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1.
A study of the risk factors associated with mastitis in Sri Lankan dairy cattle was conducted to inform risk reduction activities to improve the quality and quantity of milk production and dairy farmer income. A cross-sectional survey of randomly selected dairy farms was undertaken to investigate 12 cow and 39 herd level and management risk factors in the Central Province. The farm level prevalence of mastitis (clinical and subclinical) was 48 %, similar to what has been found elsewhere in South and Southeast Asia. Five cow level variables, three herd level variables, and eight management variables remained significant (p?相似文献   

2.
The interaction of the effects of pregnancy status and veterinary-treated clinical mastitis on culling in Swedish dairy cattle was analyzed with survival analysis. The data were from 978,780 cows with first calvings between 1988 and 1996. Four breeds (Swedish Red and White (SRB), Swedish Friesian (SLB), Swedish Polled Breed and Jersey) were included in the analysis, together with the SRB x SLB crossbreds. Length of productive life was defined as the number of days between first calving and culling or censoring (end of data collection). The model (Weibull proportional hazard) included the interaction of parity by pregnancy status by veterinary-treated clinical mastitis, peak test-day milk-yield deviation within herd-year-parity, age at first calving, year by season, region, breed, herd production level, and the random effect of herd. The effects of pregnancy status and veterinary-treated clinical mastitis were modeled as time-dependent covariates. The lactation was divided into five stages during which a veterinary-treated clinical mastitis and culling might occur and in which the pregnancy status was assumed to be known and culling could occur. Open cows had a pronounced effect on culling: they had a very high risk of being culled in all lactations, and it was even higher if they were treated for mastitis in early lactation. For pregnant cows, the later they got pregnant during the lactation, the greater their risk to be culled. The risk associated with cases of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis remained important throughout the lactation.  相似文献   

3.
实验旨在探究奶牛乳房炎的风险因素,建立奶牛乳房炎风险评估模型,预测奶牛乳房炎患病风险。本研究利用北京地区1998—2016年196万余条奶牛群体改良(Dairy Herd Improvement,DHI)测定记录,将具有统计学意义的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,分析其中的风险因素,并建立奶牛乳房炎风险评估模型,通过大量DHI记录进行奶牛乳房炎患病风险预测研究。多因素Logistic回归分析结果发现,场规模越大,奶牛患乳房炎的概率相对越小;胎次越高,奶牛患乳房炎的概率越大;夏季奶牛患乳房炎的概率比其他季节的概率高;泌乳天数高于300 d的奶牛患乳房炎风险约为泌乳天数低于100 d奶牛的2倍。使用北京地区DHI记录进行Logistic回归分析得出,奶牛隐性乳房炎风险评估模型和奶牛临床乳房炎风险评估模型预测价值分别为0.721和0.825,认为可以应用于实际牛群。综上,本研究中确定的奶牛场规模、胎次、DHI测定季节、泌乳阶段等风险因素可用于奶牛乳房炎预测,并构建了奶牛隐性乳房炎、临床乳房炎的风险评估模型,以减少奶牛群的乳房炎发生概率。  相似文献   

4.
本研究旨在探析我国规模奶牛场奶牛个体生鲜乳体细胞数（SCC）的水平、分布和影响因素。利用SAS9.0的GLM模型,统计分析覆盖16个省（市、区）,33个规模奶牛场,23 351头中国荷斯坦牛,从2007年至2009年连续3年的225 775条奶牛个体生鲜乳SCC检测记录。结果表明：奶牛个体生鲜乳SCC的总体均值为48×104cell/mL,标准差为117×104cell/mL,个体生鲜乳SCC波动范围较大;其中,77.9%的奶牛个体,其生鲜乳SCC小于50×104cell/mL,对群体混合样生鲜乳SCC的影响系数为0.26;11.3%的奶牛个体,其生鲜乳SCC介于50×104～100×104cell/mL之间,乳房处于隐性感染状态,对群体混合样生鲜乳SCC的影响系数为0.16;10.8%的奶牛个体,生鲜乳SCC大于100×104cell/mL,理论上乳房处于临床感染状态,对群体混合样生鲜乳SCC的影响系数为0.58。奶牛个体生鲜乳体细胞数评分（SCS）呈正态分布,与奶牛个体因素（产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白含量、胎次和泌乳阶段）和环境因素（泌乳月份、泌乳季节）差异极显著（P〈0.01）,与奶牛养殖区域、奶牛场差异不显著（P〉0.05）。我国规模奶牛场奶牛个体生鲜乳SCC主要在50×104cell/mL以下,依据影响参数能实现对生鲜乳SCC水平的调控。  相似文献   

