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1.
晋西北黄土丘陵区不同林龄柠条林地土壤干燥化效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
开展晋西北黄土丘陵区土壤干燥化效应研究对该区域植被恢复重建具有重要的现实意义。以晋西北五寨县张家坪林场3种不同林龄的人工柠条林为研究对象,对照撂荒地,分别对其2013年生长季(4—10月)0—600cm深层土壤水分进行了测定分析。结果表明:研究区内的不同林龄柠条林及撂荒地均发生了不同程度的土壤水分亏缺及土壤干燥化现象。(1)不同林龄柠条林及撂荒地由于降雨的入渗补充,除部分土层剖面土壤储水量有少量亏缺外,其余均呈不同程度的盈余状态,土壤储水量总体变化情况为:20a柠条10a柠条35a柠条撂荒地;(2)不同林龄柠条林0—600cm土层的土壤干燥化强度达轻度至中度干燥化强度,平均土壤干层厚度达447cm,并且随着林龄的增长,土壤干燥化的强度逐渐加强,各强度土壤干燥层厚度、总干层厚度及干化深度均呈增加趋势。而对照撂荒地的土壤干燥化指数SDI值为78%,并以轻度和中度干燥层居多;(3)综合考虑各降水年型,不同林龄柠条林及撂荒地剖面土壤干层水分恢复所需年限随着林龄的增加而逐渐增加,土壤湿度恢复难度呈增加趋势。 相似文献
2.
采用LI-8100开路式土壤呼吸仪对不同林龄(10,12,13,16a)刺槐林土壤呼吸速率、温度、水分进行了测定。结果表明:(1)不同林龄刺槐林土壤呼吸速率均呈现明显的日动态和季节动态,表现出夏季秋季冬季;(2)各林龄刺槐林土壤呼吸速率与大气温度、地表温度、5cm土壤温度均有很好的指数关系,尤其与5cm土壤温度的相关性最好,且各林龄刺槐林的Q10存在差异,表现为随着林龄的增大,Q10值也随之增大;(3)各林龄刺槐林土壤呼吸速率与土壤体积含水量具有很好的线性关系,且相关性都达到了显著水平(p0.05);(4)各林龄刺槐林土壤呼吸速率与5cm土壤温度、土壤体积含水量的综合作用也具有很好的相关性,且都达到了极显著水平(p0.01),二者共同解释了土壤呼吸变异的93.8%~98.1%,且双因素模型远比单因素能够更好地解释刺槐林土壤呼吸速率的变异。 相似文献
3.
晋西黄土区不同密度刺槐林对土壤水分的影响 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
《水土保持学报》2015,(6)
在晋西黄土区蔡家川流域刺槐林地调查的基础上,选择密度为1 400株/hm2与2 200株/hm2的刺槐林地分别代表研究区低密度和高密度的刺槐林,并以裸地作为对照。通过设立固定样地,定位观测样地0—150cm土层的土壤水分,研究不同密度刺槐林地土壤水分状况及时空变化规律,并以土壤水分亏缺度和补偿度研究试验区降雨对刺槐林地土壤水分补偿与恢复效应。结果表明:(1)低密度刺槐林年平均土壤储水量比高密度刺槐林年平均土壤储水量绝对值高7.49mm,且低密度刺槐林达到土壤适宜储水量的天数比高密度刺槐林多60d;(2)从土壤剖面的垂直方向看,高密度和低密度刺槐林对30—150cm土层土壤水分消耗量无明显差异,但高密度刺槐林对表层土壤(0—30cm)的消耗远大于低密度刺槐林;(3)综合考虑不同降雨强度下土壤水分恢复程度、降雨补偿土壤深度等指标,研究区高密度刺槐林地土壤水分亏缺相对较大,研究区自然降雨不足以充分补给土壤水分,而低密度刺槐林地土壤水分经降雨补给可恢复到较高的水平。总体来看,研究区低密度刺槐林地土壤水分状况较好,建议研究区刺槐林种植密度以不超过1 400株/hm2为宜。 相似文献
4.
