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1.
西南山区等高植物篱和植物固结地埂的水土保持功能的理解 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水土流失是个世界范围的严重环境问题,比如由于丰沛的降雨和陡坡耕作,造成的中国西南部偏僻山区的坡耕地水土流失.这些区域采取了多种保持土壤措施减少土壤流失,可当地农民并不接受引进的等高植物篱措施;而植物固结地埂是一项传统的且当地农民乐意接受的水土保持措施.本文比较了等高植物篱和植物固结地埂的结构,设置3种植物固结地埂高度0 (CK)、10cm (H10H)、和15 cm (H15H),分析了等高植物篱(H0H)和上述3种地埂高度的植物固结地埂对径流、侵蚀量的影响及产投比和经济效益,旨在理解当地农民的选择.研究结果显示最明显的区别是植物固结地埂具有一定高度的地埂能够方便农事活动并且有效减少水土流失.植物固结地埂的第2个处理(H15H)比无地埂无植物篱的坡耕地处理(CK)减少径流55.56％±6.25％,减少侵蚀量79.26％±3.50％.不同处理的径流量、土壤侵蚀减少量和土壤抗蚀性变化顺序为:H15H＞H10H＞H0H＞CK.H15H的产投比最高为1.52.与其他试验处理相比,虽然H15H措施需要的劳动力更多,但它具有较高的植物篱收获量和产投比以及较强的抗冲蚀性.因此,西南地区坡耕地上推荐具有15 cm地埂高度的植物固结地埂措施(H15H),甚至该项水土保持措施可适用于与西南地区气候相似的其它区域或是其它国家. 相似文献
2.
Abstract. The effect of Medicago arborea on erosion on a burnt area was studied in experimental plots near Valencia, Spain, between 1989 and 1992. Its growth and development was studied, and its effect was compared with the natural vegetation (matorral) and bare soil. Medicago decreased soil loss by 41.7% and runoff by 25.7% compared with bare soil. However, under natural vegetation soil loss was 27.5% less than under Medicago. 相似文献
3.
高嶙 《中国水土保持科学》2005,3(3):123-126
以黄土丘陵沟壑区5副区的甘肃省定西市安定区复兴流域为平台,通过土壤入渗试验和径流观测,研究该区径流、泥沙的产生条件,据此确定合理布局水土保持措施,以减少流域侵蚀量。通过径流小区实验观测,各种下垫面的平均径流系数依次为:荒坡>坡耕地>乔木林地>灌木林地>人工草地;平均含沙率为:荒坡>坡耕地>人工草地>乔木林地>灌木林地;下垫面入渗能力依次为:梯田>林地>草地>荒坡地>村镇道路。改变微地形,布设拦蓄地表径流的工程措施,以及增加人工植被等,是提高土壤入渗能力、调控径流泥沙最为有效的途径。 相似文献
4.
坡耕地不同水土保持措施下的养分平衡和土壤肥力变化 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
在贵州省罗甸县坡耕地上布置长期定位试验 ,研究几种水土保持措施对作物产量和土壤肥力变化的影响。9年的测试结果表明 ,在旱坡耕地上 ,水土流失是造成坡地地力下降、养分损失 ,的主要原因。未采用水土保持措施的坡地种植 ,因水土流失产生的全氮、全磷、有效钾损失 ,分别占总养分消耗量的 5 3.0 % ,6 7.6 %和 19.0 % ,相当于施入土壤的氮素化肥 ,施入的有机和无机磷素 ,有机质的损失与施入的有机肥中有机质含量相当 ,土壤全氮、有机质和有效钾含量趋于下降 ,全磷维持在较低的水平。采取水土保持措施后 ,这些土壤养分可维持平衡或在土壤中逐步积累 ,试验中的植物篱水保处理 ,9年玉米产量平均增产 8.6 % ,并趋于逐年上升。长期的试验证明 ,采用适宜的水土保持措施可提高地力 ,增加产量 ,实现坡耕地的可持续利用 相似文献
5.