5.
Smallholder dairy herds around the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania supply 86% of raw milk consumed by the city dwellers. Previous studies have indicated that clinical mastitis is an important disease affecting smallholder dairy cows and an 18-month questionnaire-based longitudinal field-study was conducted between July 2003 and March 2005 to elucidate risk factors associated with the incidence. A total of 6057 quarter-level observations from 317 lactating cows on 87 randomly selected smallholder dairy herds were analysed at the quarter and cow level using logistic and Poisson regression models, respectively. At the quarter level, the average incidence rate of clinical mastitis was 38.4 cases per 100 quarter-years at risk whereas at the cow level the incidence rate was 43.3 cases per 100 cow-years at risk. The incidence was significantly (P< or =0.001) associated with cow factors (body condition score, parity, stage of lactation, and udder consistency), housing (floor type) conditions and milking (cow and udder preparation) practices. It was concluded that the extrapolation of the classic ten-point mastitis control plan into smallholder dairy herds should be undertaken cautiously. An integrated approach to dairy extension should focus more on the creation of mastitis awareness among smallholder producers and on the improvement of animal nutrition and reproduction indices-factors that may also have a direct impact on milk yield.  相似文献   

6.
Smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania appear to be unaware of the subclinical mastitis situation in their cows. A cross-sectional study was carried out between June and September 2002 on smallholder dairy herds in the Dar es Salaam region. The study objectives were to establish the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and related risk indicators, and to assess their contribution to the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. Three field procedures based on the principles of herd health and production management were followed: clinical, farm and data inspection. The California mastitis test (CMT) was carried out on quarter milk samples to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. A total of 182 lactating cows from 62 herds were investigated. Clinical inspection indicated that 3.8% of the lactating cows had clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis was detected in 90.3% of lactating cows screened. Farm inspection revealed that water scarcity, barn size, residual suckling, single udder-towel and dairy labourers as the most substantial (p < 0.05) risk indicators. Although most of the risk indicators studied were not found to be statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, possibly owing to sample size and the presence of confounders, the epidemiological need to address such risk indicators cannot be overemphasized.  相似文献   

7.
An epidemiologic study of mastisis in dairy cows in Sweden covering 137 002 calvings and subsequent lactations is presented and various risk factors identified.

Swedish Friesian breed (SLB) had a higher incidence of mastisis than Swedish Red and White breed (SRB). The incidence was higher during the first part of lactation and increased with parity until the seventh lactation in SRB and the sixth lactation in SLB.

Dystocia, retained placenta and parturient paresis increased the risk of mastisis during the first part of lactation in SRB, and retained placenta increased the risk of mastitis during the first part of lactation in SLB. No associations between these periparturient disorders and the occurrence of mastitis in the latter part of lactation could be found. The incidence of mastitis was increased among teat-tramp-positive cows, and a positive report of mastitis increased the risk of mastitis in subsequent calvings.

The influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of mastitis was demonstrated by a higher incidence during housing as opposed to pasture, and a decreased incidence in loose-housed cows when compared to tied zero-grazing cows during the later part of lactation. During the first part of lactation, no seasonal variation could be found, and loose-housed cows had only slightly decreased incidence during this part of lactation when compared to tied zero-grazing cows.

The removal rate was increased in the mastitis-positive cow population.  相似文献   


8.

Ketosis is a metabolic disorder that has an important impact on health and productivity in dairy cattle during early lactation. In Colombia, the incidence and risk factors for ketosis development have not been studied. The objectives of the present study were to determine the incidence of subclinical (SCK) and clinical ketosis (CK) and to determine the risk factors associated with ketosis within the first 6 weeks of lactation in dairy cattle in Colombia. A prospective cohort study was carried out. A convenience sample of 150 lactating dairy cows from ten commercial dairy farms in the Cundi-Boyacencian Andean plateau were tested weekly using a point of care device to measure β-hydroxybutyrate during the first 6 weeks of lactation. Incidence of SCK and CK was calculated. Risk factors were evaluated using a survey for each animal and for each farm. Potential risk factors were evaluated using a X2 test, Relative Risk was calculated for significant variables by the X2 test (P?≤?0.05) and these variables were included in the logistic regression model. Cumulative incidence of SCK was 25.33%, 3.33% for CK, and overall incidence of ketosis was 26%. In the logistic regression model, parity 3 or more, herd size >?150 animals, body condition score ≥?3, retained placenta, and metritis were determined as risk factors for ketosis. The results of this study confirm previous reports in which a high body condition score, increased parity, herd size, retained placenta, and metritis are associated with an increased risk of ketosis in stabled and grazing cattle.

