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1.
中草药提取物对 2 种杧果采后病原菌的抑菌活性 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
测定 71 种中草药丙酮提取物对杧果炭疽病菌 (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) 和杧果蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)的抑菌活性以及对杧果（Mangifiera indica L.）采后炭疽病和蒂腐病的防治效果。试验结果表明,在 20 mg/mL 浓度下,丁香、肉桂、花椒、八角、肉豆蔻、山萘、益智、胡椒、荜茇等 9 种中草药提取物对该 2 株病原菌的平均抑制率大于 70 %,EC 50 的平均值为 4.30 mg/mL。在该浓度下,八角、荜茇提取物能有效降低杧果采后病害的发病率和发病指数,对杧果炭疽病的防效分别为 92.32 %、88.01 %,对杧果蒂腐病的防效分别为 55.07 %、56.79 %。 相似文献
2.
食品添加剂对芒果采后病原菌及保鲜效果的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究18种食品添加剂对芒果采后病害的影响及对芒果的保鲜效果。结果表明: 供试的食品添加剂对5种芒果采后病害病菌的毒力存在极显著差异,邻苯基苯酚钠对5种病原菌的平均EC50值和平均EC90值均最小,分别为14.05 、49.06 μg/mL,其次是阿魏酸和脱氢乙酸钠;脱氢乙酸钠对炭疽病和蒂腐病的防效最好,防治效果分别达到83.52％和59.32％,其次是阿魏酸和肉桂醛;阿魏酸处理的果实贮藏时间最长,平均贮藏时间达15.51 d,其次是脱氢乙酸钠和甘草抗氧化剂,而毒力最大的邻苯基苯酚钠易伤果。综合分析,脱氢乙酸钠、阿魏酸和肉桂醛等食品添加剂适用于芒果的采后保鲜处理。 相似文献
3.
利用电子鼻对胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)、可可球二孢(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)、芒果小穴壳(Dothiorella dominicana Pet.et Cif.)和芒果拟茎点霉(Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad.)4种芒果采后病害病原菌发酵液的挥发性气味进行检测,以评估电子鼻用于芒果不同真菌病原菌种类判别的可行性。结果表明,对气味响应值进行的主成分分析(PCA)、线性判别分析(LDA)及聚类分析均能够正确区分不同病原菌种类。多因素方差分析(MANOVA)结果显示,不同病原菌之间的差异显著(p0.05)。结果为芒果采后病原菌种类判别提供新的方法,为其他病原菌的种类判别提供参考。 相似文献
4.
细菌性角斑病是芒果生产上的重要病害,为筛选有效的防治药剂,采用浑浊度法对22种杀菌剂进行室内抑菌活性初筛,对抑菌活性较好的药剂采用平板菌落计数法进行室内毒力及田间药效试验。室内抑菌活性表明,四霉素、辛菌胺醋酸盐、溴菌腈、乙蒜素和噻霉酮抑菌作用最强,2 mg/L处理浓度下抑菌率均达90%以上,其次为丙硫唑和中生菌素,10 mg/L处理下抑菌率在75%以上;溴菌腈、噻霉酮、丙硫唑、春雷霉素和噻森铜的EC50值分别为0.048、0.103、0.900、21.970、189.347 mg/L。田间试验显示,施药后30 d,20%噻唑锌SC750倍防效最高,可达75%以上;其次为3%噻霉酮ME1000倍、20%丙硫唑SC1000倍和25%溴菌腈EC1000倍,防效均在70%以上;46%氢氧化铜WG保护作用最高,防治后病叶率最低。据此,氢氧化铜、噻唑锌、噻霉酮、丙硫唑和溴菌腈可作为防治芒果细菌性角斑病的供选药剂。 相似文献
5.
128种南药植物提取物对6种病原菌的生长抑制作用 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
以水稻稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae Cav.)、香蕉枯萎病菌[(Fusarium oxysporum sp.cubense(E.F.Smith)Syn.et Han)]、香蕉炭疽病菌[Colletotrichum musae(Berk&Curt)Arx]、杧果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides PenZ)、辣椒炭疽病菌[Colletotrichum capsici(syd.)Butl.]和西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)6种病原菌为供试菌种,对47科128种南药植物的丙酮提取物进行室内抑菌活性试验。结果表明:有36种植物提取物对6种病原菌菌丝生长抑制率在60%以上;22种植物提取物对至少4种病原菌菌丝生长抑制率在80%以上;经方差分析,荜茇、艾纳香、白背叶、香茅、阴香、九里香、花椒、高良姜、益智、山柰、姜等11种植物提取物的抑菌效果与化学农药0.5mg/mL施保功的抑菌效果差异不显著。 相似文献
6.
