共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
ADNAN Shahzada 《干旱区科学》2017,9(6):938-952
Arid regions are highly vulnerable and sensitive to drought. The crops cultivated in arid zones are at high risk due to the high evapotranspiration and water demands. This study analyzed the changes in seasonal and annual evapotranspiration(ET) during 1951–2016 at 50 meteorological stations located in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones of Pakistan using the Penman Monteith(PM) method. The results show that ET is highly sensitive and positively correlated to temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed whereas vapor pressure is negatively correlated to ET. The study also identifies the relationship of ET with the meteorological parameters in different climatic zones of Pakistan. The significant trend analysis of precipitation and temperature(maximum and minimum) are conducted at 95% confidence level to determine the behaviors of these parameters in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones. The mean annual precipitation and annual mean maximum temperature significantly increased by 0.828 mm/a and 0.014℃/a in the arid and extremely arid zones, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased by 0.017℃/a in the extremely arid zone and 0.019℃/a in the arid zone, whereas a significant decrease of 0.007℃/a was observed in the semi-arid zone. This study provides probabilistic future scenarios that would be helpful for policy-makers, agriculturists to plan effective irrigation measures towards the sustainable development in Pakistan. 相似文献
2.
ZHOU Honghua 《干旱区科学》2019,11(6):866-879
Populus euphratica Oliv. is a unique woody tree that can be utilized for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. The effects of saline water irrigation (0.00, 2.93, 8.78 and 17.55 g/L NaCl solutions) on water transport and water use efficiency (WUE) of P. euphratica saplings were researched for improving the survival of P. euphratica saplings and vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China in 2011. Results showed that hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to cavitation of P. euphratica saplings were more sensitive in root xylem than in twig xylem when irrigation water salinity increased. Irrigation with saline water concentration less than 8.78 g/L did not affect the growth of P. euphratica saplings, under which they maintained normal water transport in twig xylem through adjustment of anatomical structure of vessels and kept higher WUE and photosynthesis in leaves through adjustment of stomata. However, irrigation with saline water concentration up to 17.55 g/L severely inhibited the photochemical process and WUE of P. euphratica saplings, resulting in severe water-deficit in leaves and a sharp reduction in water transport in xylem. Thus, it is feasible to irrigate P. euphratica forest by using saline groundwater for improving the survival of P. euphratica saplings and vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China. 相似文献
3.
DZIKITI Sebinasi 《干旱区科学》2019,11(4):495-512
Remote sensing tools are becoming increasingly important for providing spatial information on water use by different ecosystems. Despite significant advances in remote sensing based evapotranspiration (ET) models in recent years, important information gaps still exist on the accuracy of the models particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. In this study, we evaluated the Penman-Monteith based MOD16 and the modified Priestley-Taylor (PT-JPL) models at the daily time step against three measured ET datasets. We used data from two summer and one winter rainfall sites in South Africa. One site was dominated by native broad leaf and the other by fine leafed deciduous savanna tree species and C4 grasses. The third site was in the winter rainfall Cape region and had shrubby fynbos vegetation. Actual ET was measured using open-path eddy covariance systems at the summer rainfall sites while a surface energy balance system utilizing the large aperture boundary layer scintillometer was used in the Cape. Model performance varied between sites and between years with the worst estimates (R2<0.50 and RMSE>0.80 mm/d) observed during years with prolonged mid-summer dry spells in the summer rainfall areas. Sensitivity tests on MOD16 showed that the leaf area index, surface conductance and radiation budget parameters had the largest effect on simulated ET. MOD16 ET predictions were improved by: (1) reformulating the emissivity expressions in the net radiation equation; (2) incorporating representative surface conductance values; and (3) including a soil moisture stress function in the transpiration sub-model. Implementing these changes increased the accuracy of MOD16 daily ET predictions at all sites. However, similar adjustments to the PT-JPL model yielded minimal improvements. We conclude that the MOD16 ET model has the potential to accurately predict water use in arid environments provided soil water stress and accurate biome-specific parameters are incorporated. 相似文献
4.