  相似文献   

9.
Investigation of mastitis problems on farms.   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
The production of high-quality milk is a high-priority issue for dairy farmers and milk processors. The investigation of mastitis problems on dairy farms is an area of increasing demand and is an ideal way for veterinary practitioners to increase involvement in production medicine programs. Goals for the amount of clinical and subclinical mastitis should be predefined on dairy farms, and a herd investigation initiated when needed. The use of a structured approach to mastitis problems can identify risk factors for infection, result in rapid resolution of mastitis problems, and hasten the application of appropriate preventive practices.  相似文献   

10.
Factors responsible for post parturient metritis in dairy cattle   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Factors associated with retained placenta and post parturient metritis in Israeli-Friesian dairy cattle are examined. The overall incidence rate, in a total of 2017 calvings on seven farms, was 16.1 per cent for retained placenta and 37.3 per cent for primary metritis. Risk factors associated with retained placenta include rising parity, short gestations, induction of parturition, multiple births, summer calvings, left displacement of the abomasum and ketosis. Risk factors associated with metritis include declining parity, long gestations, induction of parturition, stillbirth, multiple births, low milk yield before drying off, left displacement of the abomasum, ketosis and winter calvings. A proposed aetiology of metritis is presented and the various possible factors involved are discussed.  相似文献   

11.

Background

Several management and environmental factors are known as contributory causes of clinical mastitis in dairy herd. The study objectives were to describe the structure of herd-specific mastitis management and environmental factors and to assess the relevance of these herd-specific indicators to mastitis incidence rate.

Methods

Disease reports from the Danish Cattle Data Base and a management questionnaire from 2,146 herds in three Danish regions were analyzed to identify and characterize risk factors of clinical mastitis. A total of 94 (18 continuous and 76 discrete) management and production variables were screened in separate bivariate regression models. Variables associated with mastitis incidence rate at a p-value < 0.10 were examined with a factor analysis to assess the construct of data. Separately, a multivariable regression model was used to estimate the association of management variables with herd mastitis rate.

Results

Three latent factors (quality of labor, region of Denmark and claw trimming, and quality of outdoor holding area) were identified from 14 variables. Daily milk production per cow, claw disease, quality of labor and region of Denmark were found to be significantly associated with mastitis incidence rate. A common multiple regression analysis with backward and forward selection procedures indicated there were 9 herd-specific risk factors.

Conclusion

Though risk factors ascertained by farmer-completed surveys explained a small percentage of the among-herd variability in crude herd-specific mastitis rates, the study suggested that farmer attitudes toward mastitis and lameness treatment were important determinants for mastitis incidence rate. Our factor analysis identified one significant latent factor, which was related to labor quality on the farm.  相似文献   

12.
An epidemic of acute respiratory disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) occurred during the winter and spring of 1995 in two neighbouring veterinary districts in the south-eastern part of Norway.The objective of this study was to describe the time course of the outbreak associated with BRSV in the cattle herds, and to determine the association between selected herd factors and the risk of experiencing a herd outbreak of acute respiratory disease.Data from 431 cattle herds on the dates of disease occurrence, location of the farms, herd size, age profile and production type were collected retrospectively for 1995. The risk of acute respiratory disease occurring in a cattle herd was related to the herd size as well as the type of production, with an expressed interaction between these two variables. From the Cox proportional-hazards model, the risk of a herd outbreak in a mixed herd of 20 animals was estimated to be 1.7-times greater than in a dairy herd and 3.3-times greater than a beef herd (reference category) of a comparable size. On increasing the herd size to 50 animals, the risk increased 1.3-fold for a mixed herd, 3.3-fold for a dairy herd, and 2.1-fold for a beef herd, compared to the risk for a corresponding type of herd of 20 animals.  相似文献   

