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1.
Chlamydial and rickettsial diseases pose a hazard to man and to domesticated and wild animals. The virulence mechanisms which aid the establishment of these obligate intracellular parasites in the eukaryotic host are still not within our grasp. Recent knowledge of the biochemical stratagem, the metabolic capabilities and the genetic diversity of these microbes illustrate fundamental differences in ecology and evolutionary divergence. The preferred site of intracellular residence determines the strategy for uptake, for nutrient assimilation and also for evasion of the host's immunological defenses. The Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Coxiella are the most extensively studied of the genera. Whereas the Ehrlichia and Cowdria are poorly understood, they are also the most intriguing of the Rickettsiae. A number of antigenically and genetically distinct species are identified for the genera Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Ehrlichia, whereas the Coxiella and Cowdria may not represent such a wide diversity. Recent information on the genetic heterogeneity of the chromosomal and plasmid DNAs of the strains of Coxiella suggest the diversity is greater than was originally envisioned. New information regarding the antigenic structure of Cowdria and their cellular tropisms suggests that they are closely related to the Ehrlichia. In this review we compare the metabolic capabilities and the genetic diversity of these different intracellular bacteria. 相似文献
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MacNeill AL 《Topics in companion animal medicine》2011,26(2):62-76
Fine-needle aspirates and impression smears of cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions and lymph nodes are the most commonly submitted cytology samples from veterinary patients. Diagnostic cytology samples of these lesions are easily collected in patients without anesthesia or analgesia. Cytology can yield immediate results and may prevent the need for additional tests that use more invasive methods of sample collection. This article offers a brief review of how to collect and submit cytology samples and describes cytologic lesions that often are diagnosed in dogs and cats. When applicable, differences between disease progression in dogs and cats are described. 相似文献
3.
Barzansky B 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2004,31(2):120-125
There are 126 medical education programs leading to the MD degree in the United States, and 16 in Canada, that are accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME). This article summarizes the current policies and procedures used by the LCME and traces their historical development. The external factors that have acted to influence accreditation in the United States, such as recognition of accreditation agencies by the US Department of Education, are then described. Finally, comparisons are drawn between the accreditation systems for medical education and veterinary medical education programs. 相似文献
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The methods available for the restraint and anaesthesia of captive primates are discussed, emphasising the differences between the techniques for primates and those for other mammals; the importance of humane methods of physical restraint is emphasised. The agents available for chemical restraint and surgical anaesthesia are considered in terms of their ease of administration, the dose rate required, speed of induction and recovery, analgesic properties, muscle relaxation and side effects. New agents are available which are potentially useful in primates. 相似文献
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The etiological factors involved in diarrhea are multiple. Also the mechanisms and mediators involved are multiple: intracellular mediators (Ca, cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin, phospholipids), extracellular mediators (hormones, neurotransmitters, prostaglandins, enterotoxins...), intramural blood flow and oxygen, intestinal motility (local- and peristaltic motility).Till now, antidiarrheals are not so versatile that they provide a solution to all types of diarrhea. The mechanisms of action of fluid replacement therapy, loperamide, alpha 2 agonist and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substances are reviewed. 相似文献
8.
养羊业的引种和种性资源保护与利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文概述了20世纪后半叶中国养羊业引种和育种情况,归纳出中国养羊业发展的八项特点,从遗传学基本理论出发,简述了引种保种和生态适应性相互关联的问题,提出了当前养羊业发展过程中存在的值得思考的几个问题和商榷性建议。 相似文献
9.
The etiological factors involved in diarrhea are multiple. Also the mechanisms and mediators involved are multiple: intracellular mediators (Ca, cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin, phospholipids), extracellular mediators (hormones, neurotransmitters, prostaglandins, enterotoxins...), intramural blood flow and oxygen, intestinal motility (local- and peristaltic motility). Till now, antidiarrheals are not so versatile that they provide a solution to all types of diarrhea. The mechanisms of action of fluid replacement therapy, loperamide, alpha 2 agonist and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substances are reviewed. 相似文献
10.
P I Menzies S Z Ramanoon 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2001,17(2):333-58, vii
This article presents an overview of the recent research into ovine and caprine mastitis. The common clinical presentations of mastitis in these species are reviewed, as are the important etiologic agents and their significance. The interpretation of somatic cell counts and surrogate tests, factors that affect somatic cell count levels, and association of somatic cell count levels with productivity are reviewed. Investigations into the treatment and prevention of mastitis and milking equipment function are discussed, and comments are made on the public health implications of extra label drug use and the consumption of unpasteurized milk. 相似文献
11.
