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1.
M M HASOBA Ahmed 《干旱区科学》2020,12(4):609-617
Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m2 for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm2 and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities. 相似文献
2.
Junhui CHENG 《干旱区科学》2020,12(4):618-629
In forest ecosystems, interactions between overstory trees and understory herbs play an important role in driving plant species diversity. However, reported links between overstory tree and understory herb species diversity have been inconsistent, due to variations in forest types and environmental conditions. Here, we measured species richness (SR) and diversity (Shannon-Wiener (H') and Simpson's (D) indices) of overstory trees and understory herbs in the protected Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest (TWFF), Northwest China, to explore their relationships along the latitudinal, longitudinal, elevational, and climatic (current climate and paleoclimate) gradients in 2018. We found that SR, and H' and D diversity indices of overstory trees and understory herbs exhibited a unimodal pattern with increasing latitude and elevation (P<0.05) and negative associations with longitude (P<0.01). Along the climatic gradients, there were U-shaped patterns in SR, and H' and D diversity indices between trees and herbs (P<0.05). SR, and H' and D diversity indices for overstory tree species were positively associated with those for understory herbs (P<0.01). These findings indicate that overstory trees and understory herbs should be protected concurrently in the TWFF to increase effectiveness of species diversity conservation programs. 相似文献
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Linear regression of dry weight of weeds against crop density, together with the use of diversity indices and principal component analysis were used to derive information about changes in the behaviour of annual weeds over the growing season and in response to a wide range of crop densities in vining peas Pisum sativum L. Using linear regression it was possible to quantify reductions in weed dry weights per unit increase in crop plant density The ‘weed losse’ factor was acceptably consistent between experiments. Indices examining richness and evenness showed that numbers of weed species declined with increasing crop density and as the season progressed, but although species evenness became less at successive sampling dates the presence of a pea crop, whatever its density, did not radically alter the composition of the weed flora. Principal component analysis demonstrated that although there was competition within the weed flora, the crop did not replace the dominant weed species on high density plots, but reduced growth of all weed species alike. 相似文献
4.
青海湖流域沙柳河草甸群落结构与数量特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沿青海湖流域沙柳河河岸,选取多个断面进行样方调查,分析沿沙柳河距河流入湖处不同距离、垂直河岸方向上草甸群落结构、地上生物量以及物种多样性的变化特征,并讨论影响群落结构变化的生境因子。结果表明：① 在所调查的样地中,有草本植物52种,隶属39属,13科。平均总盖度为70%,平均地上生物量为131 g•m-2。② 随着离湖距离的增加,Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度、物种均匀度指数、地上生物量呈现先增加后略微减小的趋势,盖度的变化趋势是先增加后不变。土壤含水量和土壤含盐量、海拔等可能是影响植物群落空间分布差异的主要原因。③ Shannon-Wiener指数、物种丰富度与地上生物量呈现不明显的线性关系。 相似文献
5.
采用野外调查和统计分析相结合的方法,对孙家湾矸石山阴坡不同排矸年限地段物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:在不同排矸年限地段,物种组成变化较大,由排矸初期的5科5种发展为后期的7科23种,并由一年生草本群落逐渐演变为榆树群落。物种综合多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数与排矸年限呈显著的正相关关系,而A latalo均匀度指数与排矸年限呈显著的负相关。 相似文献
6.