13.
Mastitis is among the most prevalent disease that contributes for the reduction of milk production in dairy herds. Although several published studies have estimated the prevalence of mastitis, variation among studies is great. The objective of the present meta-analysis was to provide a pooled estimate of the prevalence of overall, clinical, and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. A pooled estimate was also conducted by potential risk factors. The literature search was restricted to studies published in English language from January 2002 to June 2016. Meta-analysis of 39 studies was done under random effects model using metafor package in R software. The pooled estimate of the overall prevalence of mastitis on cow-basis was found to be 47.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]?=?42.0, 52.0). The pooled prevalence with the 95% CI for clinical and subclinical mastitis was 8.3% (95% CI?=?6.5, 10.3) and 37% (95% CI?=?32.9, 40.7) respectively. There is a statistically significant and high heterogeneity of the prevalence estimates between published studies. The odds of occurrence of mastitis were higher in cows at early (odds ratio [OR]?=?1.6; 95% CI?=?1.4, 1.8) and late lactation (OR?=?1.3; 95% CI?=?1.2, 1.5) than mid lactation, in cows with 3–4 (OR?=?1.5; 95% CI?=?1.4, 1.7) and >4 parity number (OR?=?2.9; 95% CI?=?2.6, 3.4) than those with 1–2 parity number. Previous history of mastitis, floor type, milking hygiene, and udder injury had also statistically significant effect on pooled prevalence of mastitis (P?<?0.05). The present study reported that there is high prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows in Ethiopia, which could contribute to the low productivity in lactating cows. The statistically significant association of risk factors such as floor type, milking hygiene, and presence of udder injury with mastitis may suggest that dairy farmers can reduce the occurrence of the disease by improving their management practices.  相似文献   

14.
[目的]为了探讨奶牛隐性乳房炎的影响因素。[方法]以2009年1月至2010年1月五个大型奶牛场的5080头泌乳荷斯坦牛为试验材料,从年龄、胎次、日泌乳量、乳区等方面对其隐性乳房炎发病情况进行了调查、统计和分析,并随机选取50头患隐性乳房炎的病料,进行病原学检查。[结果]表明,试验牛群中8.5%的荷斯坦牛为临床性乳房炎阳性,45%的荷斯坦牛为隐性乳房炎阳性;并且,随着年龄、胎次、日泌乳量的不断增加,荷斯坦牛患乳房炎的几率增加;左侧乳区发病率高于右侧乳区;后侧乳区高于前侧乳区;隐性乳房炎的病原微生物主要以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。[结论]加强日常卫生管理是减少乳房炎发病的主要手段。  相似文献   

15.
Data from a mastitis control programme involving 158 herds in northern Norway are presented. The association between housing factors and indoor climate variables, and the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and herd cell count was calculated from a least squares model by a backward elimination procedure. Ten to 23% of the herd udder health variation at the start of the programme was associated with environmental variables. The following variables were found to be of significance: herd size, hoof trimming, lactation age, stall floor surface, type of stall, stall width, stall length, presence or absence of a grating over dung channel, single-/double-glazed windows and ambient humidity.  相似文献   

16.
[目的]为了解北疆某牧场奶牛隐性乳房炎情况及分析其可能存在的风险因素。[方法]2020年1月至2022年9月通过加州乳房炎检测法（CMT）对该牧场在群泌乳牛进行隐性乳房炎调查,并初步分析该场可能存在的主要风险因素。[结果]该牧场2020—2022年各年奶牛隐性乳房炎平均阳性率分别为3.69%（110/2 980）、5.01%（150/2 993）和3.87%（86/2 220）;乳区阳性率分别为0.93%（110/11 856）、1.35%（160/11 880）和0.97%（86/8 860）;瞎乳头率分别为0.13%（16/11 920）、0.19%（23/11 972）和0.23%（20/8 880）;夏季隐性乳房炎阳性率明显高于其他季节,奶牛各乳区隐性乳房炎阳性率差异不显著（P>0.05）,不同胎次间的奶牛隐性乳房炎平均阳性率差异性显著（P<0.05）,5胎和6胎及以上牛的隐性乳房炎平均阳性率均明显高于其他胎次。[结论]该牧场奶牛隐性乳房炎发生率较低但仍需改善,夏季炎热潮湿的饲养环境和高龄奶牛更易发生热应激,奶牛身免疫力下降等原因可能是该牧场奶牛患乳房炎的主要风险因素。  相似文献   

