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1.
Secondary metabolites and host defense compounds were shown to occur in xylem sap, and leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Italia and cv. Matilde naturally infected by the esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Togninia minima (Tmi) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme). Samples of xylem sap and leaves were collected from healthy vines and from vines showing severe symptoms of brown wood-streaking caused by Pch and Tmi, or from vines with symptoms of both brown wood-streaking and white rot caused by Fme. Xylem sap collection was carried out during the early spring of 2003 and 2004, corresponding to the phenological phases: (A) cotton bud; (B) green tip; (C) leaves out; (D) stretched out leaves; and (E) visible clusters. In the present work we have studied the accumulation of biomolecules (pentaketides and α-glucans), host defense compounds (benzaldehydes, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonols, flavanols, flavan-3-ol derivatives and stilbenes) at different stages of grapevine development. Accumulation and changes in total phenolics and recurring phenolics, and of three phytotoxic secondary metabolites (scytalone, isosclerone and pullulan) were analyzed by HPLC. On comparing results for cv. Italia and cv. Matilde, it can be seen that phenolic concentrations are strongly related to the cv. 相似文献
2.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2007,70(4-6):209-223
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi) produced scytalone, isosclerone and pullulans in liquid cultures, as well as in calli. Secondary metabolites and host defense compounds were shown to occur in calli of Vitis vinifera cv. Italia and cv. Matilde infected by the esca-associated fungi Pch, Tmi and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme). Calli of both cvs. were grown as dual cultures with Pch, Tmi and Fme. The fungi grew well in the presence of calli of both cvs., but callus growth was reduced. Accumulation and changes of total phenolics and recurring phenolics, and of two phytotoxic pentaketides and pullulans were analyzed by HPLC. On comparing results for cv. Italia and cv. Matilde, it can be seen that concentrations of phenolics are strongly related to the cv. The paper discusses the possible relationship between melanin biosynthesis in Pch and Tmi, which utilize pentaketide metabolites as intermediates and their pathogenicity related to phytotoxity of scytalone and isosclerone. 相似文献
3.
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi) produced scytalone, isosclerone and pullulans in liquid cultures, as well as in calli. Secondary metabolites and host defense compounds were shown to occur in calli of Vitis vinifera cv. Italia and cv. Matilde infected by the esca-associated fungi Pch, Tmi and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme). Calli of both cvs. were grown as dual cultures with Pch, Tmi and Fme. The fungi grew well in the presence of calli of both cvs., but callus growth was reduced. Accumulation and changes of total phenolics and recurring phenolics, and of two phytotoxic pentaketides and pullulans were analyzed by HPLC. On comparing results for cv. Italia and cv. Matilde, it can be seen that concentrations of phenolics are strongly related to the cv. The paper discusses the possible relationship between melanin biosynthesis in Pch and Tmi, which utilize pentaketide metabolites as intermediates and their pathogenicity related to phytotoxity of scytalone and isosclerone. 相似文献
4.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2008,72(4-6):210-229
A vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese was surveyed for incidence of esca and xylem sap collection. Sap samples were collected from healthy vines and from those with dual infection by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi) or triple infection by Pch, Tmi and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme), during each early spring in a 3-year period (2001–2003). In order to analyse the possible trends in the climatic data, temperature and rainfall were assessed. At sap harvesting, aliquots of sap were assayed for phytotoxicity and extracted with ethyl acetate for phytotoxin recovery. Moreover, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) content was evaluated on several sap samples during the bleeding period. Conidia of Pch and Tmi, mycelium of Fme and their secondary metabolites were found in the sap of the esca-affected vines, indicating that the pathogens and their by-products together with some defence substances were accumulated and then translocated. Bioactivity tests showed toxicity of the sap from esca-affected vines to healthy detached leaves of cv. Sangiovese. The daily amount of sap, the pH, and the volume (Jv) and solute (Js) fluxes were analysed as a function of the infecting fungi. Pullulan, glucogalactomannan(s) and arabinogalactan(s) are the main EPS in the esca-infected vines, whereas in the sap of healthy vines no traces of pullulan were found. Scytalone and isosclerone usually produced in vitro by Pch and Tmi were also detected in the sap of vines infected by Pch and Tmi or by Pch, Tmi and Fme. The endogenous phytohormone content of healthy vines evaluated by the cutting bioassay was different from that of infected vines. Four phenolics belonging to three classes e.g., benzoic acid derivatives, stilbenes and flavonol-glycosides were separated and identified by HPLC. 相似文献
5.
A vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese was surveyed for incidence of esca and xylem sap collection. Sap samples were collected from healthy vines and from those with dual infection by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi) or triple infection by Pch, Tmi and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme), during each early spring in a 3-year period (2001–2003). In order to analyse the possible trends in the climatic data, temperature and rainfall were assessed. At sap harvesting, aliquots of sap were assayed for phytotoxicity and extracted with ethyl acetate for phytotoxin recovery. Moreover, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) content was evaluated on several sap samples during the bleeding period. Conidia of Pch and Tmi, mycelium of Fme and their secondary metabolites were found in the sap of the esca-affected vines, indicating that the pathogens and their by-products together with some defence substances were accumulated and then translocated. Bioactivity tests showed toxicity of the sap from esca-affected vines to healthy detached leaves of cv. Sangiovese. The daily amount of sap, the pH, and the volume (Jv) and solute (Js) fluxes were analysed as a function of the infecting fungi. Pullulan, glucogalactomannan(s) and arabinogalactan(s) are the main EPS in the esca-infected vines, whereas in the sap of healthy vines no traces of pullulan were found. Scytalone and isosclerone usually produced in vitro by Pch and Tmi were also detected in the sap of vines infected by Pch and Tmi or by Pch, Tmi and Fme. The endogenous phytohormone content of healthy vines evaluated by the cutting bioassay was different from that of infected vines. Four phenolics belonging to three classes e.g., benzoic acid derivatives, stilbenes and flavonol-glycosides were separated and identified by HPLC. 相似文献
6.
Giovanni Bruno Lorenzo Sparapano Antonio Graniti 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2007,71(1-3):106-124
Two naphthalenone pentaketides (scytalone and isosclerone) and α-glucans (pullulan) are produced in vitro and in planta by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi), two tracheiphilous fungi associated with the ‘esca’ disease of grapevines. The possible role of such fungal metabolites in inducing symptoms on leaves and berries was studied in a vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Italia located in southern Italy. During early spring, pruning off two to four branches per vine allowed samples of xylem sap to be collected. Vine bleeding, assessed as ml day−1 vine−1, reached its maximum at bud burst and stopped within 28 days. The total amount of sap collected from healthy vines was about a quarter of that from esca-affected vines. During the same period, the leaf water potential of diseased vines increased progressively (i.e. showed less negative values), indicating a dysfunction in water and nutrient supply to the new growth. Both fungi were isolated from the xylem sap and from the woody tissue of branches and the trunk of diseased vines. Conidia isolated from the sap showed a high germination rate (>90%). Bioactive concentrations of the two pentaketides were detected in xylem sap, leaves and berries at various stages of seasonal growth. Exopolysaccharides, including pullulan, were found in the xylem sap. Absorption of culture filtrates of Pch and Tmi, as well as weak solutions of purified preparations of scytalone, isosclerone or pullulan, on detached leaves and berries caused symptoms similar to those shown by the esca-affected vines in the field. 相似文献
7.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2007,70(4-6):182-194
When the esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Togninia minima (Tmi) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme) were grown in liquid stationary cultures, it was seen that they were able to live in media containing resveratrol (RES) or tannic acid (TA) as the sole carbon source and that the fungi were able to convert both compounds. Particular attention is paid here to detecting RES and TA conversion. Pch, Tmi and Fme were partially inhibited by RES or TA. Pch, Tmi and Fme produced extracellular tannase, laccase and peroxidase enzymes in liquid or agarized cultures, whether glucose was present or not. When colonies of Pch, Tmi and Fme were confronted, they showed spatially and temporally heterogeneous patterns of laccase and peroxidase activity. The results indicate the non-synergistic, competitive association of Pch and Tmi and the inhibition of Fme growth. Muconic acid, a well-known intermediate in a large number of lignin and phenol oxidative processes, can partly or completely inhibit the lignolytic agent Fme, but is tolerated by Pch and Tmi. An explanation for wood pigmentation patterns by Pch, Tmi and Fme is given. 相似文献
8.