黑土坡耕地不同水土保持措施的土壤水蚀特征研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
针对北方干旱地区坡耕地严重的水土流失问题,采取垄向区田、深松、横坡种植、免耕播种等水土保持耕作措施,于2010年,以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市东兴村5°坡耕地径流场为研究对象,研究了不同耕作措施对地表径流、土壤侵蚀和降雨入渗的影响。结果表明,这几种水土保持耕作措施均有不同程度的减流减沙作用,其中横坡种植效果最为明显,地表径流量和土壤流失量较常规耕作分别减少了92%和90%,稳定入渗率较常规耕作提高了41.2%。不同耕作措施的径流系数过程线的变化、径流含沙率变化以及产流量、产沙量的变化均符合横坡免耕>横坡种植>深松+区田>垄向区田>少耕深松>免耕>常规耕作>裸地这一变化规律。 相似文献
6.
Despite widespread bench terracing of rainfed hillsides in upland West Java, soil loss rates remain high. This paper reports measurements of sediment yield from terrace risers and beds and from terrace units made during three consecutive rainy seasons. The results demonstrate that soil loss from the terraces occurs in two stages: rainfall‐driven transport by splash and shallow overland flow (wash) from the terrace riser and bed to a central drain is followed by a combination of onward wash transport of fine sediment and entrainment by runoff of coarser sediment deposited in the drain. A model (TEST: Terrace Erosion and Sediment Transport) was developed, describing these processes as a function of vegetation and soil surface cover and the presence of a layer of deposited sediment. The model was calibrated using some of the measured sediment yield data and subsequently tested by simulating the remaining data. The results were satisfactory and modelled fractions of sediment transported by splash, wash and flow‐driven runoff transport generally compared well with observed fractions of fine and coarse particles in eroded sediment from the various plots. 相似文献
7.
坡地开垦的径流泥沙响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Land use and land cover change is a key driver of environmental change. To investigate the runoff and erosion responses to frequent land use change on the steep lands in the Three Gorges area, China, a rainfall simulation experiment was conducted in plots randomly selected at a Sloping Land Conversion Program site with three soil surface conditions: existing vegetation cover, vegetation removal, and freshly hoed. Simulated rainfall was applied at intensities of 60 (low), 90 (medium), and 120 mm h 1 (high) in each plot. The results indicated that vegetation removal and hoeing significantly changed runoff generation. The proportion of subsurface runoff in the total runoff decreased from 30.3% to 6.2% after vegetation removal. In the hoed plots, the subsurface runoff comprised 29.1% of the total runoff under low-intensity rainfall simulation and the proportion rapidly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. Vegetation removal and tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates from the vegetation removal and hoed plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that in the existing vegetation cover plots, respectively. These identified that both the runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion changed as a consequence of altering land use on steep lands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be used to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion on steep lands. 相似文献
8.
A. N. Nunes C. O. A. Coelho A. C. de Almeida A. Figueiredo 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2010,21(3):260-273
This paper analyses the effects of land abandonment on runoff and sediment yield in a central inland area of Portugal. Rainfall simulation experiments were performed in areas of traditional land use (land cultivated with cereals) with various types of soil plant cover associated with the period of abandonment (4–5 years, 15–20 years and 30–40 years) in two different seasons, namely under very dry conditions and after a long wet period. Statistical analysis showed a notable difference between the cultivated soils and those abandoned for a long period of time, which included appreciable vegetation recovery, higher organic matter content and negligible overland flow and soil loss. Cereal cultivation, in particular ploughing, is a very negative land management practice, due to the high runoff and soil loss. Within 4–5 years a crust develops over abandoned soils with sparse herbaceous plant cover, particularly after a dry season, which enhances runoff and sediment yield. In scrubland and oak plots, although marked water repellency was registered at the end of a dry, warm season, its influence seems to be irrelevant in terms of overland flow and erosion yield. The major factor in controlling overland flow and reducing soil erosion rates appears to be the role played by vegetation in protecting the soil surface and supplying organic carbon to the top layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
退耕驱动的近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀的潜在影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
张光辉 《中国水土保持科学》2017,(4):143-154
黄土高原是我国、乃至全球土壤侵蚀最严重的区域之一,侵蚀强度及时空分布特征受近地表特性的显著影响.退耕还林(草)工程大面积的有效实施,势必会引起近地表特性(土壤理化性质、植被茎秆、枯落物、生物结皮、根系系统)的显著变化,进而对坡面径流的水动力学特性及侵蚀过程产生影响.本文从退耕驱动的近地表特性变化、近地表特性变化对坡面径流水动力学特性的影响、近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀过程(土壤分离、泥沙输移、泥沙沉积)的影响及其机制、区域土壤侵蚀对退耕的响应4个方面较为系统地总结近几十年国内外的研究成果,并提出了目前亟待强化的研究领域.这对理解退耕坡面土壤侵蚀过程及其动力机制、建立植被覆盖坡面的土壤侵蚀过程模型、评价退耕坡面的水土保持效益,具有重要的理论意义. 相似文献
10.
