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1.
Organic carbon sustainability in a gravelly calcareous soil is a great challenge under the humid conditions of south Florida. The beneficial effects of compost utilization on soil fertility prompted an investigation on (i) accumulation of total organic carbon and (ii) the soil organic carbon (SOC) in humin, humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) fractions in a gravelly calcareous soil amended with composts or inorganic fertilizer. In 1996 and 1998, compost from municipal solid waste (MSW) (100% MSW), Bedminster cocompost (75% MSW and 25% biosolids) and biosolids compost (100% biosolids) at 72, 82.7 and 15.5 Mg ha?1, respectively, were each incorporated in soil beds and inorganic fertilizer (6-2.6-10) NPK at 2.8 Mg ha?1. A control (no amendment) treatment was also included. Total organic carbon and various fractions of soil organic carbon were determined in two depths (0-10 and 10-22 cm) for both soil particles (< 2mm) and pebbles (> 2mm). Inorganic and organic soil amendments had decreased soil pH and increased soil electrical conductivity (EC) 19 months from initial application. Total organic carbon contents in soil particle were 4-, 3-, and 2-fold higher in MSW compost, Bedminster cocompost and biosolids compost treatments, respectively, than those in fertilizer treated or non-treated soils. MSW compost increased total organic carbon in pebbles by 4- and 3-fold in the 0-10 and 10-22 cm deep layers, respectively, more than other treatments. The soil organic carbon accumulation decreased with depth in all treatments in soil particles, but did not in pebbles. Amending soils with MSW compost significantly increased the organic carbon in humin, HA and FA fractions more than those treated with inorganic fertilizer or non-amended. MSW compost has a potential to be used as a soil amendment to increase and sustain the organic carbon in calcareous soils of south Florida.  相似文献   

2.
We studied the degradability and nutrient release capacity of municipal organic waste (MOW) composts obtained with different management practices: shredding and/or mixing with wood shavings, cocomposting with biosolids, and vermicomposting. As indicators of degradability and nutrient release capacity, we measured net N and C mineralization, extractable-P release, N retained in microbial biomass, and dehydrogenase activity in 16-week laboratory incubations, using soil amended at a rate of 40 g kg−1. We also determined the extent to which these indicators were predicted from the chemical characteristics of the amendments. All products increased soil N and P availability, and the size and activity of soil microbial populations. Carbon and N mineralization, and extractable-P release were influenced by amendment chemical characteristics, especially organic matter, total N, total P, C to N ratio, extractable-P and water soluble C. Cocomposting MOW and biosolids is an important alternative for MOW management, because it was the most effective strategy at increasing product degradability and nutrient release capacity (highest net N and C mineralization, extractable-P release, and microbial biomass-N). Shredding MOW increased C mineralization, while the addition of wood shavings decreased net N mineralization, but generally did not affect C mineralization. Thus, these two practices should be used when these specific product characteristics wish to be achieved. Vermicomposting did not prove to be an efficient strategy when MOW was mixed with biosolids.  相似文献   

3.
国内外堆肥标准分析及其对中国的借鉴启示   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  
中国农业废弃物产量巨大,堆肥是农业废弃物资源化利用的主要方式之一,也是养分和有机质回收到土壤中的方法。结合国内外堆肥标准制定情况,通过分析对比无害化指标、有机质、总养分、重金属、含水率等指标,指出中国存在就农业废弃物处理缺乏专业化堆肥及有机肥标准推进委员会、对堆肥产品中氮磷钾和有机质含量的最低限值较高及未建立堆肥标准体系等问题。建议国家组建堆肥标准制定专家委员会或堆肥协会,进一步规范有机肥生产运行管理,进一步修订有机肥、生物有机肥、沼肥等标准,建立完善的堆肥标准体系。  相似文献   