G Uilenberg 《The Veterinary quarterly》1990,12(1):39-45
Cowdriosis and anaplasmosis are most important tick-borne rickettsial diseases of ruminants. After a short introduction, in particular of their aetiology, epidemiology and diagnosis, present methods and future prospects for their control are briefly reviewed. The value and disadvantages of the four possible approaches, chemotherapy, tick control, the utilisation of inverse age-resistance in order to attain endemic stability, and artificial immunisation, are reviewed. Promising future developments in the field of immunisation are indicated. 相似文献
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This article reviews anesthetics and anesthetic techniques applicable to small laboratory animals. Anesthetic and analgesic dosage tables are presented for each species to guide the practitioner. The actions of the various agents are reviewed in the text, and key references are presented. Surgical considerations are also reviewed. 相似文献
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U P Kalkofen 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1987,17(6):1341-1354
Hookworms are probably the most faithful intestinal parasites of dogs and cats. Infecting all ages, they are life-threatening to the very young and potentially so to the fully mature hookworm-resistant host. Discussed in this article are the diagnosis of hookworm infection, the life cycle of hookworms, the cutaneous and intestinal manifestations of hookworm infection and disease, and the treatment and prevention of infection. 相似文献
14.
DAVITIYANANDA, DANIS and FOLKE RASMUSSEN: Mammary and renal excretion of sulphadoxine and trimethoprim in cows. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 340–355. — In 21 experiments on 5 healthy, nonpregnant cows are sulphadoxine and trimethoprim infused intravenously for maintenance of constant levels of the drugs through the experimental periods. The experiments show that both sulphadoxine and trimethoprim are bound to the proteins in blood plasma and milk. Further it is demonstrated that sulphadoxine (an acid) is excreted into milk in concentrations lower than in blood plasma while trimethoprim (a base) is excreted into milk in concentrations higher than in blood plasma. Both results are consistent with the theory that drugs are excreted through the mammary gland by passive diffusion.Glomerular filtration and back-diffusion are both involved in the renal handling of sulphadoxine and trimethoprim. For trimethoprim active tubular secretion is also demonstrated. Both the mammary and renal handling of sulphadoxine as well as trimethoprim are influenced by the pH of milk and urine, respectively. The experiments underline that it is the unionized, non-protein-bound fraction of the drugs which diffuses through biological membranes.sulphadoxine; trimethoprim; mammary excretion; renal excretion; cow. 相似文献
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Wortinger A 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2006,42(5):401-406
Feeding tubes are an accepted way of providing nutritional support for animals unable or unwilling to consume adequate calories on their own. This article provides information on the indications for the use of feeding tubes in small animals, the types of tubes available, and ways to initiate nutritional support once the tubes are in place. The pros and cons of the various tubes are discussed, as well as potential complications. 相似文献
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Herman W. Favoreel Céline Van den BroekeAnn Desplanques Matthias DeruelleGeert Van Minnebruggen Hans NauwynckSarah Glorieux Nina Van OpdenboschNick De Regge 《Veterinary microbiology》2010
Two major structural elements of a cell are the cytoskeleton and the lipid membranes. Actin and cholesterol are key components of the cytoskeleton and membranes, respectively, and are involved in a plethora of different cellular processes. This review summarizes and discusses the interaction of alphaherpesviruses with actin and cholesterol during different stages of the replication cycle: virus entry, replication and assembly in the nucleus, and virus egress. Elucidating these interactions not only yields novel insights into the biology of these important pathogens, but may also shed new light on cell biological aspects of actin and cholesterol, and lead to novel avenues in the design of antiviral strategies. 相似文献
17.
环状病毒是牲畜常见的重要病原体,主要包括有蓝舌病病毒、非洲马瘟病毒、马器质性脑病病毒和流行性出血热病毒等。这些病毒能够通过吸血性的库蠓传播。本文主要介绍了这几种病毒在世界各地的流行与传播情况。 相似文献
18.
Ultrasonography of the eye and orbit 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H M Eisenberg 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1985,15(6):1263-1274
The eye and orbit are excellent subjects for ultrasonic evaluation. Examination and interpretation are relatively simple procedures. The normal ultrasonic anatomy of the eye and orbit is presented. Some examples of ocular and orbital pathology are discussed also. 相似文献
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本文详细阐述了四川畜牧业当前面临的形势和任务,对目前四川畜牧科技工作提出了树立"六种意识",抓好"六项工作"的意见.结合"十五"四川畜牧业的规划,在实现畜牧业现代化生产等方面,提出了建立健全"五大体系"、发展"六个优先领域"、开发"六大关键技术"的建议;在实现畜牧业现代管理与技术监控等方面,提出了建立"四大体系、六个中心";实施"八个重点科技项目"的思路. 相似文献
20.
Bruns-Weller E 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2006,113(8):308-310
Dioxins and dioxinlike PCBs are high toxic and persistent compounds. They accumulate in the feed and food chain. Because of their occurrence in a very low concentration range, the established requirements for analytical methods are restrictive. Commission Directive 2002/69/EC of 26 July 2002 lays down sampling methods and methods of analysis for the official control of dioxins and dioxinlike PCBs in foodstuff. Confirmatory methods are high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Screening methods could be used to select samples with significant levels of dioxins. Bioassay--for example the EROD-Bioassay--can be used as a screening method. 相似文献