Elizabeth C. Whiting Ronald W. Roncadori Bruce C. Bongarten Katherine L. Reynolds 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):213-219
From 1989 through to and including 1994 extensive premature defoliation of black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was observed in a progeny test plantation in Greene County, in the Georgia Piedmont. During July 1991 and 1992, all observed trees suffered greater than 50% defoliation. Leaflets of black locust showing symptoms of leaf spotting began abscising as early as mid-June following wet springs. Onset and progress of defoliation was followed on 50 trees in two plots in 1993 and 1994. In both years, sample trees were cut at the base and allowed to regrow from sprouts. A protectant fungicide, chlorothalonil (Daconil WDG 1.5 g/l water) was applied to run-off weekly to one-half of the growing sprouts beginning 17 April through 22 August 1994 by backpack sprayer. Air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and leaf wetness were monitored. Abscission of unprotected leaflets in 1993, a dry, hot year, began in mid-July and averaged 36% by late August; abscission of unprotected leaflets in 1994, a wet, cool year, began in mid-June and averaged 80% by late August; whereas, abscission of protected leaflets in 1994 began in late June and averaged 70% by late August. The Gompertz model described the increase of leaflet abscission with time. The estimated rate of leaflet abscission for unprotected leaflets in 1993 was significantly slower ( k = 0.056/wk) compared to the rate of abscission of unprotected leaflets in 1994 ( k =0.070/wk). Estimated rates of leaflet abscission were not significantly different between protected ( k = 0.063/wk) and unprotected trees ( k =0.070/wk) in 1994. Cumulative hours of leaf wetness of 600 h were associated with initial leaf spotting and defoliation in 1993 and in 1994. Delay in leaflet abscission of protected trees indicates that fungal infection may have contributed to premature defoliation of black locust with onset related to moisture conditions favourable for infection. 相似文献
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科尔沁沙质草地封育过程中的植被变化及其机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区的沙质草地封育后的植被变化及其机制进行分析研究。结果表明：① 围栏封育使植被物种丰富度、密度显著提高,群落的优势种发生明显变化;围封地的Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均表现为随封育时间增加而下降,而Pielou均匀度指数随围封时间增加表现出先增加后下降的趋势。② 围栏封育可以增加土壤表层（0~10 cm）的养分含量,但电导率随围封时间表现出先降低后增加的趋势,同时围栏封育使土壤水分含量下降。③ 土壤表层（0~10 cm）各因子对多样性的影响不同,全氮和pH与Pielou指数呈显著(P<0.05)负相关;全氮对于丰富度指数呈显著(P<0.05)正相关;其他土壤环境因子与多样性指数间关系均不显著,表明在沙质草地封育不利于植物多样性的维持,但有利于土壤养分的积累。 相似文献
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J. A. Mouen Bedimo D. Bieysse S. Nyassé J. L. Nottéghem C. Cilas 《Plant pathology》2010,59(2):324-329
The development of coffee berry disease (CBD) epidemics (caused by Colletotrichum kahawae) in Cameroon was monitored over two successive years (2004 and 2005) on coffee trees protected from rainfall by transparent plastic sheets and on unprotected control trees. This work was done to assess how rain affected disease development when it did not fall directly onto the coffee trees and to determine the influence of primary inoculum on the severity of CBD. Weekly observations over the 2 years showed that there were 1·1% diseased berries on coffee trees completely protected from rainfall, compared with 45% diseased berries on unprotected coffee trees. Disease severity on unprotected trees during the 2 years of the experiment was estimated at 53% diseased berries, compared with 27% on trees only protected in the first year. These results confirmed rainfall as one of the key physical factors in the development of Arabica CBD. They also provided evidence of a subsequent effect of protecting coffee trees from rainfall in 2004 on the severity of CBD in 2005. This suggested some practices that might lead to very effective cultural control of CBD in regions where severe epidemics of the disease occur. 相似文献
9.
Data on dry matter accumulation by weeds in the presence or absence of two densities of vining peas was used to compare six diversity indices as measures of changes in the structure and behaviour of the weed flora. Analysis of variance was carried out for each index and the residuals were examined for skewness, kurtosis and heteroscedasticity. Indices based on species number (richness) and species evenness were found to be effective and reliable over the wide range of data examined and permitted new information to be derived. They showed that while increasing competition from the pea crops suppressed weed growth and reduced the number of species recorded at successive sampling dates, there was no selection pressure and species evenness was not reduced. 相似文献
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短花针茅荒漠草原土壤种子库对不同放牧强度的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原,采用野外随机定点取样与室内萌发相结合的方法,对不同放牧强度下围封草地土壤种子库的密度、垂直结构、多样性、丰富度、均匀度、以及种子库与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明,在各试验区土壤种子库主要分布在0～20cm土层,占种子库总密度的87%～96%;随着放牧强度的增加,土壤种子库总密度减少,同时地上植被与土壤种子库的相似物种数减少,种子库组成的相异性增加;轻度放牧对土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例影响较小,而中度和重度放牧使土壤种子库中一二年生草本所占比例增加;土壤种子库的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度均随放牧强度的增加而减小。 相似文献
11.