A proposed surface resistance model for the Penman-Monteith formula to estimate evapotranspiration in a solar greenhouse 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Xuewen GONG 《干旱区科学》2017,9(4):530-546
Greenhousing is a technique to bridge season gap in vegetable production and has been widely used worldwide. Calculation of water requirement of crops grown in greenhouse and determination of their irrigation schedules in arid and semi-arid regions are essential for greenhouse maintenance and have thus attracted increased attention over the past decades. The most common method used in the literature to estimate crop evapotranspiration(ET) is the Penman-Monteith(PM) formula. When applied to greenhouse, however, it often uses canopy resistance instead of surface resistance. It is understood that the surface resistance in greenhouse is the result of a combined effect of canopy restriction and soil-surface restriction to water vapor flow, and the relative dominance of one restriction over another depends on crop canopy. In this paper, we developed a surface resistance model in a way similar to two parallel resistances in an electrical circuit to account for both restrictions. Also, considering that wind speed in greenhouse is normally rather small, we compared three methods available in the literature to calculate the aerodynamic resistance, which are the r_a~1 method proposed by Perrier(1975a, b), the r_a~2 method proposed by Thom and Oliver(1977), and the r_a~3 method proposed by Zhang and Lemeu(1992). We validated the model against ET of tomatoes in a greenhouse measured from sap flow system combined with micro-lysimeter in 2015 and with weighing lysimeter in 2016. The results showed that the proposed surface resistance model improved the accuracy of the PM model, especially when the leaf area index was low and the greenhouse was being irrigated. We also found that the aerodynamic resistance calculated from the r_a~1 and r_a~3 methods is applicable to the greenhouse although the latter is slightly more accurate than the former. The proposed surface resistance model, together with the r_a~3 method for aerodynamic resistance, offers an improved approach to estimate ET in greenhouse using the PM formula. 相似文献
5.
为系统地研究干旱半干旱区植被盖度提取方法,比较了目前常用的几种高光谱影像植被盖度提取技术。结果表明:采用NDVI建立的像元二分模型对植被盖度的估测能力低于直接采用NDVI建立的回归模型;4种处理的PCR模型植被盖度估测的建模精度由高到低为:CR>NO>FD>SD;4种处理的PLSR模型植被盖度估测的建模精度由高到低为:FD>NO>SD>CR;FCLS分解的结果明显优于LS模型;综合分析后,认为基于FD的PLSR模型对研究区植被盖度估测效果最佳。文中研究旨在为干旱半干旱区植被盖度的更深入研究提供参考。 相似文献
6.
AISHAN Tayierjiang HALIK Ü mü t Florian BETZ TIYIP Tashpolat DING Jianli NUERMAIMAITI Yiliyasijiang 《干旱区科学》2015,7(4):544-554
Understanding stand structure and height-diameter relationship of trees provides very useful information to establish appropriate countermeasures for sustainable management of endangered forests. Populus euphratica, a dominant tree species along the Tarim River watershed, plays an irreplaceable role in the sustainable development of regional ecology, economy and society. However, as the result of climate changes and human activities, the natural riparian ecosystems within the whole river basin were degraded enormously, particularly in the lower reaches of the river where about 320 km of the riparian forests were either highly degraded or dead. In this study, we presented one of the main criteria for the assessment of vitality of P. euphratica forests by estimating the defoliation level, and analyzed forest structure and determined the height-diameter(height means the height of a tree and diameter means the diameter at breast height(DBH) of a tree) relationship of trees in different vitality classes(i.e. healthy, good, medium, senesced, dying, dead and fallen). Trees classified as healthy and good accounted for approximately 40% of all sample trees, while slightly and highly degraded trees took up nearly 60% of total sample trees. The values of TH(tree height) and DBH ranged from 0–19 m and 0–125 cm, respectively. Trees more than 15 m in TH and 60 cm in DBH appeared sporadically. Trees in different vitality classes had different distribution patterns. Healthy trees were mainly composed more of relatively younger trees than of degraded tress. The height-diameter relationships differed greatly among tress in different vitality classes, with the coefficients ranging from 0.1653 to 0.6942. Correlation coefficients of TH and DBH in healthy and good trees were higher than those in trees of other vitality classes. The correlation between TH and DBH decreased with the decline of tree vitality. Our results suggested that it might be able to differentiate degraded P. euphratica trees from healthy trees by determining the height-diameter correlation coefficient, and the coefficient would be a new parameter for detecting degradation and assessing sustainable management of floodplain forests in arid regions. In addition, tree vitality should be taken into account to make an accurate height-diameter model for tree height prediction. 相似文献
7.