When the esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Togninia minima (Tmi) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme) were grown in liquid stationary cultures, it was seen that they were able to live in media containing resveratrol (RES) or tannic acid (TA) as the sole carbon source and that the fungi were able to convert both compounds. Particular attention is paid here to detecting RES and TA conversion. Pch, Tmi and Fme were partially inhibited by RES or TA. Pch, Tmi and Fme produced extracellular tannase, laccase and peroxidase enzymes in liquid or agarized cultures, whether glucose was present or not. When colonies of Pch, Tmi and Fme were confronted, they showed spatially and temporally heterogeneous patterns of laccase and peroxidase activity. The results indicate the non-synergistic, competitive association of Pch and Tmi and the inhibition of Fme growth. Muconic acid, a well-known intermediate in a large number of lignin and phenol oxidative processes, can partly or completely inhibit the lignolytic agent Fme, but is tolerated by Pch and Tmi. An explanation for wood pigmentation patterns by Pch, Tmi and Fme is given. 相似文献
9.
G. Romanazzi S. Murolo L. Pizzichini S. Nardi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,125(2):277-290
Esca is one of the most important grapevine trunk diseases, and it can induce severe decline. In the past, the disease occurred
mostly on mature vines, but today it is also present in young vineyards. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence
of esca in young (< 7 years old) and mature (> 11 years old) vineyards on cvs Montepulciano, Sangiovese, Verdicchio and Passerina
located in the main viticultural areas of the Marche Region, central-eastern Italy. The average incidence of diseased plants
was higher in mature (32.6%) than young (5.2%) vineyards, and Verdicchio and Passerina appeared to be the most sensitive among
the cultivars considered, followed by Sangiovese and Montepulciano. The analysis of the spatial spread of esca carried out
in two mature vineyards on cv. Verdicchio and a young vineyard on cv. Sangiovese showed a fluctuation in the numbers of infected
plants over the three years of observation. The fungi associated with symptomatic plants were detected by classical and molecular
tools. Isolation on agar media yielded colonies of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Botryosphaeria spp. (Bot), Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fomed) and, sporadically, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Pal). In samples from young plants, Bot and Pch were recurrent, while Pch and Fomed were found in mature vines and old rootstocks. Molecular detection with specific primer pairs for Pch, Pal, Fomed, and B. dothidea confirmed the data obtained using classical tools, and in some cases it was more sensitive. This study thus provides a further
contribution to the association between causal agents and esca symptoms, and it confirms the importance of molecular tools
for a sensitive detection of associated pathogens, which can also be present in propagative materials. 相似文献
10.
为阐明寄主植物番茄受害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis取食、机械损伤及外源物质茉莉酸和水杨酸甲酯诱导后次生物质含量的变化,以及害虫如何通过调整体内解毒酶活性适应植物的防御反应,采用生化分析法测定了各诱导处理下次生物质黄酮、总酚和单宁含量及西花蓟马体内解毒酶多功能氧化酶(MFO)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性的变化。结果表明:番茄叶片在各诱导处理下黄酮含量在36 h和48 h时均显著高于对照,相应时间段茉莉酸处理与水杨酸甲酯处理的黄酮含量升高最显著,分别达32.07 mg/g和31.76 mg/g;各诱导处理后24 h和36 h时,单宁和总酚含量均有不同程度下降,但总酚含量在48 h时显著升高,其中虫害处理增加最显著,达34.51 mg/g。取食各种诱导处理番茄植株6 h时,西花蓟马体内MFO活性均升高,AchE活性均受到抑制;取食除机械损伤外的其它诱导处理叶片6 h后,西花蓟马体内GSTs活性均被抑制,CarE活性均显著上升,其中取食水杨酸甲酯处理叶片的西花蓟马体内GSTs活性下降幅度最大,而CarE活性升高最显著,分别为3 882.35 U/mg和106.33 U/mg。表明各诱导处理不仅可以使番茄次生物质含量发生变化,诱导植株产生防御反应,也会使西花蓟马改变解毒酶的活性以适应寄主植物的诱导抗性,即寄主植物和害虫通过防御与反防御相互适应。 相似文献
11.