为探明外来入侵草本植物在不同生境中分布差异及关键影响因素,于2015年对云南省纳板河流域国家级自然保护区内天然林、天然林林缘、橡胶林、橡胶林林缘和农田5种生境共164个1 m2样方的外来入侵草本植物种类和数量进行调查,对比不同生境中外来入侵草本植物物种多样性的差异,运用主成分分析法分析5种生境中主要外来入侵草本植物群落组成及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,5种生境中共发现外来入侵草本植物32种,其中橡胶林林缘和农田中外来入侵草本植物种类最多,达20余种,天然林中外来入侵草本植物最少,仅为6种。单因素方差分析结果表明,不同生境中外来入侵草本植物多样性指数差异显著。多重比较检验结果表明,天然林中外来入侵草本植物的物种丰富度指数、香农-威纳指数、辛普森指数和皮洛均匀度指数分别为0.50、0.15、0.09和0.16,均显著低于其它生境;橡胶林中外来入侵草本植物除均匀度指数外,其余多样性指数均显著高于天然林且显著低于其余3种生境;农田中外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度指数为5.50,显著高于其它生境。主成分分析结果表明,不同生境中外来入侵草本植物群落物种组成不同;本地乔灌木物种数量和海拔是影响外来入侵草本植物在不同生境分布的关键因子。 相似文献
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在对江西南昌市梅岭景区6个典型景点中的蜘蛛多样性进行调查、鉴定并获得其蜘蛛资源详实分布名录的基础上,结合另文对其多样性的比较研究结果,通过将其39个未确定种的各科属级物种丰富度、景点物种多样性、群落结构多样性和捕食功能多样性共13个指数作为变量对其区域特色种作用因子进行主成分、相关性和聚类等统计分析,揭示其多样性形成原因和方式。结果表明:景点物种均匀度、景点物种丰富度、景点物种优势度、捕食功能均匀度、群落结构丰富度、捕食功能丰富度是区域特色种形成的6个主要作用因子,各因子间普遍相关,且生态和遗传因素各有侧重地作用于区域特色种的形成。 相似文献
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JULIE MAJOR CHRISTOPH STEINER ANTONIO DITOMMASO NEWTON P.S. FALCÃO JOHANNES LEHMANN 《Weed Biology and Management》2005,5(2):69-76
Soils of the lowland tropics in the central Brazilian Amazon are generally highly leached, acidic and nutrient-poor. Charcoal, combined with other soil amendments, might improve fertility but this, in turn, could lead to increased weed problems for agricultural production. This experiment was conducted to assess weed pressure and species composition on plots receiving various inorganic and organic soil amendments, including charcoal. Additions of inorganic fertilizer, compost and chicken manure resulted in increases in weed ground cover of 40, 22 and 53%, respectively, and increases in species richness of 20, 48, and 63%, respectively. When chicken manure was applied, dominance by a few weed species was reduced, such that different species were more evenly represented. Although charcoal additions alone did not significantly affect weed ground cover or species richness, a synergistic effect occurred when both charcoal and inorganic fertilizers were applied. The percentage ground cover of weeds was 45% within plots receiving inorganic fertilizer, 2% within plots receiving charcoal and 66% within plots receiving both amendments. Improvements in the fertility of nutrient-poor soils of the tropics might increase weed pressure and make the development of effective weed management strategies more critical. These effects on weed populations were observed nearly 2.5 years after the addition of charcoal, chicken manure and compost, and > 1 year after the last application of inorganic fertilizer. 相似文献
14.
