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1.
向日葵列当(Orobanche cumana Wallr.)是一种根寄生草本植物,对向日葵等经济作物造成严重危害。为了减少向日葵列当对向日葵的寄生,降低土壤中向日葵列当种子库,本试验以新疆地区广泛种植的玉米品种‘京糯一号’和‘新玉57号’为研究材料,通过穴盘试验研究在不同时期(出苗后10 d和15 d)施加两种不同浓度赤霉素(10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)和10~(-5 )mol·L~(-1))对上述两个品种玉米生长发育和分泌列当萌发刺激物质的影响;24 d后收集并提取玉米根系分泌物,用其进行刺激向日葵列当种子的萌发试验,从而筛选出刺激向日葵列当种子萌发能力较强的玉米品种进行盆栽试验。通过盆栽试验,在玉米种植后的不同时期(20 d和40 d)喷施10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素以探究玉米与赤霉素共同防除向日葵列当种子的效果,收获时(105 d后)采集玉米地上部、根和根际土样品,用其甲醇浸提液刺激向日葵列当种子萌发;次年在种植过玉米的盆中种植后茬作物向日葵,收获时测定向日葵的农艺指标并统计向日葵列当的出土数。结果表明:穴盘试验中施加赤霉素对玉米的株高有显著增高作用,对玉米根系分泌萌发刺激物质没有抑制作用,即在玉米生长时期可以施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)和10~(-5 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素。此外,‘新玉57号’根系分泌物的100倍稀释液刺激向日葵列当种子的萌发率显著高于‘京糯一号’,因此选取‘新玉57号’作为盆栽试验的玉米品种。盆栽试验中不同时期施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素,玉米株高同样显著高于对照,增长率分别为22.5%、19.1%。次年种植后茬作物向日葵,在第20 d向玉米施加赤霉素处理的盆中种植的向日葵的花盘直径比对照(种植玉米时不施加赤霉素)显著增加57.1%。与对照相比,在种植玉米后的20 d和40 d施加赤霉素的处理种植向日葵,向日葵列当的出土数分别是1.3个·盆~(-1)、1.8个·盆~(-1),分别降低76.4%和67.3%。因此,可以在玉米种植的后20 d和40 d施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素,与玉米共同诱导向日葵列当种子"自杀发芽",以减少向日葵列当对向日葵植株的危害。 相似文献
2.
利用微生物防除根寄生杂草列当 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
根寄生杂草列当(Orobanche spp.)已经严重制约全球许多地区的农业发展,寻找有效防除措施迫在眉睫。由于列当具有特殊生活史且与寄主关系密切,常规防除杂草措施难以达到理想防效。目前,尚无既能有效防除列当又不对寄主造成危害且便于大规模推广应用的列当防除措施。在众多列当防除措施中,微生物防除越来越引起关注和重视。本文对微生物防除列当的国内外研究进展及防除机理进行了综述。目前,列当生防微生物的研究主要集中在镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)等列当病原菌和根瘤菌(Rhizobium spp.)等列当寄主植物共生菌上。微生物防除列当的机制主要包括两方面:一是通过产生代谢产物直接影响列当的萌发和生长,或通过降解列当种子萌发诱导物质间接影响列当的萌发;二是通过提高寄主植物自身对列当的抗性间接影响列当的寄生和生长。此外,本文还重点介绍了植物土传病害的土壤拮抗微生物防除列当杂草的可行性及研究进展。植物土传病害病原菌和列当均首先通过在地下侵染作物的根系进而危害作物正常生长,而作物抗土传病害的机理也与抗列当的机理类似。因此,存在于土壤中具有防治植物土传病害能力的微生物可能也具有防除根寄生杂草列当的功能。本团队前期试验从植物土传病害的土壤拮抗微生物中筛选到在盆栽试验中能够有效防除向日葵列当(O.cumana Wallr.)和瓜列当(O.aegyptiaca Pers.)的放线菌各1株,分别为淡紫褐链霉菌(Streptomyces enissocaesilis Sveshnikova)和密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum Bhuyan B.K)。其中,密旋链霉菌的菌剂在田间试验中既降低了瓜列当的出土数量又增加了番茄的产量。总之,微生物是防除根寄生杂草列当的一条有效途径。 相似文献
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4.