以芒果炭疽病为试验靶标,测定50%嘧菌酯WDG和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC的田间防效。结果表明:3次药后10天(采收期),50%嘧菌酯WDG 250 mg/kg和166.7 mg/kg两种处理的防效分别为为72.16%和63.19%,对芒果炭疽病具有较好的防治效果。对照药剂250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂有效剂量166.7 mg/kg处理的防效为64.91%,两种剂型在相同剂量处理间差异不显著。 相似文献
7.
研究18种食品添加剂对荔枝采后病原菌的抑菌活性及保鲜效果,结果表明:在100μg/mL浓度下,邻苯基苯酚钠、叔丁基对苯二酚、脱氢醋酸钠、3-叔-4-羟基苯甲醚、联苯对3种病原菌的平均抑菌活性大于70%,其它13种食品添加剂的平均抑菌活性小于50%。在常温下,维生素E、甘草抗氧化剂对荔枝具有较好的保鲜效果,防效大于38%,邻苯基苯酚钠、异抗坏血酸钙、叔丁基对苯二酚有促进荔枝果皮褐变的作用,其他13种食品添加剂对荔枝的防腐保鲜效果介于0～30%之间。在低温贮藏条件下,维生素E、甘草抗氧化剂处理的荔枝花色苷降解较对照缓慢,能显著抑制PPO、POD酶活性,延缓SOD酶活性下降,从而延缓荔枝果实的衰老。 相似文献
8.
采用固相微萃取和气相-质谱联用仪检测了香茅草鲜草茎和叶的挥发成分,分析确定了香茅草鲜草茎和叶中共51种挥发成分,主要成分为柠檬醛[包含(E)-柠檬醛与(Z)-柠檬醛]和香叶醇,茎中相对含量分别为81.39%(58.48%和22.91%)和4.79%;叶片中相对含量分别为78.50%(51.63%和26.87%)和3.68%。采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了柠檬醛和香叶醇分别对茶树炭疽病病原菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、轮斑病病原菌(Pestalotiopsis theae)、褐芽病病原菌(Phoma adianticola)的抑制活性。活性初测结果表明,500 mg·L-1处理96 h,两种成分对供试轮斑病病原菌抑制率均低于56%;而对供试茶炭疽病和褐芽病病原菌的抑制率均可达100%。进一步活性测试结果表明,柠檬醛对茶炭疽病和褐芽病病原菌的抑制中浓度(EC50)值分别为(230.56±3.49) mg·L-1和(124.79±10.29) mg·L-1;香叶醇对两种病原菌的EC50值分别为(238.38±5.51) mg·L-1和(115.38±10.96) mg·L-1。本研究初步明确了香茅草鲜草挥发成分及其对茶树病害病原菌抑制活性的主要物质基础,为茶园种植香茅草具有潜在防病害作用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
9.
胡椒瘟病是危害中国胡椒产业的首要病害,目前主要依赖使用化学农药防治,筛选应用生物农药是减少化学农药用量的有效途径。本文通过室内毒力测定和室外盆栽药效试验,测定了5种生物农药对胡椒瘟病的防治效果。结果表明:室内毒力测定木霉菌WP、枯草芽孢杆菌WP和Z菌株发酵液对胡椒瘟病病原菌的抑菌效果好且敏感性高,EC50分别为0.49、0.78、1.13μg/m L;盆栽药效试验Z菌株发酵液和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病防效最好,平均防效分别为83%和82%,芽孢杆菌/淡紫拟青霉WP的防效次之,平均防效为69%。综合来看,Z菌株发酵液和枯草芽孢杆菌WP对胡椒瘟病具有很好防效,具备良好的绿色防控潜力。 相似文献
10.
不同杀菌剂对马铃薯疮痂病的防效试验 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
《中国马铃薯》2013,(2):83-86
马铃薯疮痂病(Streptomyces spp.)是目前内蒙古马铃薯生产的重要病害之一,更是影响微型薯生产的主要病害。缺少有效杀菌剂是病害严重的主要原因,2012年选用10种杀菌剂进行了网棚蛭石消毒防治该病害试验。结果表明:疮痂治200倍液防效86.8%,99%硫酸铜40倍液防效55.1%、50%克菌丹可湿性粉剂500倍液防效50.9%、77%冠菌铜可湿性粉剂500倍液防效42.9%、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液防效41.2%。疮痂治对防治马铃薯疮痂病具有优越效果。 相似文献
11.