克拉玛依植物群落结构和物种多样性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用多样性指数,丰富度指数和均匀度指数对克拉玛依植物群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:梭梭+碱蓬>花花柴、胡杨>碱蓬+麻黄>柽柳>琵琶柴>猪毛菜>梭梭>芦苇>盐节木>白刺+柽柳;灌木和乔木群落多样性指数和丰富度指数大于草本群落,而均匀度指数在乔木,灌木和草本群落中则表现出多样化的趋势。 相似文献
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天山北坡中段山地草地类型多样性研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本研究在野外调查基础上,定量地比较了天山北坡中段乌鲁木齐地区各垂直带具代表性的16个主要草地类型的植物多样性指数、物种丰富度指数,均匀指数。并通过指数间相关关系的分析进而揭示和认识草地群落的功能多样性,探讨草地类型多样性与草地生产力的相互影响。 相似文献
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通过盆栽试验研究了生物有机肥与氯化钾和硫酸钾配施防治香蕉枯萎病的效果。试验结果表明,两种肥料配施促进了香蕉苗生长,降低了香蕉枯萎病病情指数,提高了防病效果,生物有机肥与KCl和K2SO4配施防病效果比单施生物有机肥分别高60%和90%。利用T-RFLP分析土壤细菌DNA多样性,生物有机肥与钾肥配施提高了细菌三个遗传多样性指数,增加了土壤中芽胞杆菌种类。FAME分析也发现生物有机肥以及与钾肥配施促进革兰氏阳性细菌和放线菌繁殖,抑制革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌生长。生物有机肥与钾肥配施,优势互补,改善了土壤微生物群落结构,有利于提高防病效果。 相似文献
18.
稻田中的寄生蜂是水稻害虫重要的自然天敌,在生物防治中起重要作用,但是寄生蜂作用的发挥受到许多因素的影响。本文使用马氏诱集器调查了水稻各生育期稻田中寄生蜂和鳞翅目昆虫的种类及数量,分析了水稻生育期对寄生蜂及其主要寄主鳞翅目昆虫数量的影响。结果发现,在水稻各生育期捕获的寄生蜂数量均显著多于鳞翅目昆虫数量。其中姬蜂科、茧蜂科、赤眼蜂科、缨小蜂科及缘腹细蜂科等属于寄生蜂的优势类群,分别占物种总数的11.80%、11.71%、9.18%、15.51%和11.83%。鳞翅目中,螟蛾科、夜蛾科、卷蛾科和蛱蝶科等为优势类群,分别占物种总数的22.32%、20.87%、26.28%和12.75%。随着水稻生育期的变化,寄生蜂数量先上升后下降,在水稻乳熟期达到最大值,显著高于其他7个生育期的结果。寄生蜂科的Shannon多样性指数,辛普森指数无明显的变化,均匀度指数到乳熟期时有所降低(0.790),随后逐渐上升直到收获。鳞翅目昆虫也呈现先上升后下降趋势,水稻扬花期数量最多,与其他生育期间存在显著差异;鳞翅目科的Shannon多样性指数和辛普森指数在分蘖期到抽穗期虽有波动,但各生育期间差异不显著。在水稻抽穗期到蜡熟期,稻田中鳞翅目科的均匀度指数波动较大,多个生育期间存在显著差异。结果表明,水稻生育期对寄生蜂与鳞翅目昆虫发生数量存在一定的影响,在特定生育期间对昆虫丰富度和多样性存在显著的影响。 相似文献
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为明确不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物及其与本地植物多样性之间的关系,以我国生物多样性丰富的云南省为研究对象,于2014年对云南省6个国家级自然保护区的82个1 m2小样方(78个100 m2大样方)中外来入侵草本植物和本地植物物种丰富度和密度进行调查,并分析外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、外来入侵草本植物密度与本地草本植物密度的关系及对不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度的差异进行分析。结果显示,共调查发现22种外来入侵草本植物,其中纳板河流域国家级自然保护区种类最多,达14种,金平分水岭国家级自然保护区仅有2种;6个国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物的物种丰富度之间、本地草本植物密度与外来入侵草本植物密度之间均呈现正、负2种相关关系,其中哀牢山国家级自然保护区本地草本植物的物种丰富度与外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度呈显著负相关,其它5个国家级自然保护区的相关性均不显著。简单回归分析表明自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种丰富度与本地草本植物物种丰富度、本地草本植物盖度、本地乔灌木物种丰富度呈显著负相关,多元回归分析结果表明乔灌木物种丰富度和经纬度是造成不同自然保护区外来入侵草本植物物种多样性差异的主要原因。 相似文献