酒泉绿洲天然胡杨林主要生长季对全球气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用酒泉绿洲胡杨林分布区所辖4个气象站点1955-2010年的平均气温观测资料,采用气候倾向率、ArcGIS反距离加权差值、Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验等方法,对该区天然胡杨林主要生长季的时空变化特征及其对全球气候变化的响应进行分析。结果表明：近56 a来,研究区胡杨有生长期初日提前,终日推后,年生长期延长以及叶黄初日推后的趋势,且提前和推后幅度自20世纪90年代以来变化明显。空间分析表明：胡杨林主要生长季变化有一定规律性,生长期初日提前幅度依次为：鼎新＞玉门＞瓜州＞敦煌;生长期终日推迟的幅度为：鼎新＞玉门＞敦煌＞瓜州;年生长期延长的幅度为：鼎新＞玉门＞敦煌＞瓜州;叶黄期初日推迟幅度依次为：鼎新＞敦煌＞玉门＞瓜州。Mann-Kendall突变表明：研究区胡杨的生长期初日、终日以及叶黄期初日均存在多个突变,且突变年份多滞后气温突变年份。由此可见,研究区胡杨对气候变化响应较为敏感。 相似文献
8.
SI Jianhua 《干旱区科学》2015,7(5):665-674
Nighttime sap flow is a potentially important factor that affects whole-plant water balance and water-use efficiency(WUE). Its functions include predawn disequilibrium between plant and soil water potentials as well as between the increments of oxygen supply and nutrient uptake. However, main factors that drive nighttime sap flow remain unclear, and researches related to the relationship between nighttime sap flow velocity and environmental factors are limited. Accordingly, we investigated the variations in the nighttime sap flow of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest of an extremely arid region, Northwest China. Results indicated that P. euphratica sap flow occurred throughout the night during the growing season because of the partial stomata opening. Nighttime sap flow for the P. euphratica forest accounted for 31%–47% of its daily sap flow during the growing season. The high value of nighttime sap flow could be the result of high stomatal conductance and could have significant implications for water budgets. Throughout the whole growing season, nighttime sap flow velocity of P. euphratica was positively correlated with the vapor pressure deficit(VPD), air temperature and soil water content. We found that VPD and soil water content were the main driving factors for nighttime sap flow of P. euphratica. 相似文献
9.
Guli Jiapaer 《干旱区科学》2012,4(1):52-62
Leaf biochemical properties have been widely assessed using hyperspectral reflectance information by inversion of PROSPECT model or by using hyperspectral indices,but few studies have focused on arid ecosystems.As a dominant species of riparian ecosystems in arid lands,Populus euphratica Oliv.is an unusual tree species with polymorphic leaves along the vertical profile of canopy corresponding to different growth stages.In this study,we evaluated both the inversed PROSPECT model and hyperspectral indices for estimating biochemical properties of P.euphratica leaves.Both the shapes and biochemical properties of P.euphratica leaves were found to change with the heights from ground surface.The results indicated that the model inversion calibrated for each leaf shape performed much better than the model calibrated for all leaf shapes,and also better than hyperspectral indices.Similar results were obtained for estimations of equivalent water thickness (EWT) and leaf mass per area (LMA).Hyperspectral indices identified in this study for estimating these leaf properties had root mean square error (RMSE) and R 2 values between those obtained with the two calibration strategies using the inversed PROSPECT model.Hence,the inversed PROSPECT model can be applied to estimate leaf biochemical properties in arid ecosystems,but the calibration to the model requires special attention. 相似文献
10.