为了解芒果果实香气成分采后不同时期的变化特点,采用静态顶空固相微萃取技术提取“吉禄”芒果果实采后第3、6 、9 d的香气成分,运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行测定分析。结果表明：“吉禄”芒果果实在采后3个时期共检测到36种香气成分,主要成分为单萜烯类和倍半萜烯类。果实采后第3、6、9 d,单萜烯类化合物含量分别为89.47％、88.48％和92.71％,倍半萜烯类化合物含量分别为3.44％、5.86％和4.63％。1R-α-蒎烯是“吉禄”芒果成熟果实的特征香气成分,采后第9天的相对含量达到79.74％。 相似文献
12.
Postharvest diseases are one of the major causes for the postharvest loss of horticultural fresh produce during the supply chain. The incidence of postharvest diseases can affect the quality and restrict the shelf life of the horticultural fresh produce. At present strict regulations are enforced by the fresh produce importing countries regarding the minimum pesticide residue levels in the edible portion of the fresh produce. Some fungal pathogens were reported to develop resistance to synthetic fungicides. Waste disposal of fungicides has an impact on environmental footprint. All theses above-mentioned reasons have necessitated the search for a natural novel fungicide to replace the synthetic fungicide application in the packing line as postharvest treatment.Consumer preference to organic fresh produce is increasingly becoming popular in the developed countries. Therefore, this review summarises the use of essential oils in the control of postharvest diseases of horticultural commodities, their mode of actions, effects on the defence mechanism and quality of fresh fruit. Future research must be focused on conducting large scale trials to prove the feasibility of combination treatments. The cost benefit analysis of the treatments needs to be carried out in order to implement their application and the commercial applications of essential oils and host pathogen infection must be investigated in detail in order to control latent infections during postharvest storage. 相似文献
13.
Shah A.H. Al-Shareef A.H. Ageel A.M. Qureshi S. 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1998,52(3):231-239
Acute (24 hours) and chronic (90 days) oral toxicity studies on the ethanolic extracts of common spices Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees bark and Piper longum L. fruits were carried out in mice. Acute dosages were 0.5, 1.0 and 3 g/kg while the chronic dosage was 100 mg/kg/day. All external morphological, hematological and spermatogenic changes, in addition to body weight and vital organ weights, were recorded. The extracts of both the plants caused no significant acute or chronic mortality compared to the control during this study. During chronic treatment there was no significant change in the pre- and post treatment body weight of the test animals while the weight gain in the control group was significant. C. zeylanicum treatment caused reduction in liver weight while P. longum caused a significant increase in the weight of the lungs and spleen of the treated animals compared to the control. Hematological studies revealed a significant fall in hemoglobin level of C. zeylanicum treated animals. Both of the extracts induced a significant increase in reproductive organ weights, sperm motility, sperm count and failed to illicit any spermatotoxic effect. 相似文献
14.
Due to their flavor and nutritional characteristics, papaya fruit are consumed worldwide. As a tropical commodity, storage has serious limitations that result in their rapid deterioration and high incidence of rots during handling and storage. Postharvest handling of papaya differs according to destination. For export markets, there are well-defined postharvest steps established that include technologies that generally avoid disease incidence. For national markets, the postharvest chain is short but characterized by poor handling practices that can result in serious losses due to microorganisms. Anthracnose is considered the main postharvest disease, but development of other rots may also limit good fruit quality, as is the case with, among others, stem-end rots. Control of papaya rots for export markets are applied in accordance with import–export regulations, while for the national market it has typically relied on synthetic fungicides; however, due to their already known ‘side-effects’ on humans and the environment, other alternatives alone or combined should be tested in integrated technologies. We reviewed the available literature on different control methods to reduce postharvest diseases during papaya storage, including those that reported on their effects on fruit quality. Wax combined with fungicides and heat is currently in use. Other methods, such as the application of irradiation, antagonistic microorganisms and natural compounds [e.g. chitosan and plant derivatives (extracts, essential oils and isothiocynates)], are still under evaluation, but have yielded promising initial results. The application of various organic salts and minerals and modified and controlled atmosphere technologies using ozone and volatiles such as 1-methycyclopropane are also under experimentation. We believe that research areas that include preharvest experimentation aimed at reducing postharvest diseases on papaya fruit should be taken into account. Finally, the integration of more than one control method will reduce the incidence of rots, and therefore improve and extend the storage life of this important commodity. 相似文献
15.
Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is a major pest of fruit crops due to its wide host range and distribution. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of Surround WP, a kaolin-based particle film, as an alternative to synthetic insecticides to control medfly infestations and postharvest decay in citrus and stone fruit. No-choice, choice and half-choice laboratory experiments with citrus fruit, nectarines and peaches showed a significant reduction of medfly punctures and landings on kaolin-treated fruit. The total loss at harvest in satsumas sprayed with Surround WP (17%) was significantly lower than in those untreated (57%) or treated with trichlorfon (68%). In 2004, the yield loss at harvest in peaches and nectarines treated with Surround WP was not different compared to fruit sprayed with fenthion and trichlorfon, while in 2005 Surround WP was significantly more effective than insecticides in reducing the incidence of damaged fruit. Citrus and stone fruit treated with Surround WP showed a lower incidence of postharvest decay than control and insecticide-treated fruit. The present study shows for the first time the lower incidence of postharvest decay in fruit protected with Surround WP, which represents a suitable alternative to conventional insecticides in integrated and traditionally managed orchards. 相似文献
16.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon and chitosan as alternative controls for postharvest rot of strawberries (gray mold) caused by Botrytis cinerea. Chitosan and potassium silicate applications were performed at the preharvest stage using the following treatments: chitosan once a week; potassium silicate once a week; potassium silicate once a week + chitosan once a week; and without application. An additional variable was introduced at postharvest, with one-half of the total fruit harvested from each plot dipped in chitosan and the other half not dipped in chitosan. Potassium silicate alone was not effective for rot control. Fruits from plants that received the chitosan application showed 64% less area under the rot progress curve (AURPC) than fruits from plants that were not treated with chitosan. Harvested fruits that were chitosan dipped showed 48% less AURPC than fruits that were not treated at postharvest. Chitosan application in the field and at postharvest is a promising strategy for the management of postharvest strawberry rot. 相似文献
17.
为了防止橘柚采后枯水腐烂,采用酸性电解水浸果处理,并结合海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、茶多酚、抗坏血酸配制成的复合保鲜剂进行涂膜处理后,将橘柚果实置于温度为 (8±1)℃、湿度为75%~80%的条件下存放120 d,以好果率、失重率、细胞膜透性、可滴定酸度、可溶性固形物以及类胡萝卜素为指标进行保鲜效果的评价,通过正交试验确定最佳保鲜方法。本研究所用的复合膜是多孔网络结构的薄膜,空隙小而细腻、均匀分散,复合膜处理后的果皮表面平整光滑,断面结构致密,在果实表面形成屏障。结果表明：酸性电解水处理能有效控制橘柚果实采后病害的发生,复合膜处理可以较好地控制橘柚的腐烂和失水现象,延缓果实衰老,有效保持可滴定酸和可溶性固形物的含量,还能提高果皮色泽;正交试验优化得出最优的保鲜方法,以有效氯含量为30 mg/L的酸性电解水浸果15 min,并联合海藻酸钠0.5%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.5%、茶多酚2.0%、抗坏血酸1.0%配比组合下的复合保鲜剂涂膜20 min。因此认为,酸性电解水结合复合膜处理能提高采后橘柚的品质、延长果实保鲜期。 相似文献
18.
余甘子（Phyllanthus emblica L.）是联合国卫生组织指定的全世界推广种植的3种保健植物之一,在中国也被列为药食两用的水果,具有营养丰富,保健价值突出的特点。然而采后余甘子果实易发生失水皱缩、腐烂变质等问题,极大地影响了其商品价值。褪黑素（melatonin）是一种小分子吲哚胺类物质,在动植物体内广泛存在,其在植物中可有效清除自由基,在植物的抗逆抗病中也具有重要的调控作用。采用适宜浓度的褪黑素处理果蔬可以起到较好的保鲜作用,有效延缓果蔬腐败变质,提高采后耐贮性。为提高余甘子果实采收后的耐贮性,以‘蓝丰’余甘子果实为试材,探究采后褪黑素处理对于常温下贮藏的余甘子果实品质和耐贮性的影响。将挑选出的无机械损伤及病虫害,大小和色泽相近的余甘子果实,随机平均分为2组,处理组余甘子用0.3 mmol/L褪黑素溶液浸泡处理20 min,空白对照组则用去离子水浸泡20 min,取出晾干1 h后用聚乙烯薄膜袋包装,而后置于温度为(25±1)℃、在相对湿度85%~90%的恒温箱中贮藏,每3 d取样测定果实的商品率、感病指数、呼吸强度等品质和耐贮性相关指标。试验结果表明,采后褪黑素处理使余甘子果实在贮藏末期的商品率提高22%,显著降低了余甘子果实的感病指数、呼吸速率和失重率;且经褪黑素处理的余甘子果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度和维生素C的含量均高于对照组,余甘子表皮颜色和果肉质地的劣化也比对照缓慢。褪黑素处理有利于延缓采后余甘子病害的发生和提高果实品质及耐贮性。本研究为褪黑素在余甘子果实采后贮藏保鲜应用提供理论依据,丰富了褪黑素应用于果蔬保鲜的理论基础。 相似文献