《CATENA》2004,57(1):1-14
The generation of surface runoff and transport of sediment were studied on unpaved forest roads in the Iberian Range (Spain). To this end, a mobile rainfall simulator was used so that information could be compared. Twenty-eight rainfall simulations were carried out on the cutslope (12), sidecast fill (6) and roadbed (10). Under low soil moisture conditions, cutslopes had runoff coefficients of 58%, and overland flow was generated in 3 min. On the sidecast fill and the roadbed, the runoff coefficients were 34% and 46%, respectively. The part of the road that showed the greatest erosion was the cutslope (161 g m−2), where mass wasting and freeze–thaw processes supply loose material to be transported by overland flow. The cutslope soil loss rates exceed those from the sidecast fill and the roadbed by 16 and 11 times, respectively. In these tests, the maximum sediment concentration was recorded in the first few minutes. The concentration reduces with time as a consequence of the exhaustion of loose surface material. Correlation coefficients and regression analysis showed that the gradient, plant cover density and stone cover of the cutslopes, fill areas and roadbeds had statistically significant effects on runoff and erosion. A comparison of these data with others obtained on different land-uses allowed us to conclude that some parts of forest roads have similar hydromorphological behaviour to abandoned fields in mountainous areas and to cereal fields. 相似文献
11.
M. J. Kirkby B. J. Irvine R. J. A. Jones G. Govers PESERA team 《European Journal of Soil Science》2008,59(6):1293-1306
The principles and theoretical background are presented for a new process‐based model (PESERA) that is designed to estimate long‐term average erosion rates at 1 km resolution and has, to date, been applied to most of Europe. The model is built around a partition of precipitation into components for overland flow (infiltration excess, saturation excess and snowmelt), evapo‐transpiration and changes in soil moisture storage. Transpiration is used to drive a generic plant growth model for biomass, constrained as necessary by land use decisions, primarily on a monthly time step. Leaf fall, with corrections for cropping, grazing, etc., also drives a simple model for soil organic matter. The runoff threshold for infiltration excess overland flow depends dynamically on vegetation cover, organic matter and soil properties, varying over the year. The distribution of daily rainfall totals has been fitted to a Gamma distribution for each month, and drives overland flow and sediment transport (proportional to the sum of overland flow squared) by summing over this distribution. Total erosion is driven by erodibility, derived from soil properties, squared overland flow discharge and gradient; it is assessed at the slope base to estimate total loss from the land, and delivered to stream channels. 相似文献
12.
通过在典型的红壤坡地建立标准径流小区进行试验，采用统计学方法对不同水土保持措施下地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量的变化情况进行了定量分析。研究结果表明，提高植被覆盖度和辅以必要的工程措施是南方红壤坡地水土保持的有效途径，尤其是在水平梯田裸露的梯壁上植草后，其拦蓄地表径流和控制土壤侵蚀的能力分别提高22．5，30．62倍。 相似文献
13.