4.
The final use that may be given to biosolids that result from the treatment of residual municipal waters depends on their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. Their organic matter content and wealth of essential elements may allow their use for agricultural fertilization purposes. The objective of this research project was to evaluate the physicochemical interactions between soil treated with biosolids and compost from municipal residual waters, and the nutritional parameters of broad bean seeds (Vicia faba L.). The studied area is located in the central region of the Mexican Republic. The biosolids were treated with aerated static pile composting. The experimental work was performed in the area surrounding the East Toluca Macroplant, where nine 2 × 3 m plots were defined and distributed in a Latin square; 3 plots were used as controls (without conditioning), 3 were conditioned with 4.5 Mg ha?1 of biosolids on a dry base, and 3 were conditioned with the same amount of compost. The parameters determined for biosolids, compost, and soil were: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K), total and available heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn); for the plant: height reached, green seeds productivity and yield per treatment (ton ha?1); for the seeds: humidity, ashes, fiber, fats, protein, starch and total and available heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn). pH was slightly acid in soil treated with biosolids (6.71). OM and CEC did not represent significant differences. Total concentrations of Cr, Zn, Ni and Cu in soil presented significant differences (p < 0.05) between treated soil and the control, Cd was not detected. Cu was the most available metal in soil treated with compost (15.31%), Cd and Cr were not detected. The plants had higher growth rates with biosolids (112.22 cm) and compost (103.73 cm); higher green broad bean productivity and higher seed yield, especially in plots containing biosolids, which had rates three times higher than the control. In regards to broad bean seeds, content of ashes, fiber, fats, protein, starch and heavy metals (Cu, Ni and Zn), there were no significant differences between the treatments. Cd and Cr were not detected. In conclusion, it has been proven that the use of biosolids and compost studied in this broad bean crop do not involve an environmental risk, and thus give way to a solution to the problem of final disposition of biosolids in the region.  相似文献   

5.
过磷酸钙用量对猪粪堆肥过程及磷形态变化的影响   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  
【目的】过磷酸钙作为常用的畜禽粪便堆肥添加剂,具有减少氮素损失率并提高氮、磷养分含量等优点,但其对磷的有效性和形态的影响有待深入探讨。通过试验研究不同过磷酸钙添加量对猪粪锯末好氧堆肥过程的影响及堆肥中不同形态磷含量和形态之间的相互转化规律,以期为畜禽粪便堆肥中磷素的转化及合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】将猪粪和锯末以质量比（鲜重）4:1的比例混合,然后按照猪粪和锯末干物质量的5%、10%、15%添加过磷酸钙,以不添加过磷酸钙作为对照（CK）,进行42 d好氧堆肥,监测堆肥温度、含水率、pH、全氮、有机碳、全磷、有效磷、有机磷等指标。【结果】与CK相比,添加适量过磷酸钙可以显著提高堆肥的温度,增加高温持续期2~10 d;提高堆肥物料的持水能力,加快有机碳降解。添加5%~15%的过磷酸钙可以显著降低堆肥初始pH值0.33~0.68个单位,有效抑制堆肥过程中铵态氮的挥发损失,CK、5%、10%和15%的处理在堆肥结束时的氮素损失率分别为29.4%、26.6%、18.5%和8.0%,全氮和全磷含量分别较堆肥初增加17.3~34.2%和37.0%~123.1%。CK有效磷含量随堆肥时间不断上升,第42 d较堆肥初增加73.0%,而添加过磷酸钙5%、10%和15%的处理有效磷含量显著降低,分别较堆肥初减少了4.0%、23.2%和41.8%。随着堆肥的进行,各处理中有效磷占全磷的比例均不断下降,表明堆肥过程降低了磷的有效性。堆肥前期以有机磷的矿化为主,后期以有机磷的合成为主,第42 d有机磷占全磷的比例CK最高（22.1%）,添加5%、10%和15%过磷酸钙的处理分别为15.4%、11.0%和8.7%。【结论】猪粪堆肥中添加过磷酸钙,可以有效减少氮素损失,加快有机物料降解,以10%的添加量效果最佳;堆肥过程降低了磷的有效性,随着过磷酸钙用量的增加有效磷的比例不断下降;腐熟后堆肥中的磷以无机态为主,有机磷占全磷的比例随着过磷酸钙用量的增加而递减。  相似文献   

