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1.
Plant regeneration through callus initiation from mature embryo of Triticum   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
R. M. Bi    M. Kou    L. G. Chen    S. R. Mao    H. G. Wang 《Plant Breeding》2007,126(1):9-12
The behaviour of diverse Triticum genotypes in the tissue culture response of mature embryo callus was compared, and factors affecting tissue culture response were studied in this paper. Significant differences were detected in callus induction, embryogenic callus differentiation, plantlet regeneration and culture efficiency when mature embryos of 31 plants of different Triticum species were compared. These were the main wheat cultivars of the Chinese northern winter‐type wheat region and breeding lines (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), cultivable emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccum Schuble) and the common wheat progenitors Triticum dicoccoides and Triticum aegilopides. The genotype dependency was particularly high in tissue culture of mature embryos of these Triticum genotypes. The efficiency of induction, differentiation and regeneration of mature embryos callus was high in genotypes selected out. Mature embryo‐derived callus of HB341, TS021, SN2618, T. dicoccum, HB188, and T9817 showed better tissue culture response than the other genotypes. Plantlets can be regenerated from mature embryo‐derived callus of 31 genotypes, saving on growth facility resources and time required for the collection of other explants, and providing a solid basis for the genetic transformation and molecular plant breeding of Triticum plants.  相似文献   

2.
Comparative osmotic adjustments in barley and tetraploid wheats   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
B. Teulat    D. Rekika    m. m.  nachit p.  monneveux 《Plant Breeding》1997,116(6):519-523
Five barley (Hordeum rulgare L.), five durum wheat (Triticum turgidum concar. durum L.) and one wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum conrar dicoccoides) genotypes from different origins and differing for drought tolerance and potential yield, were studied for their osmotic adjustment capacity at the same stage and under similar water stress conditions. Differences for water status parameters between barley and tetraploid wheat genotypes were noted and discussed. The lowest osmotic adjustment capacities were noted in drought susceptible varieties, while a high capacity was found in genotypes exhibiting a high yield stability across contrasting environments. Relative water content, leaf osmotic potential and accumulation of soluble sugars were found to be highly related with osmotic adjustment: they could be used as criteria for a rapid evaluation of osmotic adjustment in segregating populations.  相似文献   

3.
Sixty genotypes of different wheat species (30 cultivars of common wheat, 12 durum wheat and 18 wild wheat relatives) were estimated for response to anther culturing and capability of plant regeneration. The 4 level of responding anthers out of the total number of anthers cultured was proposed as the criterion for genotype fitness for breeding with the aid of anther culture. Among common wheat cultivars, 13 exceeded this level. Among durum wheat, none of the genotypes investigated exceeded the 4% level. Among other species, 5 cultivars of T. dicoccum as well as T. petropavlovsky and T. dicoccoides spont. exceeded the 4 value.  相似文献   

4.
Summary A simple method is proposed to distinguish hexaploid (Triticum aestivum L.) from tetraploid (Triticum turgidum L., durum wheat) cultivated wheats on the basis of peroxidase isozymes coded by genome D. It can also be used as a first step to detect possible contamination by tetraploid genotype mixtures. The peroxidase patterns of endosperm and of embryo plus scutellum found among 349 entries of a durum wheat world basis collection are shown.  相似文献   

5.
This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) nutrition on root antioxidative responses to cadmium (Cd) toxicity of three wheat genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. A hydroponic experiment was carried out in which two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. ‘Rushan’ and ‘Cross’) and one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Durum) were exposed to three Zn2+ (10?11.11, 10?9.11 and 10?8.81 μm ) and two Cd2+ (10?11.21 and 10?10.2 μm ) activity levels. ‘Durum’ showed the highest root sulfhydryl (‐SH) groups content and activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the lowest root membrane permeability among the studied wheat genotypes. In ‘Durum’, Zn nutrition increased root ‐SH groups concentration of seedlings in Cd‐free nutrient solution. In ‘Cross’, as Zn2+ activity increased from 10?11.11 to 10?9.11 μm , root ‐SH groups concentration was increased while decreased with increasing Zn2+ to 10?8.81 μm . Cadmium increased root membrane permeability at both 10?11.11 and 10?9.11 μm Zn2+ levels. Activity of CAT and APX increased in roots of ‘Durum’ plants exposed to Cd at Zn2+ = 10?9.11 μm and thereafter decreased with increasing Zn2+ activity. In contrast, CAT and APX activity in roots of ‘Cross’ and ‘Rushan’ genotypes exposed to Cd decreased by increasing Zn activity to 10?9.11 μm and then increased at Zn2+ = 10?8.81μm . The results showed an increase in activities of antioxidative enzymes in Cd‐treated plants, although this increase was dependent on the crop genotype and Zn levels in the media.  相似文献   

