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1.
Social sustainability, farm labor, and organic agriculture: Findings
from an exploratory analysis 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
Much of the attention by social scientists to the rapidly growing organic agriculture sector focuses on the benefits it provides to consumers (in the form of pesticide-free foods) and to farmers (in the form of price premiums). By contrast, there has been little discussion or research about the implications of the boom in organic agriculture for farmworkers on organic farms. In this paper, we ask the question: From the perspective of organic farmers, does “certified organic” agriculture encompass a commitment to “sustainability” that prioritizes social goals? Specifically, we aim to broaden our understanding of the relationship between social sustainability and organic agriculture by drawing attention to issues affecting farmworkers, whose labor and contribution tends to elude most discussions of organic agriculture. We present findings from a survey of organic farmers in California about the possible incorporation of social standards into organic certification criteria. Our findings suggest that, at best, lukewarm support for social certification within organic agriculture exists among certified organic farmers in California. They also question expectations that organic agriculture necessarily fosters social or even economic sustainability for most of the farmers and farmworkers involved. However, we also find exceptions to the patterns evidenced in our survey. In-depth interviews with select organic farmers demonstrate that there are individuals whose practices are atypical and demonstrate that, under some circumstances, an organic production system can be at once environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable. 相似文献
2.
在土地资源约束趋紧、保障主粮供给的背景下,提高茶叶种植户的生产效率是茶产业转型发展的关键。基于DEA-SFA三阶段模型,利用安徽省茶叶种植户的调查数据,测算不同规模茶叶种植户生产效率及其特征差异。结果表明:不同规模的茶叶种植户生产效率差异较大,规模效率主导了综合效率的大小与变化趋势,且其变化在不同规模之间服从正态分布;纯技术效率随着种植规模的扩大而提高。在其决定因素中,市场距离与种植规模之间呈现倒U型关系,且种植规模越大,市场距离的作用越强;劳动力短缺是所有类型茶叶种植户共同面临的难题,即种植户的规模越大,劳动力短缺问题越突出。因此,应合理布局茶叶交易市场,引导更多小农户发展规模经营,鼓励合作社等新型经营主体带动小农户发展现代农业,以减少因劳动力短缺、市场距离等因素导致成本上升而出现的规模效率损失。 相似文献
3.
4.
笔者2011年7月9–29日参加了北京市委组织部组织的加拿大现代农业培训项目。期间听取了安大略省果蔬种植者协会副会长John Kelly博士关于加拿大有机农业发展的大致介绍,参观了安大略省Zephyr Organics有机农场,初步调查了多伦多市部分超市有机农产品销售柜台,查阅整理了相关资料,形成了该文。一方面作为个人培训总结,另一方面希望对北京市发展有机农业有所启迪。 相似文献
5.
日本环境保全型农业概述及启迪 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
日本作为发达国家,对农业的投入与环境的保护相当重视,并形成许多有机农业团体,提出了可持续农业、低投入型农业、绿色农业等多种叫法,并把其总称为环境保全型农业.为此制定了很多相关政策,采取了一系列对应的农业技术对策.其经验及先进做法对我国农业的发展及环境保护具有很大的启示作用. 相似文献
6.
US livestock agriculture hasdeveloped and intensified according to a strictproductionist model that emphasizes industrialefficiency. Sustainability problems associatedwith this model have become increasinglyevident and more contested. Traditionalapproaches to promoting sustainable agriculturehave emphasized education and outreach toencourage on-farm adoption of alternativeproduction systems. Such efforts build on anunderlying assumption that farmers areempowered to make decisions regarding theorganization and management of theiroperations. However, as vertical coordinationin agriculture continues, especially in theanimal agriculture sectors, this assumptionbecomes less valid. This paper examines how thechanging industrial structure in four USlivestock sectors (poultry, hogs, beef, anddairy) affects possibilities in each forpromoting more sustainable productionpractices. Comparisons between the sectors arebased on the relative ability to employ anintensive pasture or alternative (deep-bedded)housing system, which are widely seen assustainable livestock alternatives. While thehighly integrated poultry sector appearsimpregnable to traditional sustainableagriculture approaches, the cow-calf sub-sectorof the beef industry, non-feedlot dairyoperations, and small parts of the hogindustry, especially in the Midwest, stillretain some potential for effectively targetingthe farmer. Building on the presentation ofbarriers and opportunities in the fourlivestock sectors, the paper concludes byevaluating several structurally-orientedapproaches to promoting a more sustainablelivestock agriculture that should complementmore traditional approaches. They includedeveloping alternative coordinated networks inlivestock agriculture, pressing integrators topermit more sustainable production practices,and working for legislation that shifts moredecision-making within integrated systemstowards growers. 相似文献
7.