6.
Experiments were conducted on calcareous and sandy soils to investigate the effects of organic amendments for vegetable production on groundwater nitrogen (N) concentration in south Florida. The treatments consisted of applying yard and food residuals compost, biosolids compost, a cocompost of the municipal solid waste and biosolids, and inorganic fertilizer. Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), and total N concentrations were collected for a period of two years for both soils. Statistical analysis results revealed that for the three species tested, there were no significant differences among treatments. NO3-N concentrations for all treatments remained less than the maximum contamination level (10 mg/L). NO3-N transport to groundwater was higher in calcareous soil (mean=5.3 mg/L) than in sandy soil (mean=0.6 mg/L). NH4-N concentrations ranged from 0 to 13.6 mg/L throughout the experiment. Calcareous soil had lower NH4-N concentrations (mean=0.1 mg/L) than sandy soils (mean=0.7 mg/L). Total N ranged from 0.4 to 21.7 mg/L for all treatments for both soils reflecting high adsorption of dissolved organic N in both soils. Overall, results indicated that all the compost treatments were comparable to inorganic fertilizer with regard to N leaching and N concentrations in the groundwater while producing similar or higher yields.  相似文献   

7.
On-site composting of nonpolluted organic wastes avoids costs and energy for transportation since the volume to be transported can be reduced to about 20% of the original. This paper describes the aerobic processes in a small-scale composting reactor, and evaluates how these processes can be optimized. The optimized composting process has a relatively short turnover time for organic matter; at the same time the temperature of about 60°C decreases the problems with pathogens and weeds in the mature compost. The compost produced has a high nutritional value, with high concentrations of especially nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, while the contamination by heavy metals and other toxic substances are very low.  相似文献   

8.
Stabilization of the organic matter of a static pile of compost from municipal solid wastes (MSW) under a forced-pressure ventilation composting system was followed for 55 days during winter season. The materials were analyzed according to the official methodologies required by Italian regulations regarding the quality of composts from MSW. The stabilization process of the organic matter was monitored using both the degree of humification (DH), i.e. the ratio between the humified fractions (HA + FA) and the total extractable carbon (TEC), and the electrofocusing technique (EF). The DH increased steadily in compost during stabilization process and converged asymptotically at the end of the period of composting. The EF analyses of the organic extracts of compost from MSW showed a definite trend in the humification process and confirmed the actual evolution of the organic matter composted.  相似文献   

9.
为了促进发酵床废弃垫料的循环利用,以猪菌渣发酵床垫料为原料,进行了堆肥腐解试验,测定了菌渣垫料堆肥的理化性状和重金属含量,开展了菌渣垫料堆肥种植甘蓝试验。结果表明,菌渣垫料堆肥中有机质、pH值、重金属含量均达到了有机肥料标准(NY 525-2012)要求,全氮、全磷、全钾的总养分含量为4.48%,略低于标准要求。用作底肥种植甘蓝,每公顷施用菌渣垫料堆肥6 000 kg时,甘蓝产量与施用相同用量商品有机肥无显著差异,随着菌渣堆肥施用量的增加,甘蓝产量呈增加趋势。  相似文献   