17.
The high number of clinical mastitis recurring within the same lactation in dairy cows constitutes one of the factors of overdispersion in standard Poisson models. Our method, based on biological parameters, i.e., recurrence hazard in relation to udder exogenous infection (Rex) or recurrence hazard and rate in relation to endogenous infection (Ren), produced a model capable of integrating a possible change of state in the udder after clinical mastitis. This model was based on a study of the time intervals between successive clinical episodes, both types of risk being considered in the form of a distribution mixture in the survival model. The modelling tool allowed to determine the factors that specifically act on either one of the potential risks and estimated the distribution of the number of clinical mastitis per lactation, as well as the distribution of when mastitis occurs. Estimation results obtained by this method in an experimental herd were compared with those from more classical models with or without random individual effects. The distribution of the number of mastitis per lactation estimated by our method was well-fitted to the data and the method identified variation factors which were relatively standard in this type of study: lactation number, lactation stage and calving month. Prediction results obtained in another experimental herd with more recent data without parameter re-estimation demonstrated the adequacy of the model in fitting observed data. This modelling method based on biological parameters in a mixture of survival distributions was interesting to model clinical mastitis recurring within the same lactation. However in the future it will also be important to integrate the possible relationship between successive lactations and to apply this model to other types of farming systems.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this research was to explore the potential association between Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. In two separate studies, we identified an association between PCR-based detection of C. burnetii in milk and chronic subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. These studies were conducted in a commercial dairy herd where there was ongoing intensive monitoring of subclinical mastitis by aerobic bacteriology, but no prior knowledge or management of C. burnetii infections. In a case-control study, quarter level C. burnetii status determined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was strongly associated with chronic subclinical mastitis as measured by milk somatic cell counts. In a subsequent cross sectional study, 147 (45%) of 325 lactating cows were positive for C. burnetii by RT-qPCR of composite milk samples. In a generalized linear model, accounting for the effect of covariates including aerobic intramammary infection status, C. burnetii PCR status was a significant predictor of linear somatic cell count score. In agreement with a small number of previous reports, this research provides evidence that there may be mammary gland specific manifestations of C. burnetii infections in dairy cattle.  相似文献   

19.
This paper presents data from 158 dairy herds in northern Norway. The influence of the milking machine and milking management on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and herd cell counts was calculated from a least squares model by a backward elimination procedure. It was shown that 16–45% of the herd udder health variation found at the start of the programme could be associated with milking machine and milking management variables. The following variables were found to be of significance: number of clusters in the herd, vaccum, function and vaccum regulator, undulation of pipeline, limping of pulsator, rate of pulsator, type of claw-piece, hygienic/-technical condition of liner, preparation time, air admission during application of teat cups, overmilking and machine-on time.  相似文献   

20.
A cross-sectional study was conducted on dairy farms in eight milking centres in Trinidad to determine the prevalence of risk factors for mastitis and to assess their relationship to occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The California mastitis test (CMT) was used to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis by estimating the somatic cell counts in bulk and composite milk. Of a total of 177 dairy farms studied, 121 (68.4%), 39 (22.0%) and 17 (9.6%) practised semi-intensive, extensive and intensive management systems, respectively. A total of 129 (72.9%), 37 (20.9%) and 11 (6.2%) farms milked cows in parlours, stanchions and pasture/out-on-field, respectively. Based on sanitary practices, 40 (22.6%), 123 (69.5%), and 14 (7.9%) farms were classified as good, fair, and poor, respectively, while 76 (42.9%) and 60 (33.9%) farms reported to rarely experience and frequently experience water shortages, respectively. Amongst the 177 farms, only seven (4.0%) used machine-milking primarily, 152 (85.9%) screened for mastitis as a routine, 18 (10.2%) teat dipped, and 49 (27.7%) practised dry cow therapy. To detect mastitis, of 152 farms involved, 20 (13.2%) used the strip cup while only two (1.3%) employed the CMT. Pipe-borne water delivered directly from the hose was the only source of water to 91 (51.4%) farms while seven (4.0%) and eight (4.5%) farms used only well and surface water (ponds and rivers), respectively. Based on bulk milk samples, the farm prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 60.5% (107 of 177) with a range from 33.3% (centre 5H) to 100.0% (centre 2B). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01; chi 2). However, using composite milk, the farm prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 52.5% (93 of 177) with a range from 21.2% (centre 5H) to 92.9% (centre 2B) and again, the difference in prevalence was statistically significant (P < 0.001; chi 2). Subclinical mastitis was detected in 150 (45.0%) of 333 lactating cows screened and the range of prevalence was from 17.9% (centre 5H) to 56.3% (centre 1C). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001; chi 2). Of a total of 14 risk factors for mastitis studied which were related to animal husbandry, personnel, mastitis control and water, only two, the herd size and practice of dry cow therapy were significantly (P < 0.05; chi 2) associated with subclinical mastitis. It was concluded that the high prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Trinidad dairy herds could significantly reduce milk production with associated economic loss. Although a majority of the risk factors studied were not found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis possibly due to confounding factors, the need to eliminate or reduce these risk factors cannot be over-emphasized.  相似文献   

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