黄土高原不同退耕还林植被土壤干燥化效应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土壤水分是黄土高原植被恢复的主要限制因子,退耕还林工程在恢复生态环境的同时也造成了区域土壤含水量下降和土壤干燥程度的加剧,土壤干燥化正日益威胁到土壤水资源的持续利用和人工植被建设的成效。选取黄土高原退耕还林试点县吴起境内刺槐、杏树、柠条和沙棘4种分布广泛的退耕植被类型,对照撂荒草地,分析了不同林龄和不同植被类型样地0—500cm的土壤水分特征和土壤干燥化效应,并根据作物耗水量估算土壤干层水分的恢复时间。结果表明:不同退耕还林植被类型样地土壤含水量由表层向深层呈降低趋势,随林龄增加,各植被类型样地土壤含水量、有效储水量逐渐减少。刺槐林土壤含水量较同龄沙棘和柠条林低,而杏树林则较同龄柠条林高。各植被类型样地土壤剖面均不含渗透重力水与极易效水层,随林龄增加,土壤相对湿度及易效水土层厚度占比逐渐减少,中效水、难效—无效水土层厚度逐渐增加。随林龄和土层深度的增加,各植被类型样地土壤干燥化强度、土壤干层厚度逐渐增加,土壤湿度恢复到土壤稳定湿度所需要的时间及难度呈上升趋势。 相似文献
5.
黄土丘陵区不同植被类型下土壤水分动态 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
[目的]探讨黄土丘陵区不同植被类型对土壤水环境分异规律的影响。[方法]以陕西省延安市燕沟鸡蛋卯小流域1997年退耕建造的样板坡面为对象,于2009年4—10月对其西坡面,自坡顶向下分布的7种植被类型(苹果园、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛、柠条林、紫穗槐灌丛、荒草地、农地(谷子)),采用土钻法每月中旬监测。[结果]生长季(4—10月)0—200cm深度平均土壤含水量大小呈现:紫穗槐灌丛荒草地农地(谷子)刺槐林柠条林沙棘灌丛苹果园。不同植被类型下土壤水分垂直剖面分布有较大差异,在浅层(0—40cm),恢复时段的紫穗槐灌丛、刺槐林下土壤含水量一般高于荒草地,沙棘灌丛、农地(谷子)、苹果园土壤含水量低于荒草地;在中层(40—120cm),荒草地土壤含水量最高,苹果园含水量最低,乔灌林地居中;在深层(120—400cm),只有紫穗槐灌丛、农地(谷子)土壤含水量高于荒草地,其他乔灌林地、苹果园含水量较低。[结论]延安地区植被恢复的乔灌林土壤含水量以紫穗槐灌丛偏高,柠条林、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛对深层土壤水分消耗较大,不利于土壤水环境及其永续利用。 相似文献
6.
晋西北黄土丘陵区人工林地土壤水分亏缺评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
[目的]定量评价半干旱黄土丘陵区人工林地土壤水分亏缺现象,为科学指导该区域合理配置植被和生态恢复建设提供理论依据。[方法]以地处晋西北的五寨县为目标研究区域,通过构建土壤水分亏缺定量评价模型,对柠条林(Caragana korshinskii)、小叶杨林(Populus simonii)、油松林(Pinus tabuliformis)土壤水分相对亏缺指数和样地土壤水分相对亏缺指数进行计算。[结果]3种人工林地均有不同程度的土壤水分相对亏缺现象,小叶杨林和柠条林在0—200cm有轻微土壤水分亏缺,小叶杨林在200—600cm深度内没有土壤水分亏缺,柠条林在200cm深度以下土壤水分亏缺值随土层深度增加而升高;油松林在0—200cm土层深度内,土壤水分亏缺严重,在200cm深度以下土壤水分亏缺值随土层深度增加而有所降低;3种林地的样地土壤水分相对亏缺指数分别为0.16,-0.12和0.31,油松林的土壤水分亏缺程度高于另外2种林地;3种人工林地均有不同程度的干层分布,以轻度和中度干层为主,油松林在浅层土壤有重度土壤干层发育。[结论]晋西北黄土丘陵区3种人工林地中,油松林土壤水分亏缺最为严重。 相似文献
7.