10.
Field evaluation of release and availability of nutrients and potentially toxic elements from composts is necessary to estimate their nutrient contribution to crops, potential effect on soil and environmental quality. A biosolids (BSD), a yard waste (YW), and a West Palm Beach cocompost (WPCC) were incubated under field conditions in a citrus grove on an Oldsmar fine sandy soil (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Alfic Arenic Haplaquods). The incubation columns and the soil underneath each column were sampled on 0, 240, and 360 days after incubation and analyzed for KCl extractable NH4-N and NO3-N, 0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable P, and Mehlich 3 extractable K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and microbial biomass. The total concentration and extractable proportion of each element greatly varied among the three organic amendments. Approximately 34-73% of K, 1-14% of Fe, 7-68% of Zn, 7-47% of Mn, and 2-34% of Cu in the three organic amendments were extractable by the Mehlich 3 reagent at the beginning of incubation. Incubation of these amendments under field conditions for a period of 1 yr increased the availability of N, P, K, and several micronutrients including Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn. Microbial biomass-C and -P were markedly increased during the field incubation. However, the BSD, containing high total C and other nutrients, produced less microbial biomass-C than the two composts. The rapid increase in concentrations of available metals including Cu, Zn, and Mn in the BSD during the incubation may have adverse effects on microbial biomass growth and proliferation in this compost. A combination of BSD and YW improved conditions for the microbial biomass growth as evidenced by the increase in microbial biomass C and P of this combination during the course of incubation.  相似文献   

11.
利用水稻秸秆与畜禽粪便（牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪）等干重混合物（RCD、RPM、RCE）接种蚯蚓（Eisenia foetida）进行堆制,研究堆肥产物的物理、化学及微生物特性变化。结果表明,蚯蚓堆制30 d后,稻秸牛粪、稻秸猪粪堆肥产物MBC含量显著下降; 3种稻秸粪便混合物经蚯蚓堆制后,堆肥产物微生物代谢熵、脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加,尤以RCD的变化明显。稻秸牛粪、稻秸猪粪及稻秸鸡粪混合物经蚯蚓堆制后,总固形物平均重量损失分别增加6.45%、4.22%和3.82%; pH值均降低,其中RCD显著降低。蚯蚓堆制有助于提高堆肥产物全氮、全磷和全钾含量,同时使碳氮比降低。水稻秸秆混入部分畜禽粪便经蚯蚓堆制可减少堆肥时间并提高堆肥质量,混入的粪便以牛粪最好,猪粪次之,鸡粪最差。  相似文献   

12.
添加木炭改善猪粪稻壳好氧堆肥工艺及质量   总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11  
为促进农业废弃物的资源化利用,试验以猪粪和稻壳为原料,用化学分析和仪器分析相结合的方法,研究了添加不同质量分数（0、2.5%、5.0%、7.5% 和10.0%）的木炭对60 d猪粪好氧堆肥过程的影响。结果表明：在堆肥有机质的降解过程中,含-OH、-CH3和-CH2基团的化合物的质量分数逐渐减少,含-C=O、C-O-C、-COO基团和含芳香环类物质的质量分数逐渐增加。添加木炭能促使堆肥物料的降解,随着木炭添加量的增加,在60 d的堆肥过程中,各处理有机碳的质量分数分别降低了12.23%、13.77%、14.88%、15.36%和15.86%,碳氮比分别下降了47.80%、54.98%、56.97%、60.03%和65.73%。与对照相比,添加木炭可延长堆肥高温期的停留时间3～ 5 d,增加堆肥物料的持水能力并降低堆肥产品的电导率;同时,添加木炭还能减少堆肥初期氨气的挥发,提高铵态氮的质量分数,促使堆肥后期硝态氮的转化。堆肥结束时,添加木炭可使硝态氮的质量分数提高55.86%～89.32%,总氮的质量分数提高20.55%～53.07%,雪里蕻种子发芽率提高17.6%～41.2%,萌发指数达1.02～1.44。研究表明,添加木炭能促进堆肥有机物料的降解,加快堆肥腐熟脱毒,增加堆肥产品总氮的质量分数,提高产品质量。木炭作为一种潜在的猪粪堆肥添加剂,在促进农业废弃物资源化利用方面具有广阔的应用前景。  相似文献   