6.
The photosynthetic responses to heat stress, during grain filling, in four genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. (Sever and Golia) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Acalou and TE 9306), chosen according to its genetic background diversity, were investigated. All wheat genotypes (excepting Golia) showed synergistic trends implicating the internal CO2 concentration, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Additionally, the modifications of net photosynthesis were associated with changes in stomatal control. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (minimal fluorescence, maximal and variable fluorescence, intrinsic efficiency of PSII in darkness, non‐photochemical quenching, photochemical quenching and energy‐dependent chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) further pointed heat protective mechanisms, implicating Fv/Fm stabilization (i.e. maintaining the efficiency of PS II) and electron transport rate preservation. It is concluded that, comparatively to bread wheat, the photosynthetic performance of durum wheat is more tolerant to heat stress, as stomatal conductance and transpiration are less affected.  相似文献   

7.
Bread and durum wheat genotypes were submitted to heat stress during the grain filling period, and relationships between grain weight and accumulated time from anthesis until maturity, using days after anthesis and growing degree days, were described by cubic polynomials. Maximum grain weight and the duration and rate of grain filling were estimated from the fitted curves. It was found that bread and durum wheat exposure to high temperatures significantly decreased grain weight and hastens physiological maturity (shortening the grain filling period). High temperatures significantly affected the rate (on a growing degree day basis) and duration (on Julian day units) of grain filling. The grain filling rate, on a thermal time basis, was positively associated with the final grain weight and the estimated maximum grain weight. The duration of grain filling does not appear to be a limiting factor for genotype grain weight stability, being mainly fixed by temperature. Grain weight of the controlled plants was positively correlated with the final and maximum grain weight of heat stressed plants. It was concluded that a high grain filling rate and a high potential grain weight are major traits that can be useful to improve heat tolerance of Triticum under Mediterranean environments.  相似文献   

8.
To improve haploid plant production in durum wheat, the haplomethod involving intergeneric crossing with maize followed by embryo rescue was used. The influence of parental genotypes and various experimental factors were studied. Ten cultivars of Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (female parent) were crossed with eight genotypes of Zea mays. After pollination, plant stems were either maintained in situ or cut near the base and kept in a 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D)‐sucrose solution. Ten to 18 days after pollination, embryos were excised from developed ovaries and cultured on one of MS, MS/2, or B5 media. Haploid embryos and plants were obtained (78 green haploid plants regenerated in 0 year). The wheat genotype was significant for ovary development, embryo and plant formation, whereas the maize genotype was significant only for embryo formation. Detailed results of all crosses showed the best crossing partner for each wheat genotype. Cutting the plant stems after pollination gave better results than maintaining them in situ. The optimal stage for embryo rescue was 14 days and B5 and MS/2 media were more efficient than MS for embryo culture.  相似文献   

9.
A collection of 63 bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and 21 durum wheats (Triticum durum Desf.) commonly grown in Portugal since 1982 were characterized for the composition of wheat storage proteins (WSP), high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) and ω-gliadins. The composition of HMW-GS, LMW-GS and &-gliadins, encoded at loci Glu-1, Glu-3 and Gli-1, respectively, was revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. WSP allelic compositions of bread and durum wheat patterns were given. In the bread wheats, a total of 24, 24 and 18 patterns were observed for HMW-GS, LMW-GS and ω-gliadins, respectively. Forty-two different alleles were identified for the nine loci studied, Glu-A1 (3), Glu-B1 (7), Glu-D1 (4), Glu-A3 (5), Glu-B1 (7), Glu-D3 (2), Gli-A1 (2), Gli-B1 (8) and Gli-D1 (4). In the case of durum wheats, 19 alleles were identified: one allele at Glu-A1, two at Glu-B3, Glu-B2 and Gli-A1, three at Glu-B1, four at Glu-A3 and five at Gli-B1. For HMW-GS, LMW-GS and ω-gliadins, three, six and six different patterns were revealed, respectively. This study represents the first attempt to discriminate the bread and durum wheat varieties commonly grown in Portugal by the allelic variation of storage proteins. The database is useful for varietal identification and for plant breeders who seek to devise effective programmes aimed at improving wheat quality.  相似文献   