This study investigated how a defect in the active uptake of silicon (Si) affects rice resistance to brown spot. Plants from a rice mutant (low silicon 1 [lsi1]) and its wild-type counterpart (cv. Oochikara), growing in hydroponic culture with (+Si; 2 mM) or without (-Si) Si, were inoculated with Bipolaris oryzae. Si concentration in leaf tissue of cv. Oochikara and the lsi1 mutant increased by 381 and 263%, respectively, for the +Si treatment compared with the -Si treatment. The incubation period was 6 h longer in the presence of Si. The area under brown spot progress curve for plants from cv. Oochikara and the lsi1 mutant was reduced 81 and 50%, respectively, in the presence of Si. The reduced number of brown epidermal cells on leaves from cv. Oochikara and the lsi1 mutant supplied with Si contributed to the lower lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. The concentration of total soluble phenolics in cv. Oochikara supplied with Si (values of 4.2 to 15.4 μg g(-1) fresh weight) was greater compared with plants not supplied with Si (values of 1.9 to 11.5 μg g(-1) fresh weight). The concentration of lignin was also important to the resistance of cv. Oochikara and the lsi1 mutant. Polyphenoloxidase activity did not contribute to the resistance of cv. Oochikara and the lsi1 mutant to brown spot, regardless of Si supply. Peroxidase and chitinase activities were higher in cv. Oochikara and the lsi1 mutant supplied with Si. These results bring novel evidence of the involvement of Si in a more complex defense mechanism than simply the formation of a physical barrier to avoid or delay fungal penetration. 相似文献
12.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2000,56(4):147-155
Clavibacter xyli subspecies cynodontis is a gram-positive coryneform bacterium, originally isolated from Bermuda grass. The bacterium is xylem-limited, slow-growing and nutritionally fastidious. We found that extracts of Bermuda grass and maize, as well as xylem fluid collected from decapitated maize plants, enhanced the growth of the bacteria in vitro. The growth was enhanced even with 1% (v/v) maize xylem sap in a rich culture medium, giving both an increased growth rate and a higher stationary phase cell density. The relative increase in growth was inversely correlated with the size of bacterial inoculum. When liquid medium was stored for more than 2 months, the bacteria did not grow at all unless the medium was conditioned with a plant exudate. We fractionated maize xylem fluid by ultrafiltration and chromatographic methods and tested all the fractions for bacterial growth induction. The xylem sap was found to contain two distinct growth-enhancing compounds: a small hydrophilic compound and a proteinaceous compound of more than 10 kDa. 相似文献
13.
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. is an important fungal pathogen known to cause glomerella leaf spot (GLS). The objective of this study was to analyze the infection of C. gloeosporioides on leaves of apple cv. Fuji (resistant) and cv. Gala (susceptible) and apply proteomics techniques to study the apple defense responses 48 h after inoculation (h.a.i.). On both of cultivars, C. gloeosporioides started to germinate at 3 h.a.i. on adaxial surface and produced appressoria adhering to epidermal cell juxtapositions. Histological analysis showed more stratified parenchyma in leaves of cv. Fuji than cv. Gala associated with differences in the chemical composition of cell walls. Total and unique proteins expressed by cvs. Fuji and Gala at 3, 12, 24 and 48 h.a.i. were detected by comparative proteomes analysis. A total of 42 unique proteins expressed at 24 and 48 h.a.i. were identified by MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry, and most of these proteins were identified as directly involved in defense responses. 相似文献
14.
Plants of Lolium multiflorum cv. Remy were infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis in the greenhouse by clipping their leaves with scissors the blades of which had been dipped in a bacterial suspension. Inoculation of the cut leaves resulted in intense bacterial proliferation in the protoxylem lacunae. X. c. graminis caused cell wall dissolution early in the infection process. Bacteria were observed to exist within the protoxylem lacunae in a matrix of amorphous substance, presumably partly dissolved cell wall material and extracellular polysaccharide. They spread out into the adjacent xylem parenchyma cells after having dissolved the parenchyma cell walls, and into the xylem vessels. Long-distance transport of X.c. graminis occurred in the xylem. The bacteria invaded neighbouring vascular bundles by penetrating through intercellular spaces developed from dissolved primary cell walls between leaf mesophyll cells. Six weeks after inoculation most bacteria could be found in the xylem of the outermost leaf sheath. 相似文献
15.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》1999,54(3-4):87-96
Experiments were performed to elucidate the biochemical nature of the differential response of resistantVicia atropurpureacv. Popany and susceptibleVicia sativacv. Yovel to the parasitic weedOrobanche aegyptiaca. Plant root material was obtained by growing vetch plants in association withOrobancheseeds on glass microfibre filter sheets inserted in polyethylene bags replenished by nutrient solution. Higher concentrations of bound phenolics, free phenolics and lignin, and higher activity of peroxidase were observed in cv. Popany roots as a result ofO. aegyptiacainfection than were found in cv. Yovel vetch. No differences in hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins levels were detected between infected and non-infected roots of either vetch cultivar. These results suggest that the resistant vetch defense mechanism involves elevated induction of the phenylproponoid pathway uponOrobancheinfection, conferring mechanical and chemical barriers confronting the invading parasite. 相似文献
16.