神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13
运用统计学方法,对黄土高原神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因子进行研究. 结果表明(1)土壤水分含量在垂直剖面方向表现出随深度增加,土壤水分含量呈增加趋势,在100 cm土层内变异最大,在100 cm以下其变化的梯度基本趋于稳定;(2)土壤水分含量沿坡长方向(即坡顶到坡下)呈波浪状递增趋势,且在各坡位变异程度不一,呈现出变异程度为坡上＞坡中＞坡下的趋势;(3)土壤水分含量沿垂直于坡长方向表现为阴坡＞山脊＞阳坡的明显趋势,其变异程度表现为阳坡＞阴坡的趋势.本文对神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分的研究有助于了解退耕地土壤水分的变异特征,为区域环境治理和植被建设提供科学依据. 相似文献
8.
为了探讨黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐林下幼苗更新的动态变化特征,进而为黄土高原地区人工刺槐林生态恢复与功能提升提供参考依据,在陕北安塞纸坊沟流域不同林龄(10 a,20 a,30 a,40 a)的刺槐林下共设置8个典型样地作为研究对象,调查分析林下幼苗的物种组成、密度及月动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)幼苗和地上植物间相似性系数表现为10 a>20 a>40 a>30 a,都以菊科、禾本科、豆科为主,生活型以多年生草本和一年生草本植物为主。(2)4—10月间,不同林龄林下均有大量刺槐幼苗萌发; 随林龄增加,林下幼苗更新过程各异,10 a林以狗尾草、猪毛菜幼苗为主,20 a林以猪毛菜、臭草、狗尾草、裂叶堇菜幼苗为主,30 a林以长芒草、裂叶堇菜幼苗为主,40 a林以翠雀、榆树幼苗为主。(3)随林龄增加,幼苗物种数与密度均呈降低趋势; 幼苗种类在4月、6月、9月较多; 幼苗密度在4月和6月相对较高。(4)林下草本植物幼苗大多数存活时间短; 在刺槐林恢复初期(10年),田旋花幼苗容易建植成功; 在刺槐林恢复的中、后期(20 a,30 a,40 a),裂叶堇菜、臭草、长芒草幼苗容易建植成功。因此,在陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,根据刺槐林的恢复时期及林下不同物种幼苗存活特性对幼苗进行合理地抚育管理,促进林下植被的恢复与更新。 相似文献
9.
探讨黄土高原人工林的深层土壤水分利用状况,对该区植被恢复的可持续发展具有重要意义。以黄土高原半干旱偏旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区的刺槐林和柠条林为研究对象,通过野外实地调查,分析了不同气候区人工林0—800 cm土层土壤水分含量、深层(200—800 cm)土壤水分消耗量及土壤耗水速率,探究了不同气候区人工林对深层土壤水分的影响。结果表明:(1) 3个气候区农地土壤含水量显著高于刺槐林和柠条林。刺槐林、柠条林在2个气候区0—800 cm土层的土壤水分含量变化范围分别为6.64%～11.01%,6.38%～11.41%,均在半干旱偏旱区平均土壤含水量最低。(2)刺槐林和柠条林的深层土壤耗水量、深层土壤耗水速率均以半干旱偏旱区最高,分别为:808 mm,698 mm,32.33 mm/a,31.76 mm/a。(3)人工林在半干旱偏旱区和半干旱区的植物根系较半湿润区活跃,特别是在0—300 cm土层,对土壤水分影响较大。(4)土壤质地是人工林深层土壤水分变化的重要因素之一。黏粒含量与土壤水分呈正相关,砂粒含量与土壤水分呈负相关。半干旱偏旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区的黏粒含量依次增加,砂粒含量则相反。不同气候区人工林对深层土壤水分影响不同,同时受根系和土壤质地影响较大,因此选择合理的人工植被配置模式对深层土壤水的保护和持续利用非常重要。 相似文献
10.