10.
Waxy proteins in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Electrophoretic analyses of waxy proteins, encoded by genes present at the Wx‐1 loci, present in several cultivars and accessions of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum, have permitted the detection of null alleles at the Wx‐B1 and Wx‐D1 loci. Polymorphism at the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 loci was also investigated in several accessions of tetraploid wheats, Triticum durum, Triticum dicoccoides and Triticum timopheevi, and in diploid species, Triticum urartu, Triticum boeoticum and Triticum monococcum. One null allele at the Wx‐A1 locus and three polymorphic alleles at Wx‐B1 locus were detected in T. durum; a new allele at one of the two waxy loci was identified in the tetraploid wheat T. timopheevi; no polymorphism was detected in diploid species. Polymerase chain reaction techniques made possible the detection of further polymorphism existing at the Wx‐1 loci and the reason for the lack of expression of the null genotypes to be investigated. The null forms detected at each locus have been used to produce complete sets of partial and total waxy lines in durum and bread wheat.  相似文献   

11.
Summary Environmental correlation coefficients were computed among all pairs of five traits, namely grain yield, heading date, number of tillers per m2, plant height and 1000-grain weight (grain size) using 30 Triticum durum and 30 Triticum aestivum varieties grown in 18 environments. Grain yield was significantly correlated with the other four traits in almost all of the varieties. The mean correlation coefficient over all varieties ranged from 0.58 to –0.83 for durum wheat and 0.66 to 0.88 for aestivum wheat. The correlation coefficients between heading date and the other traits were also significant, ranging from –0.45 to –0.79 in durum wheat and –0.61 to –0.85 in aestivum wheat. The correlation coefficient between number of tillers with plant height and 1000-grain weight were the smallest, 0.19–0.32 in durum wheat and 0.39–0.60 in aestivum wheat. It was concluded that agronomic practices favouring early and good stand establishment in the dry regions will favour the yield components and important adaptive traits, which contribute towards larger yields. Significant differences were found among genotypes in the environmental correlation coefficients and the associated changes in one trait as a result of changes in other traits.  相似文献   

12.
The influence of 50 and 100 μm Ni on membrane integrity, hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation as well as total fatty acid composition was studied in shoots and roots of wheat seedlings. In both organs, treatment with Ni led to significant increase in electrolyte leakage reflecting the metal‐induced enhancement of membrane permeability. In the shoots, it was accompanied by significant increase in lipid peroxidation. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, more pronounced in the shoots, was also found in Ni‐treated wheat. Exposure of wheat seedlings to Ni altered the total fatty acid composition, leading to decrease in their unsaturation, which was indicated by reduction in double bond index. In both organs, a significant decrease in linolenic acid (C18 : 3) content was observed. It was accompanied by increased linoleic (C18 : 2) and oleic (C18 : 1) acid contents in shoots and roots, respectively. In the shoots, parallel increase in palmitic acid (C16 : 0) and decrease in palmitoleic acid (C16 : 1) were found at the end of the experiment. Our results suggest that modification of fatty acid profile in Ni‐treated wheat seedlings is partly related to lipid peroxidation and increased electrolyte leakage and may reflect damage of cells caused by the metal.  相似文献   

13.
Integrative physiological criteria, such as carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and (mineral) ash content (ma) have been found to be very useful, under drought conditions, to elucidate the association between yield gains and variation of photosynthesis‐related traits and orientate future breeding efforts. Information on this association is scarce under irrigated conditions. The relationships between Δ, ma and yield were studied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) under optimal (drip) irrigation in the arid conditions of north‐west Mexico. Carbon isotope discrimination was analysed on leaves at booting stage and anthesis and on grain at maturity, whereas ash content was measured on the flag leaf at anthesis and maturity. At anthesis, there were differences between bread and durum wheat during grain filling for Δ, but not for ma. No relationship was found between grain yield and Δ. Leaf ash content at anthesis and maturity showed a broad variability within each species and were associated with grain yield. These results suggest that ash content in leaves could be also used as predictive criteria for yield not only under drought, but also under irrigated conditions, particularly when evaporative demand is high.  相似文献   

