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1.
丛枝菌根真菌与大豆胞囊线虫相互作用研究初报 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
在温室盆栽条件下对大豆‘开育10’品种接种了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌:Gigaspora margarita Becker&Hall、Glomus fasiculatum(Thaxt) Gerd.&Trappe、G.intraradices Schenck&Smith、G.mosseae Nicolson&Gedermann及G.versiforme Berch和/或大豆胞囊线虫(SCN,Heterodera glycines)4号生理小种。供试AM真菌可不同程度地促进大豆植株的生长发育,增加植株高度、地上部和地下部干重及单株产量,减轻感病大豆品种‘开育10’SCN的危害,降低病情指数、根上和根围土壤中胞囊数量、2龄幼虫和胞囊内卵数。其中,G.fasiculatum、Gi.margarita和G.intraradices的效应大于G.mosseae和G.versiforme的处理。接种SCN显著降低了G.intraradices和G.versiforme对大豆根系的侵染率、G.fasiculatum的产孢数量及G.intraradices的侵入点数量,增加了G.mosseae的产孢数量。认为部分AM真菌能有效地抑制SCN对大豆根系的侵染、胞囊发育和2龄幼虫的形成。 相似文献
2.
Host–parasite relationships in root-knot disease of spinach caused by Meloidogyne incognita race 1 were studied under glasshouse conditions. Nematode-induced mature galls were large and usually contained one or more females and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells containing granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. The cytoplasm in these giant cells was aggregated alongside the thickened cell walls. Stelar tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between initial nematode population density ( P i ) in a series from 0–128 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm3 soil and growth of spinach cv. Symphony F1 seedlings was tested under glasshouse conditions. A Seinhorst model [ y = m + (1 − m ) z P–T ] was fitted to fresh top- and total plant-weight data for inoculated and control plants. Tolerance limits ( T ) of spinach cv. Symphony F1 to M. incognita race 1 for fresh top and total plant weights were 0·25 and 0·5 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm3 soil, respectively. The minimum relative values for fresh top and total plant weights were zero in both cases at P i ≥ 32 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm3 soil. Root galling was least at low initial population densities and greatest at 16 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm3 soil. Maximum nematode reproduction rate was 33·1-fold at the lowest P i . 相似文献
3.
The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) association with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia(Al-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila). AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis(65%) from Al-Ghat, Anthemis cotula(52%) from Buraydah and C. bonariensis(53%) from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi(41%) from Al-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata(25%) from Buraydah, Acanthospermum hispidum(34%) from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens(22%) and V. schimperi(22%) from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112–207 in Al-Ghat, 113–133 in Buraydah, 87–148 in Thumamah and 107–158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G. aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of different plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were observed among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological functioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia. 相似文献
4.
连作年限对番茄根围土壤根结线虫二龄幼虫与自由生活线虫数量的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
保护地连作是根结线虫为害严重的主要原因,为评估连作年限对根结线虫数量及其与土壤线虫数量关系,选择典型的不同连作时间的保护地(种植番茄),研究番茄生长期间根围土壤不同土层的根结线虫二龄幼虫(second-stage juveniles,J2)与自由生活线虫数量的动态变化。结果表明:根结线虫J2数量随连作年限增加而增多,0和5-year土壤中根结线虫数量少,平均根结线虫数为1.1和2.1条/100g干土,8、10和12-year土壤中根结线虫数量平均值分别为154.9、68.3和861.8条/100g干土;在0~30cm土层,根结线虫J2数量随土层加深而增加,主要分布在20~30cm土层。土壤自由生活线虫数量随土层的增加而增多,连作对自由生活线虫数量无显著影响。0和5-year土壤中根结线虫群体占土壤线虫总数的比例小,属稀有类群,在土壤线虫中处于稳定的群落结构状态。连作8、10和12-year的土壤中根结线虫J2为优势类群,土壤中自由生活线虫数量与根结线虫数量呈现相反的趋势,根结线虫J2占土壤线虫总数的比例增加,自由生活线虫与根结线虫J2数量的比值显著降低(P<0.05)。 相似文献
5.
Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi,however,little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems.The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi.Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants.The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts,peaking at flowering times.The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephemerals.The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants,reached its maximum at flowering times,and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence.A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants.The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very short,being about 60-70 days.Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores.We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy. 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACT Chemical inducers of pathogenesis-related proteins and plant resistance were applied to tomato plants, with the aim of inducing resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Relative to control plants, foliar spray and soil-drenching with dl-beta-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) reduced root-galling 7 days after inoculation, as well as the number of eggs 30 days after inoculation. Other chemicals (alpha- and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid, jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid) were either phytotoxic to tomato plants or did not improve control of root-knot nematodes. Fewer second-stage juveniles invaded BABA-treated tomato roots, and root-galling indices were lower than in control tomato plants. Resistance phenomena in seedlings lasted at least 5 days after spraying with BABA. Nematodes invading the roots of BABA-treated seedlings induced small, vacuolate giant cells. Postinfection treatment of tomato plants with BABA inhibited nematode development. It is speculated that after BABA application tomato roots become less attractive to root-knot nematodes, physically harder to invade, or some substance(s) inhibiting nematode or nematode feeding-site development is produced in roots. 相似文献
7.