干旱地区的荒漠植被根系发达,其保持岸坡稳定和固土护堤的作用优为重要。在塔里木河流域选取红柳、芦苇和胡杨等典型荒漠植被根系,研究植被根系对塔里木河岸坡坡稳定性的影响,对于促进防治塔里木河水土流失和建设良好生态环境具有重要的现实和理论意义。文中以实测数据和水槽试验结果为基础,运用BSTEM模型,对植被根系对塔里木河岸坡坡稳定性的影响过程进行了模拟。结果表明:(1)在竖直、倾斜、相交三种布置方式下,红柳根系体积密度RVD为8%时,安全系数Fs分别为1.29、1.27及大于1.3,当根系体积密度在8%~28%时,岸坡安全系数全都大于1.3;芦苇和胡杨根系结果也类似,说明随着RVD增大,岸坡安全系数会增大,从而岸坡越稳定;(2)不同根系放置方式对岸坡稳定性影响不同,如RVD为8%时,红柳根系竖直、倾斜和相交放置的安全系数分别提高了33%、30.9%和40.2%,所以提高岸坡稳定性大小次序为:相交﹥竖直﹥倾斜;(3)从根系类型看,提高岸坡安全系数次序为:红柳﹥胡杨﹥芦苇;(4)与无根系相比,有植被根系岸坡稳定性均比无植被根系有一定程度增加,相同植被根系下相交放置提高岸坡安全系数最显著,相同布置方式下红柳根系提升岸坡稳定性最明显。 相似文献
11.
利用SEBAL模型对沙拉沐沦河流域蒸散发的分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以2001年7月10日的MODIS数据为数据源,采用基于地表热量平衡的SEBAL模型估算位于半干旱地区的沙拉沐沦河流域的实际蒸散发量,综合分析蒸散发量与土地利用/覆被、地表温度、植被指数、高程、坡度和坡向的关系。结果表明:该流域的夏季日实际蒸散发量空间差异比较大,从0mm到6.57mm,平均蒸散发约2.90mm;蒸散发的空间分布不均匀,流域边缘林地覆盖区的蒸散发最高,中部和流域出口所在的草地、耕地分布区相对较低。实际蒸散发量与地表温度和归一化植被指数高度线性相关;不同的土地利用类型具有不同的日平均蒸散发量,林地的日平均蒸散发量最高,其次为耕地,建设用地最低。 相似文献
12.
SUN Lingxiao 《干旱区科学》2021,13(11):1142-1154
Net primary productivity (NPP) of the vegetation in an oasis can reflect the productivity capacity of a plant community under natural environmental conditions. Owing to the extreme arid climate conditions and scarce precipitation in the arid oasis regions, groundwater plays a key role in restricting the development of the vegetation. The Qira Oasis is located on the southern margin of the Taklimakan Desert (Tarim Basin, China) that is one of the most vulnerable regions regarding vegetation growth and water scarcity in the world. Based on remote sensing images of the Qira Oasis and daily meteorological data measured by the ground stations during the period 2006-2019, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial patterns of NPP in the oasis as well as its relation with the variation of groundwater depth using a modified Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. At the spatial scale, NPP of the vegetation decreased from the interior of the Qira Oasis to the margin; at the temporal scale, NPP of the vegetation in the oasis fluctuated significantly (ranging from 29.80 to 50.07 g C/(m2•month)) but generally showed an increasing trend, with the average increase rate of 0.07 g C/(m2•month). The regions with decreasing NPP occupied 64% of the total area of the oasis. During the study period, NPP of both farmland and grassland showed an increasing trend, while that of forest showed a decreasing trend. The depth of groundwater was deep in the south of the oasis and shallow in the north, showing a gradual increasing trend from south to north. Groundwater, as one of the key factors in the surface change and evolution of the arid oasis, determines the succession direction of the vegetation in the Qira Oasis. With the increase of groundwater depth, grassland coverage and vegetation NPP decreased. During the period 2008-2015, with the recovery of groundwater level, NPP values of all types of vegetation with different coverages increased. This study will provide a scientific basis for the rational utilization and sustainable management of groundwater resources in the oasis. 相似文献
13.