Mrill Ingram 《Agriculture and Human Values》2002,19(4):325-336
Organic cotton productionboomed in the early 1990s only to fall steeplymid-decade. Production is currently rising, butslowly, and has yet to reach previous levels.This is in marked contrast to the steady growthin organic food production during the 1990s.Why, when other areas of organic productionexperienced steady growth, did organic cottonexperience a boom and bust? A study of thecotton production and processing industryreveals a long and heavily industrializedproduction chain that has presented numerouschallenges to growers and processors trying tointroduce an organic product. In addition, muchof the surge in demand for organic cotton clothoriginated with clothing manufacturersresponding to increased consumer environmentalconcern and interest in improving theirenvironmental reputations. This demandevaporated when clothing companies encountereda lack of consumer awareness of theenvironmental costs of conventional cottonproduction and the benefits of organic cotton.Organic clothing lines were abandoned and manycotton farmers, left with no market for theirorganic bales, were forced to either store thebales or sell them on the conventional marketfor a loss. An examination of the social andtechnical aspects of organic cotton productionidentifies some of the critical variables, suchas the risks farmers face in agriculturalproduction, the organic standards, sources ofinnovation in technological change, and the roleof consumer demand in supporting moresustainable technology, all of which shape thecontinuing development of organic products. 相似文献
8.
有机农业生产中的基因饰变生物(GMOs)问题及对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从有机农业生产角度综合分析论述了基因饰变生物在开发和应用中存在的问题、有机农业生产和加工中的相关标准,及如何来防止基因饰变生物对有机农业的污染,并分析了我国有机农业发展中的基因饰变生物状况。 相似文献
9.
From Agronomic Research to Farm Management Guidelines: A Primer on the Economics of Information and Precision Technology 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An ultimate purpose of much agronomic and agricultural economic research is to provide management guidelines (e.g., on application rates of fertilizer, seed, and herbicides) to farmers. Ideally, farm management guidelines or recommendations would be determined by applying sound economic theory to data from agronomic experiments. While information provided by agronomic data about the relationship between crop yields, managed inputs, soil characteristics, and weather variables has always been valuable, we argue in this paper that because such information and precision agriculture technology are economic complements, the advent of precision agriculture technology has made information provided by agronomic experiments now even more valuable than ever. The purpose of this paper is to point out and respond to two practical implications of the complementarity between precision technology and information from agronomic research. The first implication is that because precision technology has made information more valuable, it is also more costly now when agronomists make mistakes in using economic theory to derive incorrect farm management recommendations from the information. Therefore it is more important than ever that agronomists understand some basic economic theory about agricultural production and precision technology. Our response is to provide here an economic primer on precision agriculture and information. We also recommend increased collaboration between agronomists and agricultural economists in precision technology research. The second implication is that, because precision technology has made the information more valuable, there is more need than ever for long-term, multi-regional agronomic experiments. For before scholarly experts can provide separate management recommendations for many very small areas of farmers' fields, they will need to know much more than they currently do about the relationships between crop yields, input application rates, soil characteristics, and weather variables. Our response is to call for agronomists to begin designing and implementing such experiments, and to call for increased public funding of such experiments. 相似文献
10.