13.
The possibility of using construction and demolition (C&;D) waste wood as a bulking material in biosolids composting was investigated. Potential contaminants in C&;D waste wood include arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) from treated wood, and lead (Pb) from paints. Untreated and treated woodchips from C&;D wood were mixed with biosolids, composted using an aerated static pile process, and cured. There were no significant differences between untreated and treated woodchips with respect to composting process, time to stability, or product quality. Composting parameters monitored included moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter degradation, fecal coliform levels, and stability by respirometry. Finished compost quality was evaluated in terms of potential toxic elements (PTE) levels. PTE values in treated woodchips (26 ± 35, 29 ± 41, 56 ± 46, and 5 ± 5 µg·g?1 for As, Cr, Cu, and Pb, respectively) were higher and more variable than those in the untreated woodchips (3 ± 3, 17 ± 8, 13 ± 2, and 0.5 ± 0.0 µg·g?1). However, both untreated and treated wood compost products met Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Category B values for PTE. In addition, and only molybdenum (Mo) and Cu exceeded Category A thresholds. Biosolids were the most significant contributor of Mo, while Cu contributions came from both biosolids and wood chips; some samples of pressure-treated wood showed concentrations of Cu in the range of 765 to 8,455 µg·g?1. The results of this study suggest that treated wood from C&;D recycling facilities will not significantly degrade the quality of biosolids compost products.  相似文献   

14.
Composting municipal solid waste and biosolids and applying it on arable land have become an alternative way to treat waste in large municipalities in North America. However, cost of compost transportation and application constrains the compost use on the land further away from where it is produced. A four-year experiment was conducted (1998-2001) in less productive soils in Alberta to determine the effect of once in four year application of cocompost on soil nutrient dynamics and crop N uptakes. There were three crop blocks: barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L), and canola (Brassica rapa), and they were rotated annually. The compost was only applied in 1998 at a rate of 50, 100 and 200 t/ha. Soil samples were taken in spring of every year after initial compost application to determine extractable N, P, K, S, Cu, Zn, Soil pH and EC. Each year, crops were harvested and N uptake was determined. Total concentrations of an array of heavy metals in the first year and fourth year after compost application were determined as well. The results showed that the release of N from the compost was high in the first year after compost application and then declined in each subsequent year. Similar to that release pattern was sulphur. The release of phosphorus from compost was steady throughout the four-year experimental time. Crop N uptake from compost application varied with crops and sites. The over all N use efficiency for three crops and two sites was 11%, 3%, 1% and 2% for the first and subsequent three years. The total heavy metal concentrations in the compost amended soils in the first and fourth year after compost application were similar, and they were below the standard of Canadian Fertilizer Act. Our results showed that N released from compost occurred mostly in the first two years after application, suggesting that an application frequency of once in every second year may be better than the once in every four year application strategy, especially with 100 t/ha application rate.  相似文献   

15.
Monitoring the physical, chemical and biological properties during accelerated composting enables concise determination of its stability and maturity. Determination of physical parameters such as pH, moisture and temperature, chemical parameters such as total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic matter and humic acid as well as biological parameters such as microbial count and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution was carried out during a four (4) week composting period, The trend observed for pH showed the mesophilic and thermophilic phases and a similar trend was observed for the compost temperature. Intermittent increase and decrease was observed for total N, P, K as well as for the fungal and bacterial population. A direct relationship was observed among the bacterial population, CO2 evolution and humic acid. However, composting for four (4) weeks produced a stable compost, which was evident through the physical observation of the final product and the results obtained for the chemical and biological parameters.  相似文献   

16.
为了优化堆肥工艺,提高堆肥产品质量,研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟度和纤维素降解的影响.该研究以牛粪为原料,小麦秸秆为辅料,以不添加黑曲霉为对照,分别添加1％、2％和3％的黑曲霉进行好氧堆肥,研究了黑曲霉不同添加量对腐熟度指标、养分含量、腐殖质组成以及纤维素组分的影响,并采用激发发射荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分(Excitati...  相似文献   