Uncertainty of factors determining runoff and erosion processes as quantified by rainfall simulations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rainfall simulations at different scales have been used for understanding the influence of different factors on runoff generation and erosion. They are an accepted method for calibrating and validating physically based rainfall and erosion models. Nevertheless, it is proven that not only the patterns of rainfall are highly variable over space and time. Soil parameters responsible for runoff generation and erosion – e.g. infiltration capacity, soil moisture, aggregate stability – are highly variable, too. The results of more than 100 plot scale rainfall simulations on abandoned fields in different areas of Spain are analysed for identifying and quantifying factors affecting runoff and erosion processes. The variability of superficial runoff and suspended sediment yield is very high within most of the test areas, reaching values up to a runoff coefficient of 1 and yielding 130 g per experiment. Only within the semi-arid areas we can find a significant and high correlation between vegetation cover and sediment yield (and sediment concentration), whereas most of the other investigated surface parameters show no influence on runoff and erosion. 相似文献
14.
《CATENA》1998,32(1):55-70
Spatial patterns in surface soil moisture during dry and wet weather conditions have been recorded over a 3.68 ha gully catchment in central Spain. During dry weather conditions this spatial pattern was characterised by areas of relatively wet and dry soil, forming a mosaic of areas with contrasting hydrological response. Semi-variogram analysis has indicated that these areas are spatially isolated and unconnected, with the effect that surface runoff from source areas within the catchment may be re-absorbed by surrounding areas which act as sinks for overland flow. Consequently during dry weather conditions, variation in the soil's physical and hydrological properties, as reflected by spatial differences in soil moisture, may be advantageous in minimising widespread catchment runoff and erosion, by creating spatial isolation of runoff producing areas and by promoting discontinuity in hydrological pathways. During wet weather conditions, however, extensive saturation, exceeding a catchment wetness threshold, increased spatial continuity in hydrological pathways, regardless of the spatial variation in soil hydraulic properties, resulting in widespread runoff and erosion. Management strategies should therefore aim to raise this wetness threshold value, by improving the soils physical and hydrological properties. The creation of a mosaic pattern of areas with contrasting hydrological response may prove to be an effective management strategy in runoff and erosion control in semi-arid environments. 相似文献
15.
为有效防治坡耕地水土流失,持续利用坡耕地,于2007-2010年在黄土高原西部坡耕地上研究保护性耕作对水土流失的影响,重点探讨传统耕作与免耕秸秆覆盖2种耕作措施下春小麦、鹰嘴豆、马铃薯与紫花苜蓿间作的水土流失规律。结果表明:(1)各处理8月份的径流量分别占观测时段内总径流量的46.46%～51.29%,侵蚀量分别占观测时段内总侵蚀量的40.10%～61.22%。(2)降雨量与径流量、侵蚀量间呈现多元多项式关系。(3)2007-2010年不同种植模式下径流总量和侵蚀总量的变化趋势是一致的,均表现出NTSPL相似文献
16.
通过对坡面产沙、植被水土保持机理以及库区坡面植被水土保持生态建设模式的研究,结果表明:减小水流拖拽力、水流上举力以及增大土壤的黏聚力都有利于水土保持;植被冠层及枝干的水土保持作用主要体现在植被冠层的水分截留、削弱降雨的溅蚀功能以及抑制地表径流等几个方面;而根系的水土保持作用主要体现在菌根及分泌物能降低土层重度、增加土层的黏聚力,根系能增加土体的有效孔隙度、改善土体的渗透性能。库区坡面有效的水土保持栽植模式应该是:在坡顶,以封山育林为主;在坡面,应垄沟结合,辅以坡改梯等配套工程措施,种植附加值较高的经济作物。 相似文献
17.
