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本文应用土壤无机磷形态的分级方法,研究了海南岛热作土壤(即热带旱作土壤,以下同)无机磷的形态和磷肥在土壤中的转化及肥效。初步结果表明海南岛热作土壤无机磷以闭蓄态磷酸盐(Occluded phosphate 即O—P)为主体,其含量占土壤无机磷总量50％以上。非闭蓄态磷酸盐(Non-occluded phosphate即非O—P)则以磷酸铁(Fe—P)为主,其次是磷酸钙(Ca—P)和磷酸铝(Al—P)。土壤有效磷(Bray No.1法提取,以下同)大都在3～15ppm,仅占非O—P的3～10％。因此海南岛热作土壤普遍缺磷,施磷肥的效果显著。自然土壤有效磷与土壤Al—P相关极显著。与Fe—P相关不显著,而与Ca—P和O—P呈负相关。水溶性磷肥(过磷酸钙)在热作土壤中主要向非O—P转化,肥料与土壤充分混合盆栽两个月后,土壤O—P没有明显增减,而非O—P特别是Fe—P、Al—P则显著增加。施肥后土壤Fe—P、Al—P与土壤有效磷和作物吸收磷量相关显著,说明磷肥在土壤中转化形成的非O—P在一个相当长的时间内(至少当造)对作物是有效的,而不是很快“固定”失效。因此,对热作土壤中磷酸铁、铝的性质和磷肥的施肥方法值得进一步探讨。 相似文献
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在花生产区设置13个田间试验并测定土壤有效养分。结果表明,花生施钾肥的效果与土壤有效钾含量极不显著,而与土壤有效磷含量呈明显的正相关关系。采用逐步回归法统计结果,说明花生增产应强调钾与磷素营养的协调。根据回归方程算出,本区花生钾肥应用于缺钾区,亩施 相似文献
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茶园土壤磷素营养评价指标的探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
茶树系“好酸作物”,在酸性较强的红黄壤上可以较好地生长。这种土壤对磷的自然固定能力很强,因此,土壤中有效磷含量很低。茶树由于长期自然选择的结果,为了适应这种低磷的环境,形成了对磷吸收的自身特点。据研究,茶树不仅能吸收土壤中的水溶性磷,而且还能吸收与铁、铝、钙结合的难溶性磷,甚至对原生矿物晶格中的某些磷也有一定的吸收利用能力。长期以来,在衡量茶园土壤磷的有效程度时,往往沿用各种作物都通用的测定土壤有效磷含量的方法。但是,通过对茶园土壤磷素营养状况的大量研究和多年的生产实践发现,由于茶树对磷的吸收利用能力比其他作物强,用一般方法测定有效磷含量很难反映茶园上壤实际的供磷能力,因此有必要制定出 相似文献
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施用不同豆科绿肥对酸性土壤无机磷分级的动态影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用尼龙袋法,研究酸性土壤施用4种豆科绿肥(尖叶木蓝、铺地木蓝、扁豆与链荚豆)后,在1年内不同时间,土壤无机磷各组分含量的动态变化。结果表明:不同绿肥对于土壤无机磷影响的效果存在显著差异,但总体上施用豆科绿肥可显著降低酸性土壤无机磷的总量,对于土壤无机磷各组分,施用绿肥可显著增加土壤铁磷(Fe-P)以及铝磷(Al-P)的含量,但显著降低土壤中钙磷(Ca-P)以及闭蓄态磷(O-P)的含量;施用绿肥对于土壤无机磷的影响随施肥时间的变化而不同。 相似文献
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土壤有效磷含量对大豆植株磷素含量和土壤有效N、P、K含量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤有效磷含量影响大豆植株对N、P、K的吸收利用,进而影响大豆植株的生长发育和产量形成。以吉育89为材料,在大豆不同生长时期测定大豆植株磷素含量和土壤N、P、K含量,研究其随土壤有效磷含量升高而发生变化的规律。结果表明:在取样的4个时期里,植株磷素含量均随土壤有效磷含量的升高呈单峰曲线变化,在土壤磷素水平为30 mg·kg~(-1)时,植株磷素含量达到最大;5个处理的土壤速效磷含量变化趋势都是先下降,在收获期由于土壤自身的磷素补偿作用而有所升高;在各生育时期的土壤中的硝态氮和速效钾含量最低值都出现在有效磷含量为30 mg·kg~(-1)处理,而土壤速效磷含量为10和50 mg·kg~(-1)两个处理的硝态氮和速效钾含量一直较高,说明低磷和高磷土壤对植株氮素吸收有抑制作用。土壤有效钾含量的变化情况与硝态氮相似,均是随土壤有效磷含量升高而呈单峰曲线变化。说明N、P、K肥的合理配比均能够提高肥料的作用效果。 相似文献
