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1.
Milk produced by the grazing system, referred to as “grazing milk” contains many components required for human health. The milk fatty acid (FA) profile is strongly associated with the diet on the farms. In the present study, based on the FA profile of farmer's bulk milk, we determined how to discriminate between milk produced on grazing and on a confinement system. A field survey was conducted four times (grazing and confinement season) in the Konsen (29 farms) and Okhotsk (25 farms) area in Hokkaido. Farmer's bulk milk samples and details of feeding management were collected and the FA profile of milk was measured. Milk produced during the grazing season contained less C16:0 and cis‐9 C16:0, and more C18:0, cis‐9 C18:1, trans‐11 C18:1, cis‐9,12 C18:2, cis‐9,trans‐11 C18:2 and cis‐9,12,15 C18:3 than milk produced during the confinement season. Discrimination analysis using 16 FA revealed that almost all milk samples were discriminated correctly (confinement season: 90% correct and 10% borderline, grazing season: 88% correct, 9% borderline and 3% incorrect). For farmers that were categorized incorrectly and were considered borderline in the grazing season, the dependency on pasture was low compared with that for farmers correctly discriminated. Therefore, to claim “grazing milk”, a high dependency on pasture is required for grazing dairy farmers.  相似文献   

2.
A survey was conducted on 176 smallholder dairy farms in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts of Western Kenya to establish the dairy production practices and constraints in the industry. There was low milk production (16.6 kg of milk per capita), which was attributed to the low number of dairy animals. The average land size was 2.4 ha with only 30.3% being allocated to pasture or fodder crops. Farmers with large farms (>2 ha) set aside bigger pieces (1.2 vs 0.4 ha) for pasture/fodder crop cultivation (p < 0.001), owned more (5.25 vs 3.18) dairy animals (p < 0.01) and produced more (9.2 vs 7.5 kg/cow per day) milk (p < 0.05) compared to those on smaller farms of less than 2 ha. The average herd size was 4.2 animals, of which only 45.0% were in milk, producing 8.0 kg/animal per day. Every kilogram of dairy meal fed increased milk production by 0.68 kg (p < 0.001). Over 90% of milk produced was consumed locally. The public institutions provided 74% of total extension services to farmers. About 49.5% of total dairy animals were bought from other districts owing to scarcity.  相似文献   

3.
鲁录 《中国奶牛》2014,(3):49-52
通过对临夏地区奶牛小养殖户、养殖大户、行了综合分析。数据表明,小养殖户养殖成本较低;小养殖户和养殖大户在鲜奶销售渠道上有竞争优势;合或组成合作社逐渐向养殖大户和养殖场过渡。养殖场的摸底调查,笔者对不同规模养殖的经济效益进养殖场的奶牛单产高于小养殖户和养殖大户,养殖场较小养殖户在整个奶产业中处于劣势地位,今后应通过联  相似文献   

4.
A survey was performed to characterize the dairy production, educational experiences, decision making practices, and income and expenses of dairy farms and to determine any differences of these practices among two dairy farm populations. Farm groups were identified as farms from the Muaklek dairy cooperative (Muaklek farms) and farms from other dairy cooperatives (Non-Muaklek farms). In April, 2006 questionnaires were distributed to 500 dairy farms located in Lopburi, Nakhon Ratchisima, and Saraburi provinces. A total of 85 farms completed and returned questionnaires. Means and frequencies were calculated for questions across categories and Chi-square tests were performed to determine differences among Muaklek and Non-Muaklek farms. Results showed that most farms from both groups had a primary or high school educational level, used a combination confinement and pasture production system, gave a mineral supplement, raised their own replacement females, milked approximately 16 cows/day, used crossbred Holstein cows (75% Holstein or more), and mated purebred Holstein sires to their cows. More Non-Muaklek farms (P < 0.05; 80%) used a combination of genetic and phenotypic information when selecting sires than Muaklek farms (54%). Monthly profit per lactating cow, were 1,641 and 1,029 baht for Muaklek and Non-Muaklek farms, respectively. Overall, information from the study should be useful for dairy cooperatives and other dairy organizations when training farmers in the future and furthering dairy production research in Thailand.  相似文献   

5.
中国奶牛养殖模式及效益分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
中国奶牛养殖正由数量增长向质量增长方式转变,目前我国奶牛养殖仍以奶牛饲养小区为主体（集中饲养地、集中挤奶、统一防疫、分户管理、分户结算）,奶牛养殖小区农户养殖的奶牛总数占全国总存栏的70％以上,这对我国奶牛养殖业发展产生巨大影响,暴露出很多问题,必须向现代养殖模式转型,转型的主要方向是适度规模的家庭式奶牛场或股份合作制奶牛场,与其他大中型奶牛场一起成为我国现代奶牛场养殖组织模式,用5年时间使我国成乳牛胎泌乳量达到7 000 kg/头,实现奶牛养殖业发展以质量型发展为主,通过奶牛养殖模式转型促进我国奶牛养殖业可持续健康发展.  相似文献   