马铃薯对瓜列当种子萌发的化感作用研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
瓜列当给瓜类等经济作物造成较大危害。本研究采用盆栽4个推广马铃薯品种"夏波蒂"、"青薯168"、"冀张薯5号"和"克新1号",以不同生长时期(幼苗期、开花期和结薯期)马铃薯根际土、根系和地上部的浸提液(甲醇和水)刺激瓜列当种子萌发,根据发芽率来判定其对瓜列当化感作用的强弱,同时筛选刺激瓜列当发芽率高的品种用于列当杂草的防除。结果表明,马铃薯能刺激瓜列当种子萌发;不同马铃薯品种对瓜列当的化感作用各有差异,随着马铃薯的生长,根际土中化感物质积累不断升高,根系化感作用逐渐减弱,而地上部化感作用逐渐增强。甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子发芽率高于水浸提液,即甲醇浸提化感作用效果较好。"夏波蒂"根系甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子的发芽率在幼苗期最高,为48.5%;而地上部甲醇浸提液处理的发芽率在结薯期最高,为51.2%。可以在瓜列当危害的农田轮作"夏波蒂"5~8年,同时采用马铃薯秸秆还田来减少土壤中瓜列当种子库,达到防除瓜列当危害的目的。 相似文献
5.
我国各地常见农田杂草有数百种之多，加上变种达五、六百种，隶属于70多科，300多属。杂草一般是农田开垦之后已经长期适应农田耕种条件的植物，它们对当地环境适应性、抗逆力和繁殖力都非常强，难以根除，例如一株菟丝子能结近100万粒种子，一株向日葵列当能结10万粒种子，在没有寄主的情况下，在土壤中生命力保持5～10年，如果条件适宜，种子可终年发芽。杂草与作物争夺水、肥、光照和空气，并且是一些病虫害的媒介。 相似文献
6.
不同植龄啤酒花根际土壤中有机化合物的初步分离鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物根际区是土壤中物理、化学、生物学作用极其活跃的特殊微生态系统,在生物与环境的共同作用下,根际土壤中产生很多有机化合物,它们来源于植物体根系分泌、地上部淋溶、植物残茬及土壤生物的分解等[1],这些化合物中很多是化感物质,直接或间接地影响着植物的生长发育。化感作用(A llelopathy),即相生相克作用,是指一种植物或微生物(供体)向环境释放化学物质而影响其他有机体包括植物、微生物和动物(受体)的生长和发育的化学生态学现象,包括促进和抑制两方面作用[1~5]。当受体和供体同属于一种植物时产生抑制作用的现象,称为植物的自毒作用。大多数植物均存在自毒作用,而且研究发现自毒作用经常是作物产生连作 相似文献
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8.