17.
Characteristics in composts were determined during composting of chitinous source-amended compost (Cscom) and no chitinous source-amended compost (Ncom). At the end of the composting, moisture content, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (T-N), and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) decreased in both the composts, whereas the phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) content increased. pH of the compost was adversely changed with electrical conductivity (EC). Enzyme activities declined until the end of composting except phosphatase. In the final-stage, Cscom has higher number of chitinolytic bacteria than in Ncom. One bacterium predominant was isolated and identified as Bacillus licheniformis. Growth of the plant pathogens were suppressed by Cscom and Ncom water extracts, with the suppression being higher in Cscom. Paenibacillus ehmensis, known for high antifungal potential, was isolated from Cscom. From our study, it can be concluded that amendment of chitin material improves the chemical, biological properties, and disease suppression ability of compost.  相似文献   

18.
醋糟条垛式堆肥发酵技术及效果   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
为了探讨醋糟发酵过程中氮素形态变化对pH值的影响,采用向堆体添加水分的两阶段条垛式堆肥发酵方法,测定了两个阶段堆体中总氮、氨氮、硝氮的质量分数及堆体温度、有机质、pH值。试验结果表明：堆肥完成后堆体总氮、氨氮、硝氮相对质量分数均有所上升,堆体pH值由最初的4.3上升至最高7.94,最后又回落至6.3左右,有机质质量分数由最初的91.8%下降到了83.2%,发芽指数GI达到102.3%。研究表明：经两阶段堆肥发酵,醋糟堆体已完全腐熟。  相似文献   

19.
堆肥反应器中硫磺对牛粪好氧堆肥的保氮效果研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
利用堆肥反应器严格控制堆肥条件,以牛粪和蘑菇渣为原料进行好氧堆肥,在堆肥过程中添加硫磺粉,研究硫磺对堆肥温度、pH、氮素转化、硫素转化和保氮效果的影响。结果表明,堆肥中添加0.5%硫磺粉（T1）对堆肥温度没有显著影响,高温期（≥50℃）维持5.5 d; 而添加1.0%硫磺粉(T2)能快速升温,但堆肥高温期维持时间4.6 d。添加不同量的硫磺粉均能显著降低堆肥pH,与CK比较差异显著。添加硫磺粉能大幅度增加铵态氮含量,至堆肥结束时,T1和T2处理铵态氮含量分别是CK处理的15倍和24倍,差异极显著; 还增加了堆肥有效硫含量,至堆肥结束T1和T2有效硫含量分别较堆肥初始增加35.7%和77.1%。整个堆肥过程总氮（TN）含量呈增加的趋势,堆肥结束时CK、T1和T2处理的TN含量分别达15.8、16.5和16.9 g/kg,T1和T2分别比CK处理增加4.4%和7.0%。说明在牛粪好氧堆肥中添加0.5%或1.0%硫磺粉,均可起到一定的保氮作用,可大幅度提高堆肥铵态氮和有效硫的含量,改善了堆肥养分品质; 而且添加1.0%硫磺粉效果好于0.5%硫磺粉。但是添加1.0%硫磺粉缩短了堆肥高温期,降低了种子发芽指数,不利于堆肥的无害化进程。  相似文献   

20.
采用田间小区试验,研究稻草、猪粪、猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施对双季稻田土壤养分利用与渗漏淋失的影响。结果表明,有机肥与化肥配施有利于提高稻田土壤中N、P、K养分和有机质含量,降低稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度,促进水稻养分吸收与利用。其中,以20%的猪粪堆肥氮与化肥配施效果较好,与施纯化肥相比,1年后土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质含量分别提高了2.59%,0.87%,0.15%和21.45%,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高3.31%,3.22%和12.24%;氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别提高5.22%,0.55%,3.50%;水稻地上部氮、磷、钾养分累积量分别提高7.83,0.33,3.14g/kg;水稻生长期稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度明显降低;早稻增产19.65%,晚稻无明显减产。  相似文献   

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