陕北地区不同纬度带人工刺槐林土壤水分特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究黄土高原地区人工刺槐林地土壤水分变化特征,对陕北地区不同纬度带30a人工刺槐林林下土壤剖面水分条件进行研究,以期探索该区域刺槐林地土壤水分含量及相关因素的响应规律,结果表明:土壤水分含量随土层深度的增加而降低,且在40—50cm深处出现水分显著降低的跃变点;淳化以北5个样地土壤水分均低于生长阻滞水分含量,存在不同程度的亏缺,处于砂壤带的榆林、神木以及轻壤带的绥德样地其土壤水分亏缺度均超过50%,呈严重亏缺;随着纬度的增加,土壤累积储水量与净降雨量均呈现降低的趋势,且两者的变化显著相关,说明不同的纬度带特征是造成土壤水分差异显著的主要原因。 相似文献
11.
In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy. 相似文献
12.
The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been
indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also
been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome
number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of
Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed. 相似文献
13.
14.
M. Rodríguez-Quijano M.T. Nieto-Taladriz J.M. Carrillo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(6):599-607
A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality. 相似文献
15.
16.
The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha-1 year-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments. 相似文献
17.
Diversity of native rice (Oryza Poaceae:) species of Costa Rica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alejandro Zamora Cynthia Barboza Jorge Lobo Ana M. Espinoza 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(8):855-870
We found several populations of wild Oryza species in the lowlands of Costa Rica. The plants showed extensive morphological variation, suggesting the presence of several species. In the morphologic study, 33 traits were scored for plants of all the species. A principal component analysis revealed the significant morphological separation of the different species. The analyses indicated that there are three species, O. grandiglumis, O. latifolia and O. glumaepatula. Two putative hybrid types were found, both significantly differing in their morphology from the known species and intermediate at several traits. O. grandiglumis is a new record for Costa Rican flora. Its main population is located in Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, Los Chiles, Alajuela. O. latifolia is distributed throughout the lowlands of the country and the plants of the Atlantic slope are significantly bigger in general habit than those of the Guanacaste area. During this study a population of O. glumaepatula of hundreds of thousands of plants was discovered in the Medio Queso River wetland, Los Chiles, Alajuela. This population is the most important source of genes for cultivar's improvement from the primary gene pool of rice in Costa Rica. The small ligule and the wide flag leaf characteristic of the two CCDD species separated them from the AA diploid O. glumaepatula. Seed size, ligule size, number of branches in the panicle, plant height and sterile lemma length are all bigger in O. grandiglumis, and influenced the second factor that separated the CCDD species in two discrete clusters. The species found offer great possibilities for the improvement of rice cultivars and they should be thoroughly studied and appropriately protected. 相似文献
18.
The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae. 相似文献
19.
Sofie E. De Meyer Koenraad Van Hoorde Bram Vekeman Tamara Braeckman Anne Willems 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(12):2384-2396
We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies. 相似文献
20.
Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the fate of bacteria during and after passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) were fed with cattle dung inoculated 7 days previously with one of five different Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial concentrations were determined 2 days later in dung and soil, and in gut material from different parts of the earthworm intestinal tract. A high percentage (28–82%) of the total bacteria (epifluorescence direct counts) in the earthworm gut content was culturable. The concentration of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria did not vary significantly among the five different bacterial additions and the non-inoculated control. In earthworm casts the number of total heterotrophs per gram dry matter (2.1×109) was higher than in soil (1.7×108), but lower than in the dung (1.5×1010). The test-bacteria, however, showed different survival patterns along the earthworm intestinal tract. The concentrations of Escherichia coli BJ 18 and Pseudomonas putida MM 1 and MM 11 in earthworm casts were lower than in the ingested dung, while concentrations of Enterobacter cloacae A 107 and Aeromonas hydrophila DMU 115 in dung and casts were similar. Ent. cloacae, and to aminor extent E. coli, were reduced in numbers by several orders of magnitude in the pharynx and/or crop. In the hind gut, however, the concentration of Ent. cloacae had increased to the same level as in the ingested dung, while the concentration of E. coli remained low. Our observations indicate that the bacterial flora of ingested food materials changes qualitatively and quantitatively during gut transit. 相似文献