Laura T. Raynolds 《Agriculture and Human Values》2000,17(3):297-309
The international organic agricultureand fair trade movements represent importantchallenges to the ecologically and sociallydestructive
relations that characterize the globalagro-food system. Both movements critique conventionalagricultural production and consumption
patterns andseek to create a more sustainable world agro-foodsystem. The international organic movement focuses onre-embedding
crop and livestock production in ``naturalprocesses,' encouraging trade in agriculturalcommodities produced under certified
organicconditions and processed goods derived from thesecommodities. For its part, the fair trade movementfosters the re-embedding
of international commodityproduction and distribution in ``equitable socialrelations,' developing a more stable and advantageoussystem
of trade for agricultural and non-agriculturalgoods produced under favorable social andenvironmental conditions. The international
market forboth organic and fair trade products has grownimpressively in recent years. Yet the success of thesemovements is
perhaps better judged by their ability tochallenge the abstract capitalist relations that fuelexploitation in the global agro-food
system. While theorganic movement currently goes further in revealingthe ecological conditions of production and the fairtrade
movement goes further in revealing the socialconditions of production, there are signs that the twomovements are forging a
common ground in definingminimum social and environmental requirements. I arguefrom a theoretical and empirical basis that
what makesfair trade a more effective oppositional movement isits focus on the relations of agro-food trade anddistribution.
By demystifying global relations ofexchange and challenging market competitiveness basedsolely on price, the fair trade movement
creates aprogressive opening for bridging the wideningNorth/South divide and for wresting control of theagro-food system away
from oligopolistic transnationalcorporations infamous for their socially andenvironmentally destructive business practices.
This revised version was published online in May 2006 with corrected author information 相似文献
11.
Sonja Brodt Gail Feenstra Robin Kozloff Karen Klonsky Laura Tourte 《Agriculture and Human Values》2006,23(1):75-88
While questions about the environmental sustainability of contemporary farming practices and the socioeconomic viability of
rural communities are attracting increasing attention throughout the US, these two issues are rarely considered together.
This paper explores the current and potential connections between these two aspects of sustainability, using data on community
members’ and farmers’ views of agricultural issues in California’s Central Valley. These views were collected from a series
of individual and group interviews with biologically oriented and conventional farmers as well as community stakeholders.
Local marketing, farmland preservation, and perceptions of sustainable agriculture comprised the primary topics of discussion.
The mixed results indicate that, while many farmers and community members have a strong interest in these topics, sustainable
community development and the use of sustainable farming practices are seldom explicitly linked. On the other hand, many separate
efforts around the Valley to increase local marketing and agritourism, improve public education about agriculture, and organize
grassroots farmland preservation initiatives were documented. We conclude that linking these efforts more explicitly to sustainable
agriculture and promoting more engagement between ecologically oriented farmers and their communities could engender more
economic and political support for these farmers, helping them and their communities to achieve greater sustainability in
the long run.
Sonja Brodt is a former program evaluation specialist with the University of California Integrated Pest Management Program. Her current
research focuses on extension and adoption of integrated pest management strategies by California growers and the impacts
of pesticide safety training programs on farmworkers.
Gail Feenstra is a food systems analyst at the University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program (SAREP).
She coordinates SAREP’s Community Development and Public Policy grants program and conducts outreach and education to academic
and community-based groups to build their capacity and leadership skills for developing sustainable community food systems.
Robin Kozloff is a social science researcher and consultant in agricultural and land use policy.
Karen Klonsky is an extension specialist at the University of California at Davis in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
Her research focuses on the economic viability of organic and sustainable farming systems as well as the evolution of the
organic market.
Laura Tourte is county director and farm advisor at the University of California Cooperative Extension in Santa Cruz County. Her research
and extension activities currently focus on farm management and marketing for small-scale growers. 相似文献
12.
种植大户作为重要的现代农业经营主体,可持续性发展意义重大。但长期以来,农业成本增速快于收入增速,种植大户的利润空间变窄。农产品成本中土地租金费、机械费、化肥费、雇工费增速明显且占比较大,不同品种的农产品成本和收益率存在很大差别。采用数据包络分析法发现,在现有条件下,安徽省种植大户最优种植规模为4～6.67公顷,规模经营并没有显著提高种植大户的效率;土地和人工费用投入明显冗余,需要适当调整投入量。大户的经营风险不容忽视。建议种植大户充分考虑成本和收益,适度规模经营。 相似文献
13.