14.
Increasing air temperature due to changing climate is projected to decrease the length of the growing season, hasten vegetative development and maturation, and ultimately affect yield of many C3 crops. Previous multilocation trials highlighted strong relationships between thermal trends in the interval “beginning of flowering‐end of grain filling” and grain yield, and protein content in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.). With the aim to confirm these relationships, nine durum wheat genotypes, including old (Capeiti 8, Senatore Cappelli and Trinakria) and modern (Amedeo, Arcangelo, Mongibello, Simeto, and Svevo) varieties and a Sicilian landrace (Russello) were grown at three different sites representing a climate gradient in Sicily, Italy. Moreover, the effect of post‐anthesis heat stress on these durum wheats was further investigated in two contrasting environments: open‐field (control—C) and greenhouse heat stress (HS). HS shortened the interval “beginning‐end of flowering” of 1.5 days across genotypes, and the “end of flowering‐beginning of grain filling” and maturation of 4.9 days, with a range of 1 day in Arcangelo to 11 days in Cappelli. Advances in main phenophases significantly decreased kernel weight (KW) and grain yield (GY), whereas grain protein content (PC) increased. As expected, a negative relationship was observed between GY and PC, while positive relationships were found for GY and grain‐filling duration (GFD), and GY and KW. Genotypes responded differently to heat stress, as evidenced by the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and dry matter accumulation in kernels. Genotypes were ranked according to the heat susceptibility index (HSI): Amedeo, Arcangelo, Capeiti 8, Svevo and Trinakria resulted heat‐tolerant. These varieties were characterized by an early trigger of dry matter accumulation in kernels under HS (Amedeo, Arcangelo and Trinakria), or showed similar length of the GFD (Capeiti 8) between environments. The multilocation trial confirmed a negative relationship between maximum temperatures and grain yield, and a positive relationship between minimum temperatures and protein content during grain–filling periods. Research focusing on agronomic strategies, phenology and breeding for tolerance to heat stress is of strategic importance to cope with the detrimental effect of global warming in semi‐arid climates.  相似文献   

15.
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat genotypes of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) was studied in field trials every third week throughout the growing season. The study was carried out in Sweden on three different soils and during two growing seasons. The results showed that the genetic variation in shoot and grain Cd accumulation remained consistent, regardless of soil type or growing season. In addition, it was possible to select the genotype that accumulated most Cd already at the beginning of the growing season, since this genotype also accumulated most Cd in the vegetative tissues of the shoot. These results indicate that it is possible to identify genotypes that accumulate most Cd in the grain at an early plant development stage. High Cd concentrations in the shoot were also observed to give high Cd concentrations in the grain. This indicates that the regulatory mechanism for grain Cd accumulation is not located in the shoot, but in the root or as a feature of root Cd uptake. The soil material and the soil solution at all three sites were analysed for strongly bound Cd (as extracted with 2 m HNO3), more easily plant‐available Cd (as extracted with ammonium lactate), pH, organic matter, clay content and conductivity. None of these parameters was clearly correlated to the Cd concentration in the grain.  相似文献   

16.
Genotypic variation for competitive ability in spring wheat   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
D. G. Huel  P. Hucl 《Plant Breeding》1996,115(5):325-329
Herbicides are the primary method of weed control for crop production in developed countries. For economic and environmental reasons alternative control strategies are being devised. One of these strategies is the development of competitive crop cultivars. The objectives of this research were to establish whether spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes differed in competitive ability and if those differences were related to specific growth characteristics. Sixteen genotypes of spring wheat were grown under simulated weed competition conditions at Saskatoon, Canada over a 3–year period. Four high and four low tillering genotypes from each of two crosses (Neepawa/M1417 and Ingal/M1417) were studied. Weeds consisted of cultivated oat (Avena saliva cv. ‘Waldern’) and oriental mustard (Brassicajuncea cv. ‘Cutlass’) sown at two densities (48 and 96 seeds/m2 per weed species). Seedling establishment, ground cover, and seed yield for the three species were determined, as was wheat tiller number, spike number, maximum height, leaf area index, leaf orientation, and flag leaf length and size. Significant (P = 0.001) weed rate by genotype interactions involving changes in genotype rank were detected for wheat grain yield, indicating that the 16 wheat genotypes differed in competitive ability. Wheat grain yield reductions averaged over the two weed densities ranged from 45% to 59%. The highest-yielding genotypes under weed-free conditions were not necessarily the highest yielding under weedy conditions. Genotypes which suffered smaller yield reductions were more effective in suppressing weed growth. Although competitive genotypes were generally taller than non-competitive genotypes, other traits such as large seedling ground cover and flag leaf length were associated with wheat yield under competitive conditions.  相似文献   