Rie Gappa-Adachi Yasuaki Morita Yoshifumi Shimomoto Shigeharu Takeuchi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2014,80(1):103-107
Sweet peppers (cv. Tosajishi beauty) with leaf blight symptoms were observed in Kochi Prefecture, 2003. Initially, small spots formed on leaves, and later enlarged to brown to dark brown spots, and eventually blighted leaves fell. Several bacteria that caused the same symptoms were isolated and subsequently reisolated. These bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas cichorii on the basis of bacterial characteristics and the 16S rRNA gene sequence. This is the first report of bacterial leaf blight in the sweet pepper in the world. 相似文献
17.
D-pinitol is an effective agent for controlling powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) in cucumber. In this study, we determined the mechanisms of D-pinitol in controlling powdery mildew in cucumber plants. We compared P. xanthii development on cucumber leaf surface treated with D-pinitol or water (2 mg ml−1) at different time points after inoculation. The germinating conidia, hyphae, and conidiophores of the pathogen were severely damaged by D-pinitol at any time of application tested. The highest level of suppression of fungal development was obtained at 3 days after inoculation. The contents of chlorophyll, total phenolics, flavonoid, and gallic acid and its derivatives (GAD); the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); and the expression of the genes encoding for PR-1, peroxidase (POX), lipoxygenase (LOX1), chitinase (Chit1) were higher in the cucumber leaves treated with D-pinitol and inoculated than in the leaves either treated with D-pinitol or inoculated with the pathogen. These results suggest that D-pinitol triggers several plant defense responses in cucumber leading to pathogen suppression and resistance to powdery mildew. 相似文献
18.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2004,64(2):73-81
Cecropin B (CB) is a very efficient antimicrobial agent against Xylella fastidiosa. CB activity decreased after incubation with xylem fluid from Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay. SDS-PAGE demonstrated the existence of protein(s) in xylem fluid of V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay that interact with CB and inhibit CB activity. The antimicrobial activity of CB was dependent on incubation time and colony size of X. fastidiosa. X. fastidiosa colonies in periwinkle wilt medium plus (PW+), and chemically defined media (3G10-R and CHARD2) showed different patterns in colony size and colony number in these media. After 1 h of incubation in 10 μM CB, only large-sized colonies were observed in the three media. These results suggested that most of the bacterial cells or small aggregates in suspension were killed by CB. Aggregation of X. fastidiosa cells may serve as a mechanism of protection against CB. 相似文献
19.
为明确苹果炭疽叶枯病病原菌围小丛壳Glomerella cingulata的侵染致病特征,在分离获得该病原菌的基础上,采用形态学观察、ITS序列分析和致病性测定对其进行了鉴定,并利用光学和扫描电子显微镜对病原菌在嘎啦苹果叶片上的侵染过程进行了研究.结果表明,在陕西咸阳地区分离获得的9株病原菌均为围小丛壳G.cingulata.25 ℃下接种9 h后,分生孢子中间产生隔膜,双胞化,并萌发产生芽管和附着胞;24 h后分生孢子的2个细胞均可萌发并形成芽管及附着胞,部分芽管顶端可产生次级分生孢子;48 h后次级分生孢子萌发形成附着胞;72 h后,附着胞下形成的侵染钉可直接入侵寄主,在表皮细胞内形成初生菌丝和次生菌丝,此时叶片表面已出现褐色斑点.接种7 d后叶片病斑处出现分生孢子盘和子囊壳.表明陕西省近年出现的苹果炭疽叶枯病病原菌为围小丛壳G.cingulata,该病菌在嘎啦叶片上的一些特殊侵染行为可能是导致该病害易在短时间内暴发的重要原因. 相似文献
20.
Biljana Kiprovski Djordje Malenčić Milan Popović Vera Stojšin Dragana Budakov Živko Ćurčić Dario Danojević 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(2):199-203
The correlation between intensity of lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant capacity of sugar beet plants (cv. ‘Drena’) infected with Rhizoctonia solani Kühn isolate (AG 2-2 IIIB group) was studied. Successful inoculation was confirmed by the presence of infection cushions in a cross section of leaf petioles. On the 7th day of the experiment, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC. 4.3.1.5) activity was in negative correlation with intensified lipid peroxidation process in leaves of sugar beet plants (r= –0 .99). Also, in leaves and roots of inoculated sugar beet plants, total flavonoids content (35% and 20%, respectively) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging activity (80% and 55%, respectively) were significantly reduced. Necrotic processes resulting from R. solani infection of sugar beet plants was followed by induction of plant phenolics metabolism; however, antioxidant capacity of these plants was reduced. 相似文献