Amy Guptill 《Agriculture and Human Values》2009,26(1-2):29-42
Stakeholders in traditional dairy-producing states in the upper Midwest and Northeast hope that the boom in the organic milk market will offer family-scale dairy farms a means to escape the cost-price squeeze of the conventional food system. However, recent trends in organic dairy raise questions about whether organic dairy is conventionalizing, which is to say it is coming to resemble the conventional sector as shown in disparities of power in the value chain that pressure all participants to adopt more industrial practices. This paper reports the results of an exploratory qualitative study of whether and how the organic milk value chain in upstate New York is conventionalizing. Findings lend some support to the conventionalization hypothesis in that organic milk from the beginning has been produced, processed, and marketed as a commodity, and the federal regulations governing organic dairy have facilitated the replication of this commodity-based system. However, there is also evidence that some producers are responding to these pressures not by intensifying, but by going deeper into the alternative organic model, forging more direct and local relationships along the value chain and embracing principles of the organic movement. 相似文献
14.
Heiniger R. W. Havlin J. L. Crouse D. A. Kvien C. Knowles T. 《Precision Agriculture》2002,3(4):309-318
The traditional role of field days and tours has been to introduce growers and agricultural professionals to new technologies and techniques so that the audience could see how these technologies or techniques could be practically used and applied. Based on this concept, the use of field days or tours to demonstrate the radically new technologies and site-specific management techniques behind precision farming is a perfect application of these tools. Indeed, a survey of precision farming field days held in a number of states found that field days were beneficial in showing growers and agricultural professionals global positioning systems, yield monitoring systems, techniques for grid soil sampling, software for geographic information systems, vehicle guidance systems, variable-rate application equipment, and a host of other technologies and processes. In particular, hands-on experiences, such as field demonstrations, guided sampling activities, and combine harvesting demonstrations are extremely well received and valuable. Indoor seminars featuring farmer panels, side-by-side software demonstrations, and demonstrations of geographic information systems have received high marks by participants. The survey found that a field day must be centered on a well-defined objective and a thorough understanding of the needs of the audience. Survey respondents unanimously agreed that precision farming field days and tours will be even more important as future advances in technology and management techniques are discovered. However, future precision agriculture field days or tours must be coupled with other issues or topics where precision agriculture technologies can be used to solve a practical problem and enhance management practices. 相似文献
15.
Lee-Ann Sutherland 《Agriculture and Human Values》2013,30(3):429-441
Recent decades have seen a rapid increase in the rate of conversion from conventional to organic farming, as organic farming shifted from an alternative production approach practiced by a small number of idealists, to the de facto alternative to mainstream conventional production. Although there has been considerable academic debate as to the role of agri-business penetration into the production and marketing chains of organic farming (‘conventionalization’), less is known about how the economic drivers of conventionalization are negotiated into practices at the farm level. Drawing on Bourdieu’s conceptualization of economic and cultural capitals, the direct connection between symbols of ‘good farming’ and the economic requirements of maintaining a viable farming business (i.e., the ‘taste of necessity’) is demonstrated. Findings indicate that conventional and organic farmers in the study sites identified a similar range of cultural symbols, but organic farmers emphasized different symbols within this range. This diversity and selectivity demonstrates the fragmentation and contestation of ideals resulting from economic challenges at the time of the study. Economic capital is important to the decision to consider conversion to organic farming, but formal conversion reflects re-weighting of forms of cultural capital. The author argues that recognition of the impact of economic pressures on conventional farming, which in the study sites often led to reduced input use rather than intensification, is missing from the conventionalization debate. The mainstreaming of organic farming production has presented conventional farmers with a set of alternative or re-weighted symbols and a crucible for reflexive consideration of their own standards and practices of farming. 相似文献
16.
环境友好型农业生态补偿实践进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
环境友好型农业是兼顾生产和环境保护的农业生产方式,具有典型的正外部性。发达国家通过生态补偿措施来激励农民采取环境友好型农业生产方式,政策措施实用且有效,推动了可持续农业的快速发展。系统综述了国内外开展环境友好型农业生态补偿的实践及其效果,并基于我国在保护性耕作、测土配方施肥、土壤有机质提升、生态农业和生态标记等方面的生态补偿实践,指出了制约我国环境友好型农业生态补偿发挥更积极作用的主要因素是补偿金额、补偿期限和补偿方式。同时,通过借鉴国外发达国家的经验,提出了建立环境友好型农业技术清单等政策建议,对于加快我国环境友好型农业生态补偿进程具有重要的意义。 相似文献
17.