E. VOUYOUKALOU 《EPPO Bulletin》1994,24(2):485-488
Plant extracts have been used against nematodes mainly in the third-world countries. The possibility of using leaves of olive trees for reducing populations of nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in the soil was investigated in the present work. The root-knot incidence in tomato roots was reduced as well as the presence of nematodes in the soil. The methanol extract of the leaves inhibited hatching of the eggs almost completely. 相似文献
8.
HongLing LIU Yong TAN Monika NELL Karin ZITTER-EGLSEER Chris WAWSCRAH Brigitte KOPP ShaoMing WANG Johannes NOVAK 《干旱区科学》2014,6(2):186-194
Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi penetrate the cortical cells of the roots of vascular plants,and are widely distributed in soil.The formation of these symbiotic bodies accelerates the absorption and utilization of mineral elements,enhances plant resistance to stress,boosts the growth of plants,and increases the survival rate of transplanted seedlings.We studied the effects of various arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on the growth and development of licorice(Glycyrrhiza glabra).Several species of AM,such as Glomus mosseae,Glomus intraradices,and a mixture of fungi(G.mosseae,G.intraradices,G.cladoideum,G.microagregatum,G.caledonium and G.etunicatum)were used in our study.Licorice growth rates were determined by measuring the colonization rate of the plants by the fungi,plant dry biomass,phosphorus concentration and concentration of secondary metabolites.We established two cloned strains of licorice,clone 3(C3)and clone 6(C6)to exclude the effect of genotypic variations.Our results showed that the AM fungi could in fact increase the leaf and root biomass,as well as the phosphorus concentration in each clone.Furthermore,AM fungi significantly increased the yield of certain secondary metabolites in clone 3.Our study clearly demonstrated that AM fungi play an important role in the enhancement of growth and development of licorice plants.There was also a significant improvement in the secondary metabolite content and yield of medicinal compounds from the roots. 相似文献
9.
2004年7~12月在关中盆地西部,每月分别从0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm 4个土层采集树莓根际土样,系统研究树莓根际AM真菌时空分布和土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明,树莓能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系。AM真菌的最高定殖率并不伴随有最大孢子密度,最高定殖率发生在9月,达86%,而最大孢子密度出现在11月,平均密度为14个/g土。土壤碱解氮与孢子密度呈极显著负相关,土壤有机质与孢子密度呈显著负相关,土壤pH与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关,与泡囊定殖率呈极显著负相关。在检测和评估土壤生态状况和植物形成菌根的能力等方面,宿主植物根际AM真菌的孢子密度和AM真菌不同结构的定殖程度是十分有用的指标。 相似文献
10.
Geert J. W. Janssen Richard Janssen Arend van Norel Brigitte Verkerk-Bakker J. Hoogendoorn 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1996,102(9):859-865
In 1995 two fields in the Netherlands, naturally infested withMeloidogyne hapla (Wageningen) andM. fallax (Baexem), were used to evaluate resistant and susceptibleSolanum genotypes under natural conditions. In April, genotypes were planted in circular microplots. Soil samples were taken and analyzed for the occurrence of second-stage juveniles every six weeks. From August onwards, large differences between resistant and susceptible genotypes in numbers of juveniles were found in the soil. For all resistant wildSolanum genotypes the level of infection in soil at the end of the growing season in October was equal to or lower than at the beginning. Glasshouse experiments were performed with the same genotypes and nematode populations (i.e. originally derived from these fields) and the results were comparable with the observations from the field. It is concluded that resistance, as selected in glasshouse trials, corresponds well with resistant behaviour in the field and that it is worthwhile to transfer the resistance from theseSolanum sources to commercial potato cultivars for successful control of root-knot nematodes. 相似文献
11.
金柑Citrus japonica 是福建省尤溪县的重要特色果树,多年来金柑黄化衰退问题在其产区较为严重。本研究意在明确金柑黄化衰退的病因,为有效防控提供依据。调查发现金柑黄化衰退病株根部生长不良,根上有线虫雌虫寄生,其体后部突出根表面,根际土壤中有大量的2龄线虫;相邻健树根部生长健壮,根部无或只有少量该线虫。为明确其病原线虫种类,对其雌虫、雄虫、2龄幼虫进行形态学观测,对线虫的rDNA-ITS、28S rDNA D2-D3区进行测序比对,采用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建系统进化树分析。结果表明,线虫形态学特征与柑橘半穿刺线虫Tylenchulus semipenetrans一致,系统发育树分析进一步明确为柑橘半穿刺线虫。这是国内首次报道柑橘半穿刺线虫寄生金柑,是导致金柑黄化慢衰的病因。研究结果为制订有效防控策略提供了重要理论依据。 相似文献
12.