根寄生杂草瓜列当（Orobanche aegyptiaca）严重危害番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）等多种经济作物的产量和品质。如何有效防除仍是当今瓜列当研究重点之一。真菌是列当的生防因子之一,但目前对农作物无致病性的列当生防真菌的研究尚少。本研究通过培养皿试验研究1株灰黄青霉（Penicillium griseofulvum,CF3）的无细胞发酵滤液对瓜列当种子萌发和发芽管生长的影响,通过盆栽试验研究CF3粉状制剂对瓜列当的防除效果及对寄主番茄生长和根区土壤微生物的影响。结果表明：1）培养皿试验中,CF3发酵液抑制了瓜列当种子萌发和发芽管生长。其中,在放有瓜列当种子与番茄幼苗的培养皿中,加入CF3发酵液后培养6 d,瓜列当种子的萌发均被完全抑制;添加CF3发酵液与霍格兰德营养液体积比为1∶2、1∶4、1∶6和1∶8的混合液培养8 d后,瓜列当种子的萌发率与对照相比分别减少80.26%、70.26%、68.10%和47.51%。CF3发酵液原液、10倍稀释液和100倍稀释液处理后使瓜列当发芽管长度与对照相比分别缩短100.00%、68.84%和19.24%。2）盆栽试验中,CF3菌剂抑制了瓜列当的出土和单株瓜列当的生长,并使番茄增产。施加1.0 g·kg-1 CF3菌剂130 d后,瓜列当的出土数量、出土率和单株瓜列当干重分别降低76.19%、85.30%和28.48%,番茄果实鲜重增加51.57%。此外,灰黄青霉菌剂还调整了番茄根区土壤的微生物区系结构,使施加菌剂130 d后番茄根区土壤中除接入CF3外真菌数量与对照相比降低75.60%,细菌与真菌的数量之比增加117.57%。平均来看,CF3使番茄根区土壤中除CF3外真菌数量降低42.81%,放线菌总数增加84.15%。本研究表明,灰黄青霉CF3具有防除番茄上寄生瓜列当的能力,适宜作为瓜列当的生防真菌。 相似文献
9.
根系分泌物的化感作用及其对土壤微生物的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
总结了根分泌化感物质的种类及其化感效应,分析了生物和非生物因素与根系分泌化感物质之间的关系。此外,根系分泌化感物质的研究手段对于所取得的研究结果至关重要,其中根分泌物收集系统是收集根分泌化感物质的常用而可行的方法之一。对于根分泌化感物质的分离鉴定技术有多种,可根据需要选择适宜的分离方法。还列举了一些作物根分泌的化感物质对根际微生物产生的影响,阐明了根分泌的化感物质所起的重要化感作用。根分泌物化感作用的研究已成为土壤生态学领域的热点与前沿课题,自然条件下原位收集鉴定植物根系分泌物中的化感物质等诸多问题是该领域今后的研究重点。 相似文献
10.
植物根分泌的化感物质及其在土壤中的环境行为 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
植物根系是化感物质进入土壤的重要通道。根系分泌物中含有大量具有化感活性的物质,其中以小分子的酚、酸最为常见,这些物质对植物自身及植物根际微生物和土壤酶具有广泛影响,一度成为化感研究的重要内容。自然状态下根系分泌化感物质的活性效应与植物根系分泌化感物质的强度和累积、化感物质本身的特性以及土壤对化感物质的吸附和降解能力有关。因此,研究化感物质在土壤中的迁移、吸附-解吸附、降解等环境行为是揭示化感物质累积机制的重要工作,应该成为化感研究的重要内容,在今后的研究中应给予充分重视。 相似文献
11.
Hassan Karimmojeni Mohammad Hossein Ehtemam Sima Javadimoghadam Amir Hossein Bazrafshan 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(5):612-618
Egyptian broomrape is a root holoparasitic plant that causes severe damage to tomato in Iran. Experiments were conducted in 2013 to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) nutrition on broomrape response in tomato. Si concentration significantly delayed first appearance of broomrape and decreased number of tubercles in both cultivars, although the magnitude of reduction varied with cultivar and Si concentration. Broomrape infection significantly decreased root and shoot dry weights of tomato cultivars. However, Si nutrition at high concentration considerably reduced damage severity of broomrape compared to the treatment that received no Si. Infection of tomato with broomrape resulted in significant increase in peroxidase and catalase activity in the roots of resistant cultivar which led to enhanced crop resistance to oxidative stress and improved growth in this cultivar. 相似文献
12.