Soil water availability is most essential in the Sahelian agriculture but is hampered by several factors. Surface crusts or crust-like surfaces, which are characteristic of most Sahelian soils, have been shown to decrease water infiltrability and increase runoff. Their type and structure are influenced by soil texture, vegetation cover, erosion and deposition effects of wind and water. A soil and terrain survey in semi-arid SW-Niger was carried out to explain the patterns of soil surface crusts and the deterioration of the land. The soil surface crusts were shown to depend also on specific terrain factors including land use type and intensity, and terrain type and position. Chemical and physical soil factors such as organic carbon, soil colour and texture occurring with specific crusts indicate soil degradation, especially in sloping terrain, which increases runoff and soil erosion. For sandy soils, surface tillage is required to break up the crusts. Higher surface organic matter is recommended to enhance water infiltration in soils. 相似文献
18.
喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园人为扰动剧烈,容易发生土壤侵蚀。秸秆覆盖是坡地常用的水土保持措施,但其在喀斯特坡地橘园的水土保持效益还不清楚。通过人工土槽模拟降雨试验,研究了水稻秸秆覆盖对喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园产流产沙的影响,试验设置了2个雨强(60 mm/h和120 mm/h)和4种水稻秸秆覆盖度(0,20%,50%和80%)。结果表明:(1)秸秆覆盖减小地表径流的效果受降雨强度控制。在中雨强(60 mm/h)条件下,秸秆覆盖可以有效降低地表径流系数。在大雨强(120 mm/h)下,只有20%覆盖度可以减少地表径流系数;(2)在中雨强(60 mm/h)条件下,20%和50%的秸秆覆盖显著增加壤中流和地下径流量; 在大雨强(120 mm/h)条件下,20%的秸秆覆盖显著增加了壤中流量,50%和80%秸秆覆盖度对壤中流量影响不显著;(3)秸秆覆盖可以有效减少地表土壤侵蚀总量,地表土壤侵蚀总量与秸秆覆盖度呈负相关。(4)秸秆覆盖减弱了地表径流的携沙能力,在50%和80%秸秆覆盖度时地表径流的携沙能力得到显著减弱。结果可为喀斯特坡地幼龄橘园合理布设秸秆覆盖措施提供科学依据。 相似文献
19.
南方红壤区不同植被措施坡面的水土流失特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
植被是南方红壤区水土流失治理的主要措施,为了研究不同的植被措施对坡面产流产沙的影响,以及对坡面侵蚀的抑制效果,在福建省长汀县选择乔灌草、灌草、草本、农作物、乔灌、封山育林、经济林等各植被措施下的标准径流小区,通过观测各种植被措施坡面的产流产沙情况,分析比较各小区的水土流失特征。结果表明植被能较好地调控坡面地表径流和土壤侵蚀。不同植被措施下坡面产流产沙分异规律明显,相对裸地,盖度高的乔灌草、灌草、草本等措施的水土流失量最小,水土保持效果最为明显。在不同的降雨量条件下,不同植被措施的坡面水土流失情况也表现出显著的差异。因此,在未来南方红壤植被恢复与生态环境建设过程中,通过各种植被治理措施的逐步实施,对改善当地的生态环境和水土流失的防治具有重要的意义。 相似文献
20.
不同植被类型下坡面径流侵蚀产沙差异性 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
利用野外模拟降雨试验分析不同植被类型不同雨强下坡面降雨入渗产流和侵蚀产沙过程特征及径流侵蚀产沙差异性,阐明了不同植被类型对坡面降雨侵蚀产沙过程的调控机理及其差异。结果表明:荒地、草地和坡耕地坡面产流产沙过程线均较林地强烈,呈现出多峰多谷的特点;植被类型和雨强及二者的交互效应均对产沙有显著影响,植被类型的作用大于雨强,交互效应相对较弱;植被类型和雨强对径流有显著影响,植被类型的作用大于雨强,此时交互效应的影响并不显著。各种类型的产沙量均存在显著差异,除荒地和草地两者径流量无明显差别外,其他两者之间存在显著差异。林地具有蓄水减沙的水土保持功效,草地具有直接拦沙的水土保持功效,植被对有效控制水土流失至关重要。该项研究有助于更好地理解植被、降雨和侵蚀之间的相互关系。 相似文献