The distribution of the plant-parasitic nematodes Pratylenchus coffeae sensu lato and Meloidogyne spp. were studied in two plots, one in Guatemala ( P. coffeae and M. paranaensis ) and the other in Costa Rica ( P. coffeae and M. exigua ). The quantity of nematodes per g fresh weight root were counted for each coffee tree sampled. The distributions were aggregated, and generally fitted well to negative binomial distributions. Population aggregation was greater when a smaller number of nematodes were involved, suggesting that initial colonization develops in foci. Analyses of the relationships between population levels of the species suggested that there was competition between Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. This competition was expressed differently depending on the relative population density of the different species. 相似文献
13.
耐多菌灵淡紫拟青霉对线虫的致病力及其在土壤中的存活 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在室内条件下,测定了耐多菌灵淡紫拟青霉Paecilomyces lilacinusPL221菌株对拟松材线虫Bursaphelenchus mucronatus的致死率和对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita卵的寄生率,及其在土壤中的存活情况。结果表明：菌株PL221对拟松材线虫的致死率为75.6%,高于出发菌株36-1,两者有极显著差异;菌株PL221对根结线虫卵的寄生率为62.1%,也高于出发菌株36-1,但两者无显著差异。将菌株PL221以孢子液和固体发酵物的形式施入土壤,都可在土壤中存活至少60d,其中以固体发酵物的形式施入土壤中的存活量较高。菌株PL221在土壤中的存活量受降水量影响较大,二者关系呈负相关。 相似文献
14.
Edna Sharon Ilan Chet Yitzhak Spiegel 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(3):291-299
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that bind to eggs and/or second-stage juveniles of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica were tested for their effects on the parasitic interactions between this nematode and the fungus Trichoderma. Parasitism of Trichoderma asperellum-203 and Trichoderma atroviride on nematode egg masses, eggs and juveniles was enhanced when antibodies were incorporated into in vitro parasitism bioassays.
Parasitism on separated eggs (without gelatinous matrix) and their hatched juveniles was also improved, compared to controls
without antibodies that did not attach fungal conidia. Improved parasitism could be due to bilateral binding of the antibodies
to the nematodes and conidia, enabling better conidial attachment to the nematodes. Enhanced germination of antibody-bound
conidia further improved parasitism. Differences were observed among antibodies in their effects on fungal parasitism and
their interaction with Trichoderma species. We focused mainly on the egg- and juvenile-binding monoclonal antibody MISC that exhibited a stronger reaction with
T. asperellum-203 than with T. atroviride. Pretreatment of this antibody with fucose inhibited its binding to nematodes and conidial attachment to nematodes, as well
as conidial agglutination in the presence of the antibody. Antibody binding to juveniles affected their movement and viability,
especially gelatinous matrix-originated juveniles. The fucose-specific lectin Ulex europaeus-I enhanced conidial attachment to nematode life-stages, and conidial agglutination occurred in its presence. These phenomena
were inhibited by preincubating lectin with fucose. Our results suggest that carbohydrate residues, such as fucose, on the
surface of the nematode and fungal conidia are involved in the antibody- and lectin-mediated improved parasitism. 相似文献
15.
关中西部葛藤(Puerraria)根区AM真菌分布与定殖 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
分析陕西武功的药葛、粉葛和菜葛3个葛藤品种（Puerraria lobata）根区AM真菌的空间分布和定殖情况,以了解AM真菌分布和定殖与土壤因子间的相关性。结果表明：AM真菌定殖和空间分布与宿主种类和土壤深度密切相关。同一植物,品种不同AM真菌定殖率也不同,菜葛的总定殖率,泡囊和菌丝定殖率分别高达98．85％,82．79％,95．96％,均高于粉葛与药葛。丛枝定殖率粉葛显著高于药葛;孢子密度药葛高达7．95个/g土,显著高于菜葛和粉葛。AM真菌孢子密度和菌丝,丛枝及总定殖率均在0～10cm土层达到最大值,而其泡囊定殖率最大值则出现在10-20cm土层。葛藤根际土壤有机质与丛枝定殖率呈显著正相关。土壤pH值与总定殖率呈极显著负相关,与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关。土样中AM真菌多为球囊霉属（Glomus）种类。也有少数无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）和盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）种类,详细情况有待于进一步鉴定。 相似文献
16.