Sato D Awad AA Chae SH Yokota T Sugimoto Y Takeuchi Y Yoneyama K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1162-1168
A simple and rapid analytical method for strigolactones, germination stimulants for the root parasitic weeds witchweed (Striga spp.) and broomrape (Orobanche spp.), has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography connected to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The natural strigolactones (strigol, sorgolactone, orobanchol, and alectrol) were clearly separated and identified by LC/MS/MS. As low as 0.1 pg/microL of strigol and 0.5 pg/microL of sorgolactone could be quantified, whereas 1 pg/microL was needed for the quantification of orobanchol (S/N > 10). Using this method, it was found that red clover produces orobanchol and alectrol but not strigol. The roots of red clover seedlings were found to produce 13, 70, 58, and 65 pg of orobanchol/plant 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after germination, respectively. 相似文献
13.
Esteban Alcántara Marién Morales-García Jorge Díaz-Sánchez 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7):1199-1206
Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a parasitic plant that infects sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. In this work, sunflower plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots with the substrate infested or non-infested with broomrape seeds. At different numbers of days after sowing, plant height, internode lengths, number of leaves, head diameter, mineral composition of leaves, and potassium (K) concentration in stem were measured. The negative effects of broomrape parasitism were assessed from 57 d after sowing, when broomrape started to emerge. Parasitized plants exhibited lower shoot dry weight, height, and head diameter than control plants. The reduction in internode lengths was associated with a decrease in the gradient of K concentration from basal to apical stem. The mineral composition of leaves was also affected in parasitized plants. The concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in leaves of parasitized plants were lower than those of the control plants, while there were few differences for K, phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). The effects of parasitism are discussed in relation to their competition for resources and to perturbations of the host physiology such as hormonal and water balance. 相似文献
14.
Nandula VK Westwood JH Foster JG Foy CL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(3):1524-1528
The parasitic plant broomrape is entirely dependent on its host for reduced carbon and nitrogen and is also susceptible to inhibition by glyphosate that is translocated to the parasite through a host. Studies were conducted to examine the effect of broomrape parasitism on amino acid concentrations of two hosts: common vetch that is tolerant of low levels of glyphosate and oilseed rape that has been genetically engineered for glyphosate resistance. The influence of glyphosate on the amino acid content of broomrape and the two hosts was also examined. Amino acid concentrations in leaves and roots of parasitized common vetch plants were generally similar to those of the corresponding tissues of nonparasitized plants. Amino acid concentrations in broomrape were lower than those of the parasitized common vetch root. For common vetch, glyphosate applied at rates that selectively inhibited broomrape growth did not alter individual amino acid concentrations in the leaves, but generally increased amino acid levels at 0.18 kg ha-1. Glyphosate application also increased the amino acid concentrations, with the exception of arginine, of broomrape growing on common vetch and did not generally influence concentrations in leaves or roots of common vetch. In oilseed rape, parasitization by broomrape generally led to higher amino acid concentrations in leaves but lower concentrations in roots of parasitized plants. Broomrape had higher amino acid concentrations than roots of the parasitized oilseed rape. Glyphosate applied at 0.25 and 0.5 kg ha-1 generally increased the amino acid concentrations in oilseed rape leaves, but the 0.75 kg ha-1 application caused the amino acid concentrations to decrease compared to those of untreated plants. In oilseed rape root the general trend was an increase in the concentration of amino acids at the two highest rates of glyphosate. Individual amino acid concentrations in broomrape attachments growing on oilseed rape were generally increased following glyphosate application of 0.25 kg ha-1. These results indicate that low rates of glyphosate alter amino acid profiles in both host and broomrape and raise questions about the regulation of amino acid metabolism in the parasite. 相似文献
15.
Wigchert SC Kuiper E Boelhouwer GJ Nefkens GH Verkleij JA Zwanenburg B 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(4):1705-1710
Striga and Orobanche seeds germinate in response to a host-derived germination stimulant. Dose-response curves of the synthetic strigolactone analogues GR 24 and Nijmegen 1 were determined, and their activities were compared to that of the naturally occurring stimulant sorgolactone. Typical sigmoidal curves were obtained. ED(50) values for GR 24 were in the order of 10(-)(9)-10(-)(8) mol/L; for Nijmegen 1 these values were 3 orders of magnitude higher. Both synthetic stimulants are appreciably active at low concentrations and merit investigation as agents for the suicidal germination approach (i.e., treatment of the soil with stimulant in the absence of a host). 相似文献
16.