14.
Being an important desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin,Populus euphratica Oliv.forest functions as a natural barrier in maintaining and preserving the stability of local oases.Accordingly,accurately estimating the water use of P.euphratica is important for vegetation protection and water resource allocation.To date,little data are available for evaluating the hysteretic effects between sap flow and environmental variables,and for estimating the water use of desert riparian forest.In this study,we measured the sap flow velocity(V_s)of P.euphratica using the heat ratio method during the growing season of 2012.Based on the response of V_s to solar radiation(R_s)and vapor pressure deficit(VPD),we estimated the hourly Vsand daily V_s using the multivariable linear regression and a modified Jarvis-Stewart(JS)model,respectively.Hysteretic response of V_s to environmental variables was then evaluated using a sap flow model.We found the thresholds of V_s responses to R_s and VPD at both hourly and daily scales during the growing season,and successfully estimated the seasonal variations of hourly V_s and daily V_s using the JS model.At an hourly scale,the maximum V_s occurred earlier than the maximum VPD by approximately 0.5 h but later than the maximum R_s by approximate 1.0 h.At a daily scale,the maximum V_s lagged behind the maximum VPD by approximately 2.5 h while occurred earlier than the maximum R_s by approximately 2 h.However,hysteretic response of V_swas weakened when R_s and VPD were measured together using the JS model at both hourly and daily scales.Consequently,short-term and intensive field campaigns,where V_s and environmental variables can be measured,may be used to estimate short-run sap flow and stand transpiration using only two environmental variables. 相似文献
15.
Riparian vegetation belts in arid regions of Central Asia are endangered to lose their ecosystem services due to intensified land use.For the development of sustained land use,management knowledge of plant performance in relation to resource supply is needed.We estimated productivity related functional traits at the edges of the habitat of Populus euphratica Oliv.Specific leaf area(SLA) and carbon/nitrogen(C/N) ratio of P.euphratica leaves growing near a former river bank and close to moving sand dunes in the Ebinur Lake National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang,Northwest China(near Kazakhstan) were determined and daily courses of CO2 net assimilation(PN),transpiration(E),and stomatal conductance(gs) of two consecutive seasons were measured during July-August 2007 and June-July 2008.Groundwater level was high(1.5-2.5 m below ground) throughout the years and no flooding occurred at the two tree stands.SLA was slightly lower near the desert than at the former river bank and leaves contained less N in relation to C.Highest E and g s of P.euphratica were reached in the morning before noon on both stands and a second low maximum occurred in the afternoon despite of the unchanged high levels of air to leaf water vapor pressure deficit(ALVPD).Decline of g s in P.euphratica was followed by decrease of E.Water use efficiency(WUE) of leaves near the desert were higher in the morning and the evening,in contrast to leaves from the former river bank that maintained an almost stable level throughout the day.High light compensation points and high light saturation levels of PN indicated the characteristics of leaves well-adapted to intensive irradiation at both stands.In general,leaves of P.euphratica decreased their g s beyond 20 Pa/kPa ALVPD in order to limit water losses.Decrease of E did not occur in both stands until 40 Pa/kPa ALVPD was reached.Full stomatal closure of P.euphratica was achieved at 60 Pa/kPa ALVPD in both stands.E through the leaf surface amounted up to 30% of the highest E rates,indicating dependence on water recharge from the ground despite of obviously closed stomata.A distinct leaf surface temperature(Tleaf) threshold of around 30℃ also existed before stomata started to close.Generally,the differences in gas exchange between both stands were small,which led to the conclusion that micro-climatic constraints to E and photosynthesis were not the major factors for declining tree density with increasing distance from the river. 相似文献
16.