刘乐卿 《安徽农业大学学报》2024,33(2):41-49
泰国的小农经济在市场化条件下顽强存在的主要原因是当地的社会结构和道德传统依然具有比较强的韧性和稳定性。对泰国南奔府的有机农业进行人类学田野调查发现,小农户在市场化情境中面临销路不稳定、农业劳动力短缺等风险,但是从事有机农业的农民通过有效运用有机农业的种植技术、社区合作网络来缓解这种风险,维护有机农业的价值。在政府政策、市场力量和“互帮互助”“团结协作”道德规范的共同作用下,小农户积极建立社区企业、学习中心等农业合作组织,这既有助于他们在参与市场化的过程中维护生计安全,同时也使这种道德规范开始具有市场经济的特征,焕发出新的生机与活力。此外,小农户的生产实践也有助于维护乡村的社会秩序,传承原有的道德规范。 相似文献
18.
现代有机农业的种植越发受到重视,谈到有机农业,就与绿色发展有着不可分割的联系。种
植有机农业有很多的优势,不仅可以保护环境,减轻对土壤的危害,还能给人们提供绿色食品,所以,
有机农业的种植成为农业发展的重点。农业是中国的第一产业,但是由于过去盲目的种植,给土壤带
来危害,也威胁着人们的身体健康。所以,加强对现代有机种植和栽培技术的研究,具有十分重要的
作用和意义。 相似文献
19.
研究选取了距离青木池村较近,烤烟种植情况和社会经济状况基本相似,且未试行专业化烘烤的自然村——清水塘村作为对照区,以组织专业化烘烤和未组织专业化烘烤的2个相邻地区内年龄大于18周岁的永久性居民为研究对象,由于样本的分散性和随机性,考虑到不同的性别、文化程度、年龄、植烟面积以及经济收入等因素,采取随机调查的方式发放问卷,采用Excel对调查数据进行了统计与分析。结果表明,参与专业化烘烤对于烟农经济收入的激励效明显高于非专业化烘烤;专业化烘烤地区的烟农在参与专业化烘烤生产后对其未来发展问题的关注焦点明显有别于非专业化烘烤地区,专业化烘烤地区更侧重于技术、管理和配套产业的改善,非专业化烘烤地区认为外出打工才是改善目前状况的主要途径;专业化烘烤的运行机制和内部管理及推广应用中存在一定的问题,需要进一步完善。最后,提出要正确处理专业化烘烤增收与经济发展、明确主体与强化扶持的关系,以确保专业化烘烤的可持续发展,有效提高烟农的经济收益。 相似文献
20.
为探索促进农户转变肥料投入行为、加速有机肥替代化肥,基于黄淮海与环渤海设施蔬菜优势产区蔬菜种植户调查数据,立足生产要素替代关系视角,在对农户有机肥替代化肥行为进行理论分析的基础上,运用超越对数生产函数模型、样条模型等对农户有机肥替代化肥的行为现状、驱动因素及异质性进行研究,结果表明：1)农户有机肥产出弹性高出化肥产出弹性44%,有机肥—化肥替代弹性为1.269,表现出较大的替代潜力;2)适度规模集中连片经营、专业化水平提高、使用更高肥效的有机肥、生态环保意识更强有利于推动农户有机肥替代化肥,而当前合作组织服务能力不足、优质优价机制尚未有效形成、有机肥效不稳定等问题则限制了农户替代积极性;3)家庭耕地面积在0.500～0.667hm2的农户更倾向于用有机肥替代化肥。最后,提出应推动生产连片、适度规模经营,加强对农户有关有机肥知识与科学操作方面的教育和培训,提高有机肥质量与施用效果,鼓励社会化服务组织介入生产环节,建立绿色农产品品牌,实现优质优价的对策建议。 相似文献