Ueno K Fujiwara M Nomura S Mizutani M Sasaki M Takikawa H Sugimoto Y 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(17):9226-9231
Strigolactones are highly potent germination stimulants for seeds of the parasitic weeds Striga and Orobanche spp. 4-Hydroxy-GR24 and 4-acetoxy-GR24 were prepared and their abilities to induce seed germination of Striga gesnerioides evaluated. Optically active (8bR,2'R)-isomers induced germination, although the racemic diastereomers were inactive. In contrast, the stereoisomer of GR24 with the same configuration induced negligible germination. Some stereoisomers of GR24 and its analogues acted as effective antagonists for induction of seed germination by cowpea root exudates. These results suggest that both an oxygenated substituent at C-4 and the configuration of the tricyclic lactone and the D-ring are essential structural requirements for induction of germination in S. gesnerioides seeds. 相似文献
17.
The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. Total N concentrations, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the tissues, were similar in leaves of nonparasitized and parasitized carrot plants but were lower in parasitized roots than in nonparasitized roots. In both dry and germinated broomrape seeds, N concentrations were lower than or similar to those in broomrape tubercles, shoots, or callus. Individual amino acid concentrations in hydrolysates of leaves of parasitized carrot plants tended to be similar to or greater than those in hydrolysates of nonparasitized carrot plants. Roots of parasitized plants tended to have similar or lower amino acid concentrations than roots of nonparasitized plants. Dry and germinated broomrape seeds had similar amino acid profiles, but individual amino acid concentrations were lower than in the other broomrape tissues examined. The broomrape shoot tended to have lower amino acid concentrations than the tubercle and callus. Free amino acid profiles of leaves and roots of parasitized plants paralleled those of nonparasitized plants, respectively. Individual free amino acids tended to occur at similar or lower levels in dry and germinated broomrape seeds than in the tubercle, shoot, or callus. Free amino acid composition of the broomrape tubercle was similar to that of the parasitized root. Arginine and alanine concentrations in broomrape callus were dramatically higher than those of other amino acids in this or other tissues investigated. These results indicate that changes in the composition of both free and bound amino acids in carrot are associated with broomrape parasitism. 相似文献
18.
Orobanche crenata Forsk. is a major constraint for pea production in Mediterranean and East Asian countries. To solve the problem of the lack of
resistance in pea cultivars, a screening for resistance was performed under field conditions in a germplasm collection of
575 accessions of Pisum sativum L. No complete resistance was found but varying levels of resistance were identified and confirmed in further field seasons
and in pots experiments in the greenhouse. Resistance was quantitative resulting in a reduction in the number of emerged broomrapes
per pea plant. Broomrape infection and expression of resistance proved to be highly influenced by environmental conditions.
Resistance is the consequence of the combination of several resistance mechanisms preventing or hampering establishment of
broomrape and/or development of established tubercles. Resistance identified could suffice to prevent broomrape damage in
normal years, but might need to be implemented with other control measures in very conducive years. Resistant accessions have
been crossed with pea cultivars and submitted to a breeding programme in which accumulation of levels of resistance to broomrape
is a priority. 相似文献
19.
A critical account on the inception of Striga seed germination 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The seeds of the parasitic weed Striga germinate in response to stimulants exuded by the roots of host plants and some nonhost plants. Literature data are summarized that support the view that strigolactones induce germination of parasitic weed seeds via a receptor-mediated mechanism. The suggestion by Lynn et al. that the strigol D-ring is solely responsible for germinating Striga seeds via a redox reaction was based on hypothesized structural similarities between the natural compound dihydrosorgoleone (SXSg) and the strigol D-ring. Experiments have shown that the mechanistic connection between SXSg and the strigol D-ring is not valid, and therefore the proposed redox mechanism for the induction of Striga seed germination by strigolactones does not hold. 相似文献