Spatio-temporal pattern and changes of evapotranspiration in arid Central Asia and Xinjiang of China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Saparnov ABDULLA 《干旱区科学》2012,4(1):105-112
Accurate inversion of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) in arid areas is of great significance for understanding global eco-hydrological process and exploring the spatio-temporal variation and ecological response of water resources.It is also important in the functional evaluation of regional water cycle and water balance,as well as the rational allocation and management of water resources.This study,based on model validation analysis at varied scales in five Central Asian countries and China's Xinjiang,developed an appropriate approach for ET inversion in arid lands.The actual ET during growing seasons of the study area was defined,and the changes in water participating in evaporation in regional water cycle were then educed.The results show the simulation error of SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) model under cloud amount consideration was 1.34% at 30-m spatial scale,2.75% at 1-km spatial scale and 6.37% at 4-km spatial scale.ET inversion for 1980-2007 applying SEBS model in the study area indicates:(1) the evaporation depth (May-September) by land types descends in the order of waters (660.24 mm) > cultivated land (464.66 mm) > woodland (388.44 mm) > urbanized land (168.16 mm) > grassland (160.48 mm) > unused land (83.08 mm);and (2) ET during the 2005 growing season in Xinjiang and Central Asia was 2,168.68×10 8 m 3 (with an evaporation/precipitation ratio of 1.05) and 9,741.03×10 8 m 3 (with an evaporation/precipitation ratio of 1.4),respectively.The results unveiled the spatio-temporal variation rules of ET process in arid areas,providing a reference for further research on the water cycle and water balance in similar arid regions. 相似文献
17.
以塔里木盆地胡杨、多枝柽柳、胀果甘草为研究对象,应用凋落袋法,研究叶凋落物分解动态,揭示3种植物叶凋落物在干旱生境下分解动态特征,结果表明:①经过810d分解,胡杨、胀果甘草叶凋落物质量残留率分别为48.93%、38.07%,经630d分解多枝柽柳叶凋落物质量残留率为69.55%,分解时间对胡杨、胀果干草、多枝柽柳叶凋落物残留率均有极显著影响,处理(林窗、林下)对胡杨、胀果干草叶凋落物残留率有显著影响、极显著影响。②处理对3种植物叶凋落物分解系数有显著影响(P<0.05),且分解系数(k)表现为k林窗>k林下,k胀果甘草>k胡杨>k多枝柽柳,经810d分解胡杨、胀果甘草叶凋落物t0.95分别为9.159.48a、6.757.03a,经630d分解多枝柽柳叶凋落物t0.95为13.8215.05a。③受植物种类的影响,分解时间、处理对C、N、P元素释放进程影响不同。3种植物C元素都表现出释放-富积-释放的变化过程,多枝柽柳、胀果甘草叶凋落物N元素在观测期内表现出释放-富积的过程,而胡杨林下则表现出富积-释放-富积的规律,观测期内P元素释放过程与N元素表现出相似的变化规律。④叶凋落物分解系数k值与分解时间、残留量、全氮、全磷、木质素、木质素比氮呈极显著相关(P<0.01),土壤湿度、全碳、C/N均与k林窗、k林下存在极显著差异。干旱区微生境(林下、林窗)的变化对叶凋落物分解有显著影响,凋落物质量与土壤湿度对凋落物分解起主导作用。 相似文献
18.
参考作物蒸散量计算方法在极端干旱区的适用性 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
参考作物蒸散量不同计算方法在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的适用性鲜有研究。依据塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地收集的2005-2010年的气象资料,以Penman Monteith为标准,运用8种参考作物蒸散量不同计算方法,探讨在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的适用性及计算结果的差异性。结果表明：在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,Penman1948、FAO24-Penman、Irmark Allen、Makkink、Priestley Taylar计算结果偏小,而FAO Penman修正法计算结果偏大,仅Kimberley Penman和Hargreave与Penman Monteith的计算结果没有显著差异。 以2004年3-12月气象资料检验Penman1948、FAO24-Penman、Irmark Allen、Makkink、FAO Penman修正法和Priestley Tayla修正公式,计算结果与Penman Monteith月偏差仍然较大。偏差较大的原因是3种Penman计算方法均采用了不同的风速修正方法,由风速引起的空气动力项所占的参考作物蒸散量月贡献率不同,而Irmark Allen、Priestley Taylar和Makkink 3种方法仅考虑了辐射项,忽略了空气动力项。因此,这6种计算方法在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠不适用,仅有Kimberley Penman和Hargreave可以适用。 相似文献
19.