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《中国糖料》2020,(3)
为了提高蔗区土壤用碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法(简称Olsen法)测定有效磷含量的精密度和检测效率,本文对Olsen法测定土壤样品有效磷时比色皿的选择、浸提温度、浸提土液比、振荡频率和振荡时间等影响因素进行了分析研究,结果显示当样品浓度较小时,应选用光程长度较大的如2、3cm比色皿,反之,选用光程长度较小的如1 cm比色皿;为保持显色时待测液的酸度,在加入显色剂前,需先调节浸提液的pH至微黄色,以保证实验结果的准确性;选择最大吸收波长700 nm处作为测量波长,以获得较高的灵敏度及较好的线性关系。在土液比1∶20,振荡时间30 min,振荡频率180±20 r/min,浸提温度25±1℃等条件下测定蔗区土壤样品有效磷最为理想,测定土壤样品有效磷含量的RSD为0.41%～1.22%,符合标准要求。与NY/T 1121.7-2014相比,本方法缩短了实验时间,增加了实验结果的稳定性,优化了环境对实验的限制。 相似文献
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海南热带土壤对磷的吸附特性与施磷量的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对海南岛主要类型土壤磷的等温吸附曲线、“磷肥指标”的测定和盆栽试验结果表明:海南岛热带土壤对磷的最大吸附量差异很大,吸附容量愈大,其“标准需磷量”愈高,但是最大吸附量与标准需磷量的比率,则与吸附系数有关;各类土壤施磷量与土壤有效磷提取量呈直线相关,其斜率“b”称为“磷肥指标”,“b”愈大,磷肥的有效程度愈低,要达到一定有效磷水平所需要的施磷量也愈大;各类土壤盆栽花生最高生物量(干重)所对应的施磷量与两种方法预测的土壤需磷量相近,证明应用该两种方法预测热带土壤的需磷量是可行的;缺磷土壤初时的施磷量必须达到一定水平才显肥效。 相似文献
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利用连续流动分析仪快速测定碱熔法土壤全磷 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据 AA3 型连续流动分析仪（简称 CFA）测定磷的原理,研究了用 CFA 快速测定碱熔法待测液中土壤全磷 的方法。结果表明：通过优化 CFA 进样冲洗液及显色液的酸度,土壤全磷的标准曲线,在 0~8 mg/L 范围内呈线性相 关,相关系数 R2 达 1.000 0;全磷含量不同的 3 个土壤样品待测液 10 次重复测定结果变异系数≤2.0%;样品加标回收 率为 99.08%~102.42%;土壤成分分析标准物质 GBW07408 土壤全磷 CFA 法测定结果与其参考值一致,CFA 法与碱熔 钼锑抗手工比色法测定结果无显著差异。且由于 CFA 法去除了手工法中显色前样品酸度的调节步骤,因此 CFA 法具有 快速、准确测定碱熔法待测液中土壤全磷的效果。 相似文献
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采用实验室接种培养方法,研究了施用石灰对水溶性磷、无机磷组分的转化和酸性土中Bray-1有效磷的影响。结果看出:施用石灰能显著地增加未施磷土壤的水溶性磷或速效磷,以增加未施磷和施用磷肥土壤的铝磷盐组分( fraction)。但对土壤中铁和钙磷盐组分的影响,则相对地少得多。酸性土壤施用石 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
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Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
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Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献