17.
Hessian fly is an important pest of wheat on the North American continent and the temperate Mediterranean drylands. Yield losses caused by this insect in Morocco are the heaviest in the Mediterranean region and are estimated to be 36% on average. Genetic resistance to Mediterranean Hessian fly biotypes has not been found in durum wheat, although large numbers of durum accessions were screened. Genes for resistance were found in common wheat; some of which are transferable to durum. However, there is a need to broaden the genetic base for resistance in durum wheat. The objective of this work was to introgress resistance from selected Triticum araraticum and T. carthlicum accessions using multiple backcross methodology. The experimental recipient durum wheat included numerous adapted and high‐yielding lines. Testing for Hessian fly resistance under controlled conditions and field yield data showed that this programme yields Hessian fly‐resistant durum lines with good yields and adaptation.  相似文献   

18.
Drought stress and zinc (Zn) deficiency are serious abiotic stress factors limiting crop production in Turkey, especially in Central Anatolia. In this study, the effects of Zn deficiency and drought stress on grain yield of 20 wheat cultivars (16 bread wheat, Triticum aestivum; four durum wheat, Triticum durum cultivars) were investigated over 2 years under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Central Anatolia where drought and Zn deficiency cause substantial yield reductions. Plants were treated with (+Zn: 23 kg Zn ha−1, as ZnSO4·7H2O) and without (−Zn) Zn under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Both Zn deficiency and rainfed treatments resulted in substantial decreases in grain yield. Significant differences were determined between both bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars in terms of drought stress tolerance. Considering drought sensitivity indices over 2 years, the bread wheat cultivars Yayla‐305, Gerek‐79, Dagdas‐94 and Bolal‐2973 were found to be more drought‐tolerant than the other cultivars under both −Zn and +Zn treatments. Especially the durum wheat cultivars Cakmak 79 and Selcuklu 97 showed much greater drought susceptibility under Zn deficiency, and irrigation alone was not sufficient to obtain satisfying grain yield without Zn application. The results indicate that sensitivity to Zn deficiency stress became more pronounced when plants were drought‐stressed. The effect of irrigation on grain yield was maximized when Zn was adequately supplied, leading to the suggestion that efficient water use in Central Anatolia seems to be highly dependent on the Zn nutritional status of plants.  相似文献   

19.
Hexaploid tritordeum, the amphiploid Hordeum chilense x Triticum turgidum conv. durum has a higher grain carotene content than durum wheat. In order to decide strategies for introgressing this character into durum wheat, the effect on the carotene content of tritordeum synthesized with H. chilense and durum wheat differing in carotene content was analysed. Carotene content was evaluated in 35 primary tritordeum lines and their parents, 27 H. chilense accessions and 19 durum wheat cultivars. Some amphiploids have either one barley or wheat parent in common. In general, the influence of H. chilense is more important than that of wheat in the amphiploid carotene content. Nevertheless, the interactions between both parents on the amphiploid carotene content are also important.  相似文献   

20.
二倍体、四倍体小麦成熟胚组织培养研究初报   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以栽培二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccum Schuble)、硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.)以及普通六倍体小麦祖先种野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides Kom.)、野生一粒小麦(Triticum aegilopides Bal.)4个基因型麦属植物成熟胚(MEs)为外植体,对成熟胚愈伤组织诱导、分化及植株再生的组织培养效果做了初步研究,筛选出适合于非六倍体小麦成熟胚组织培养的基因型.结果表明,不同基因型成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导、分化及植株再生差异显著,具有很强的基因型效应和基因型依赖性.其中栽培二粒小麦的成熟胚表现出较好的组织培养特性,它的愈伤组织诱导率、分化率、成苗率以及组培效率分别为95.00%、90.00%、32.40%、27.70%,显著高于其它基因型.二倍体、四倍体小麦成熟胚组织培养特性的研究以及组织培养基因型的筛选,为遗传转化体系的建立、小麦功能基因的分离和克隆,以及小麦分子育种工作奠定了基础.  相似文献   

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