodynamic water potential (Ψ) as functions of temperature (T). The basic equation for the calculation of water potential in the first (linear) approximation is as follows: Ψ = Q–аТ, where Q is the specific heat of evaporation, and a is the physically substantiated parameter related to the initial relative air humidity in the laboratory. The setting of model parameters necessary for quantitative calculations has been performed from tabulated data for the saturated water vapor pressure as a function of temperature and results of an independent experiment with gradual air heating and synchronous automated control of air humidity and temperature with DS 1923 hydrochrons. The potentialities of the method have been demonstrated using literature data on the dehydration of soil colloids and our own results on the drying of a silty sandy soil (Arenosol) from Dubai, a light loamy soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Retisol) and a low-moor peat soil (Histosol) from Moscow oblast, and a loamy ordinary chernozem (Haplic Chernozem) from Krasnodar region. 相似文献
7.
The diversity of soils within the specially protected natural territory of Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo in Moscow is discussed. The
soils of this large park are not affected by the modern construction activities that delete the features inherited from the
early stages of the anthropogenic transformation of soils in Moscow. They are characterized by the book-like type of soil
memory, which makes it possible to trace several sequences of the anthropogenic soil transformation. The background natural
soils-rzhavozems (Chromic Cambisols)—have been transformed into agrogenic soils (agrosols) and postagrogenic soils (postagrosols)
under abandoned plowlands, into urbo-soils and urbanozems in the areas of former or modern settlements, and into techno-soils
in the areas of active excavation works and engineering reclamation. The change in the character of the land use without the
accumulation of osediments on the surface leads to the development of polygenetic soil horizons. 相似文献
8.
Kirillova N. P. Sileva T. M. Makarov M. I. Artemyeva Z. S. Burova E. K. 《Eurasian Soil Science》2019,52(2):133-140
Eurasian Soil Science - Experimental data on 1029 soil profiles examined in the area of the Chashnikovo Experimental and Training Soil-Ecological Center of Moscow State University in Moscow region... 相似文献
9.
An approach to assess the soil organic carbon (SOC) pools in megapolises and in small settlements with due account for the natural, economic, and historical heterogeneity of urban territories; the degree of the soil sealing; and the specific features of their functional use is discussed. Cartographic information, satellite imagery, geoinformation systems, and field and literature data have been applied to adapt this approach for Moscow and for the town of Serebryanye Prudy in Moscow oblast. The pool of SOC has been calculated for the topsoil horizons (0–10 cm) and for the total thickness of the cultural layer (habitation deposits) in these urban areas. The total SOC pool comprises 13 833.0 × 103 t (with an error of 30–40%) for Moscow and 2 996.6 × 103 t (with an error of 50–70%) for Serebryanye Prudy. The specific carbon pools for these territories reach 128 and 810 t/ha, respectively. The cultural layer of Moscow concentrates about 75% of the total SOC pool; in Serebryanye Prudy, it contains about 95% of the total SOC pool. The SOC pools in the urban soils are comparable with or exceed the SOC pools in the corresponding natural zonal soils. 相似文献
10.
Nikolai V. Alov Roman V. Bulgachev Kirill V. Oskolok 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2001,1(3):164-167
X-ray fluorescence monitoring of technogenic metal pollution of Moscow soil near two highways with heavy traffic was fulfilled.
As a result of vehicles running, the macro and microelement composition of Moscow roadside soil was seen to substantially
differ from the composition of both soddy podzolic soil (typical for Moscow region) and any other soil of the temperate climatic
region of Russia. The average Fe, Mn and Ti contents in soil were found to exceed the usual background level by 2–5-fold,
maximum Pb content — by 10–15-fold. The lateral and depth distribution of enumerated metal contents in soil near the highways
was studied. It was shown that the behavior of lateral pollutant distribution in soil has no specific exponential shape. It
has local extremuma and depends on the metal nature and the roadside terrain topography. For Pb — one of the most dangerous
pollutants — the mechanism of chemical transformations and the interrelation of the pollutant chemical form, its molecular
weight, the dwelling time in atmosphere and the distance to the highway were discussed. 相似文献
11.
M. F. Ovchinnikova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2013,46(12):1150-1163
The stabilities of the humus in different soil types (a soddy-podzolic soil from Moscow oblast, a deep typical chernozem from Kursk oblast, and a typical sierozem) have been compared on the basis of long-term studies of the composition, structural features, and properties of the humus acids formed under contrasting climatic conditions. The transformation features of the humic substances under agrogenic impacts of different intensities and durations have been studied by the example of a soddy-podzolic soil as a soil susceptible to environmental changes. The features of degradation of the humus quality and their manifestation at different levels of the structural organization of the humus system have been characterized. 相似文献
12.
为了揭示土壤呼吸的日间变化规律,寻找影响土壤呼吸速率强弱的生态因子,从而为海防林的造林营林技术提供重要依据,对胶南沿海混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率及各环境因子进行研究。2种海防林林地土壤呼吸速率的日变化均呈现出单峰式的变化规律,灌木林的土壤呼吸速率明显高于混交林。地表温度是对土壤呼吸速率影响最大的环境因子之一,它与混交林和灌木林的土壤呼吸速率分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系。空气相对湿度与混交林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关,风速与灌木林土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关。通过主成分分析和多元线性回归方法,得到了影响海防林土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子及与土壤呼吸速率之间的多元回归模型。 相似文献
13.
14.