为探讨甘肃陇东地区大豆孢囊线虫田间侵染动态,于2017年-2019年对大豆根系和根际土壤定期定点取样,采用漂浮法、贝曼漏斗法及酸性品红染色法对土样中和根组织内线虫进行分离计数,研究其繁殖数量与气温、降雨量的关系。结果表明,2017年土壤中2龄幼虫和新鲜孢囊的数量有3个明显高峰,大豆根组织内2～4龄幼虫均出现3个明显高峰,即发生3代,平均世代历期35 d。2018年-2019年土壤中2龄幼虫和新鲜孢囊均有4个明显高峰,大豆根组织内2～4龄幼虫亦出现4个明显高峰,即发生4代。第1代侵染数量最多,是主要危害世代。最后1代侵染数量极少且发育缓慢。在2017年-2019年生长季中,线虫繁殖数量与生长季平均温度具有相关性,与累积降雨量无相关性。 相似文献
17.
Desert ephemeral plants play an important role in desert ecosystem.Soil water availability is considered as the major restrictive factor limiting the growth of ephemeral plants.Moreover,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM fungi) are widely reported to improve the growth of desert ephemerals.The present study aimed to test the hypothesis of that AM fungi could alleviate drought stress of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta,and AM fungal functions reduced with the improvement of soil water content.A pot experiment was carried out with three levels of soil water contents(4.5%,9.0%,and 15.8%(w/w)),and three AM inoculation treatments(Glomus mosseae,Glomus etunicatum and non-inoculation).The results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with the increase of soil water availability.Inoculation improved plant growth and N,P and K acquisition in both shoots and roots regardless water treatments.When comparing the two fungi,plants inoculated with G.mosseae performed better than those inoculated with G.etunicatum in terms of plant growth and nutrient acquisition.These results showed that ameliorative soil water did not suppress arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal functions in improving growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta. 相似文献
18.
B.R. Kerry 《EPPO Bulletin》1982,12(4):491-496
Populations of the cereal cyst nematode fail to multiply in many soils in Europe and farmers are able to grow susceptible crops intensively on infested land. Similar numbers of females develop on roots in summer in soils where numbers of the nematode increase or decline. Two fungi, Nematophthora gynophila and Verticillium chlamydosporium parasitize females on roots, prevent cyst formation, decrease fecundity, and limit nematode numbers. Formalin (38 % formaldehyde) soil drenches at 3000 1/ha reduce the activity of these fungi and populations of the nematode increase, N. gynophila is an Oomycete which infects by motile zoospores whose activity is decreased when summer rainfall is light whereas V. chlamydosporium is much less affected by soil moisture. The decline of Heterodera avenae populations is associated with large numbers of spores in soil. At present it is not possible to control the nematode by introducing these fungi into soils where they are few or absent. 相似文献
19.
河北省禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度和冬小麦产量损失的关系 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为明确禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae对小麦的危害,于2011年10月—2012年6月在自然环境条件下采用定量接种方法测定了其在不同接种密度下对冬小麦产量和线虫繁殖的影响。结果表明,随着禾谷孢囊线虫接种密度的增加,小麦的株高、穗长、小穗数、分蘖数和籽粒重均呈下降趋势。小麦产量随着接种密度的增加损失率增加,在接种密度大于29个卵和2龄幼虫/g土时,小麦产量损失率均达50%以上,接种密度为465个卵和2龄幼虫/g土时损失率最大,达到77.7%;当接种密度小于116个卵和2龄幼虫/g土时,禾谷孢囊线虫的最终密度随着接种密度的增加而增加,但接种密度大于该值时,最终线虫密度则随着接种密度的增加而减少;且其繁殖系数随着接种密度的增加而降低。以小麦单株籽粒重为参数,利用Seinhorst模型拟合孢囊线虫密度与产量的关系,可知小麦对禾谷孢囊线虫的最低忍耐值为5个卵和2龄幼虫/g土,相对最低产量为0.23。 相似文献
20.
Nigel G. M. Hague Mahmoud Damadzadeh Sahag K. Garabedian Kamal H. Radwan 《Pest management science》1983,14(6):587-595
In-vivo tests of non-volatile nematicides using a fungal-feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae were shown to be more reliable than in-vitro tests. Phoxim and carbofuran were as effective as thionazin against the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci in preventing eggs being laid, but they did not prevent nematodes from migrating from treated plants. Aldicarb and phoxim delayed the emergence of second-stage juveniles from cysts of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis; phoxim at 8 mg kg?1 of soil gave the same results as aldicarb at 2 mg kg?1 of soil and both chemicals altered the sex ratio in the final population. A simple pot-test with G. rostochiensis in foul soil types was used to demonstrate the comparative effectiveness of non-volatile nematicides. 相似文献