The Penman-Monteith(PM)method is the most widely used technique to estimate potential worldwide evapotranspiration.However,current research shows that there may be significant errors in the application of this method in arid areas,although questions remain as to the degree of this estimation error and how different surface conditions may affect the estimation error.To address these issues,we evaluated the uncertainty of the PM method under different underlying conditions in an arid area of Northwest China by analyzing data from 84 meteorological stations and various Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)products,including land surface temperature and surface albedo.First,we found that when the PM method used air temperature to calculate the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,it significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration;the mean annual and July–August overestimation was 83.9 and 36.7 mm,respectively.Second,the PM method usually set the surface albedo to a fixed value,which led to the potential evapotranspiration being underestimated;the mean annual underestimation was 27.5 mm,while the overestimation for July to August was 5.3 mm.Third,the PM method significantly overestimated the potential evapotranspiration in the arid area.This difference in estimation was closely related to the underlying surface conditions.For the entire arid zone,the PM method overestimated the potential evapotranspiration by 33.7 mm per year,with an overestimation of 29.0 mm from July to August.The most significant overestimation was evident in the mountainous and plain nonvegetation areas,in which the annual mean overestimation reached 5%and 10%,respectively;during July,there was an estimation of 10%and 20%,respectively.Although the annual evapotranspiration of the plains with better vegetation coverage was slightly underestimated,overestimation still occurred in July and August,with a mean overestimation of approximately 5%.In order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in the arid zone,it is important that we identify a reasonable parameter with which to calibrate the PM formula,such as the slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve,and the surface albedo.We recommend that some parameters must be corrected when using PM in order to estimate potential evapotranspiration in arid regions. 相似文献
20.
JIAO Linlin 《干旱区科学》2021,13(5):516-533
Changes in atmospheric aerosols have profound effects on ecosystem productivity, vegetation growth and activity by directly and indirectly influencing climate and environment conditions. However, few studies have focused on the effects of atmospheric aerosols on vegetation growth and activity in the vulnerable arid and semi-arid regions, which are also the source areas of aerosols. Using the datasets of aerosol optical depth(AOD), normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and multiple climatic variables including photosynthetically active radiation(PAR), surface solar radiation(SSR), surface air temperature(TEM) and total precipitation(PRE), we analyzed the potential responses of vegetation activity to atmospheric aerosols and their associated climatic factors in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia from 2005 to 2015. Our results suggested that areas with decreasing growing-season NDVI were mainly observed in regions with relatively sparse vegetation coverage, while AOD tended to increase as NDVI decreased in these regions. Upon further analysis, we found that aerosols might exert a negative influence on vegetation activity by reducing SSR, PAR and TEM, as well as suppressing PRE in most arid and semi-arid regions of Asia. Moreover, the responses of atmospheric aerosols on vegetation activity varied among different growing stages. At the early growing stage, higher concentration of aerosol was accompanied with suppressed vegetation growth by enhancing cooling effects and reducing SSR and PAR. At the middle growing stage, aerosols tended to alter microphysical properties of clouds with suppressed PRE, thereby restricting vegetation growth. At the late growing stage, aerosols exerted significantly positive influences on vegetation activity by increasing SSR, PAR and TEM in regions with high anthropogenic aerosols. Overall, at different growing stages, aerosols could influence vegetation activity by changing different climatic factors including SSR, PAR, TEM and PRE in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia. This study not only clarifies the impacts of aerosols on vegetation activity in source areas, but also explains the roles of aerosols in climate. 相似文献