The gradient of water vapor pressure between soil and air controls the rate of evaporation from soil, but it has not been possible to determine the humidity at the soil surface. We have devised an instrument to measure the surface humidity in the field. Thermocouple psychrometry is used to monitor air equilibrated with the soil surface in a chamber placed briefly on the soil. A programmable data logger scans the thermocouples and stores the data. We calibrated the instrument over saturated salt solutions, and over soils whose relative humidity was calculated from measured water potentials. The instrument worked well, but underestimated slightly at relative humidities above 90%. It can be used to distinguish between stage 1 and stage 2 evaporation for soils. In field trials, the surface psychrometer was used to monitor diurnal and day-to-day changes in soil surface humidity during the drying cycle after irrigation. The cumulative vapor pressure difference between the soil surface and the air at 1.5 m was highly correlated with soil evaporation from microlysimeters set between crop rows. Changes in the cumulative difference in vapor pressure were also closely related to the changes in the evaporation component of measured evapotranspiration, as estimated with a simulation model. 相似文献
15.
The revealed trends of temperature and precipitation changes between 1932 and 2001 suggest that the nearest ten years in the southern Moscow region should be characterized by the fall in soil temperatures and the rise in the soil water content during the growing season in spite of the significant shift in the water and temperature regimes of plowed soils toward the aridity and higher continentality of their climate. The resulting situation can affect agricultural production by favoring the transition from high-input farming to grass farming in the southern Moscow region. 相似文献
16.
17.
盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物生物量C的季节动态 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于盘锦湿地生态系统野外观测站芦苇群落2005年4月￣10月的定位观测资料,分析了盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物生物量C的季节变化规律及生态特性:盘锦湿地土壤微生物量生物量C在三个土壤层次都表现出随着芦苇生长季的变化呈现先增长、后下降的"M型"变化趋势。相关分析结果表明:气候因子中降水量和空气相对湿度对微生物生物量碳的影响大于气温;土壤因子中土壤热通量和土壤平均温度的影响大于土壤含水量。通径分析结果表明:在环境因子的综合作用中,起直接作用的因子主要是气温和土壤平均温度,其它因子影响较小。 相似文献
18.
An approach towards an automated updating of medium-scale soil maps via imitation of traditional mapping technologies is suggested. It is based on formulation of the rules of mapping in the form of classification trees for separating different soil cover patterns and on creation of the maps of soil-forming factors with the use of satellite data. Algorithms for mapping alluvial soils (Fluvisols), eroded (abraded), and anthropogenically transformed soils are presented. This approach was tested for the southern (Trans-Oka) part of Moscow oblast. The model for an automated soil mapping was realized using ILWIS software. The polygons of alluvial soils were mapped with a higher accuracy via the automated separation of floodplains according to the digital terrain model. The total area of alluvial soils shown on the medium-scale soil map decreased from 373 to 340 km2. Calculations of slope angles according to digital terrain models allowed us to localize soil cover patterns with participation of eroded soils with a higher accuracy; their area decreased insignificantly: from 791 to 781 km2. Anthropogenically transformed soils of building areas were mapped for the territory of Moscow oblast on the basis of satellite data for the first time. Their areas were delineated taking into account land use types and comprised 551 km2, i.e., 15.4% of the total area (3570 km2) of the Trans-Oka part of Moscow oblast. 相似文献
19.
P. Schjønning B.V. Iversen L.J. Munkholrn R. Labouriau O.H. Jacobsen 《Soil Use and Management》2005,21(3):265-275
Abstract Application of organic residues to soil is generally assumed to improve soil tilth. Only few studies have reported the long‐term effects on the more subtle aspects of soil porosity, and no reports have considered the potential effects of organic amendments on the pore system in the subsoil. We sampled undisturbed soil cores (100 cm3 and 6280 cm3) using metal cylinders in differently fertilized plots in the long‐term field experiment at Askov Experimental Station, Denmark. We selected the 0–60 cm soil layer of plots dressed for a century with either mineral fertilizers (labelled NPK) or animal manure (labelled AM) and unfertilized plots (UNF) as a reference. Both fertilization treatments were studied at two levels of nutrient application: ‘normal’ (labelled ‘1’) and 1.5 times ‘normal’ (labelled ‘1½’). Water retention, air permeability and air diffusivity were measured on the small cores, and we used the large cores for measuring near‐saturated and saturated hydraulic conductivity. In the plough layer, the AM and NPK soils displayed identical pore volumes in size fractions that were larger as well as smaller than 30 μm, while the UNF soil had a significantly smaller volume of pores < 30 μm. No clear trends were found in treatment effects on pore organization as calculated from air diffusivity and air permeability measurements. No significant differences in hydraulic conductivity were found in the plough layer. For the subsoil below ploughing depth, significantly larger macropore volumes and near‐saturated hydraulic conductivities were found for soil of plots receiving the larger (‘1½’) amount of nutrients compared with the ‘normally’ dressed soil. This effect was independent of fertilization system (AM or NPK). We attribute the larger volume of macropores to the improved root growth conditions in the soil with the higher nutrient level. We conclude that addition of animal manure at rates realistic in agriculture has only a modest effect on soil pore characteristics of the plough layer soil compared with the use of mineral fertilizers. For the subsoil below ploughing depth, a high level of nutrient application may increase soil macroporosity and near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity, but the origin of nutrients is of no significance. 相似文献
20.
R. R. Sultanbaeva G. N. Koptsik I. E. Smirnova S. V. Koptsik 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2015,70(4):168-173
The results of four-year monitoring of natural waters in forest ecosystems of the Zvenigorod Biological Station (Moscow State University, Moscow oblast) show regular changes in the concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within the atmospheric precipitation–throughfall–soil waters system. Precipitation passing through the tree canopy is enriched with DOC (2–3 and 9–24 mg/L). The average carbon concentration in soil waters reaches 100–110 mg/L in complex spruce and pine–spruce forests and does not exceed 40–60 mg/L in spruce–birch forests. 相似文献