6.
SUMMERY: This paper reports the major results of a 4-year controlled study of the impact of a dairy herd health and management program on dairy farms. The aim of the project was to conduct a practical preventive medicine program which could be operated by practising field veterinarians to assess the economic value of the program. The analysis of performance involved 59 program farms which received the program and 47 surveillance farms which did not receive the program. Each group commenced with 80 farms. A comparison of indices reflecting the efficiency of production showed relative gains for program herds when compared to surveillance herds and these differences were significant for the indices of butterfat per hectare (P=.001) and butter fat per man (P=.005) but not for butterfat per cow (P=.455). The indices of financial efficiency showed significant improvements in program farms when compared with surveillance farms in the standardised change in gross margin per hectare (P=.001), per man (P=.003) and per cow (P=.007). On a mean whole-farm basis, the program gave an improvement in gross margin of 23.58, 65.56 and 90.30 per hectare in the second to fourth years respectively of the project when compared with performance in the first year. Mean intercalving intervals were significantly shorter in program than surveillance herds throughout the project (P=.013). The proportion of cows calving within 8 weeks of the start of the calving season increased from 68.5% to 74% in program herds and from 72% to 73% in surveillance herds, but there was no significant difference (P=.101) between groups in this change. The standardised change in bulk milk cell count was greater in program herds than surveillance herds, but the quarter infection prevalence of surveillance herds. which was only measured in the final year of the project, was significantly lower than the prevalence measured at the same time in program herds. It was concluded from this study that the dairy health and management program tested in this study represents a highly profitable investment for dairy farmers.  相似文献   

7.
The results of a series of trials conducted on 47 seasonal supply dairy farms in the southern North Island of New Zealand, which indicated a statistically significant overall production response of 2.24 kg milkfat/cow/lactation following a 2-treatment dry-cow anthelmintic drenching programme (Bisset et al., 1987), were subjected to further analyses in an attempt to identify any management factors or herd characteristics which may have influenced the levels of production response to treatment in individual herds. The management factors examined included calf drenching practices, types of grazing system, mean pre-calving condition of the herds, and 'nutritional status' of the herds over the milking season. The influence of herd quality, herd size and geographical location were also examined. Considered separately, only calf drenching practice had a significant influence on the level of herd response to treatment. Increases in milkfat production/cow due to the treatment programme were significantly greater (P less than 0.05, t-test) on farms where calves had received a minimal number of drench treatments (less than or equal to 2) between weaning and the end of March (mid-autumn) (+5.32 kg/cow/lactation, P less than 0.01) (= 108.2 l milk), than on farms where calves had received regular 3-4 weekly treatments over the same period (+0.42 kg/cow/lactation, N.S.) While none of the other factors, considered in isolation, appeared to significantly influence the production response of herds, observations on possible interactive effects suggested that the grazing system employed was probably of importance in so far as it determined the level of exposure of cows to calf-contaminated pasture. Thus, the greatest mean response to the treatment programme occurred in herds where cows were overwintered on areas grazed during the milking season by calves which had received less than or equal to 2 drench treatments from weaning until the end of March (+5.95 kg milkfat/cow/lactation, P less than 0.01).  相似文献   

8.
An observational study was conducted in Wisconsin to compare production and management on organic and conventional dairy farms. Thirty organic dairy herds, where antimicrobials are rarely used for calves and never used for cows, were compared with 30 neighboring conventional dairy farms on which antimicrobials were routinely used for animals of all ages. A seven-page questionnaire regarding milk production, milking practices, housing, incidence of the major dairy diseases and medical treatments was used to assess management and production during 2000-2001. Body condition scores (BCS) of lactating cows and environmental and animal sanitation scores (EASS) were also collected on each of two occasions. The organic herds had significantly fewer cattle than did the conventional herds (P=0.017). The average daily milk production per cow in organic dairy herds (20.2 kg/day) was lower than that of conventional herds (23.7 kg/day). The incidence of clinical mastitis (CM) on organic farms (28 cases per 100 cow-years at risk) was not statistically different from that of on conventional farms (32 cases per 100 cow-years at risk). No significant difference in bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) was observed between organic farms (262,000 cells/ml) and conventional farms (285,000 cells/ml). The average annual cull rate was 18.0 cases per 100 cow-years for the conventional farms and 17.2 for the organic farms (P=0.426). Our paired t-test results indicated significantly higher parasite burden on organic dairy farms; however, no significant difference between the two farm types when controlling for season (March and September), grazing intensity (no grazing, little grazing, grazing with access to housing and grazing only) and herd average milk production per cow. There was little evidence of other fundamental differences between the two farm types in other management and production parameters.  相似文献   

9.
The present study was conducted to investigate feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites and fertility in early lactation dairy cows grazing a timothy pasture. Fourteen multiparous Holstein cows that calved between 20 May and 19 July were used over a 3‐year period. The stocking rate was 3.6–4.3 cow/ha. Concentrates were fed separately at 9.5–11.5 kg/day per cow (dry matter basis) from 1 to 13 weeks postparturition. Herbage intake was estimated using chromium oxide as an indigestible marker. The mean contents of crude protein, total digestible nutrients and neutral detergent fiber of pasture during the 3‐year study period were 22.3%, 71.8% and 51.7%, and those of total diet were 18.9%, 77.3% and 40.3%, respectively. The mean herbage dry matter intake was 13.0 kg/day from 2 to 13 weeks postparturition during the study, total dry matter intake was 23.7 kg/day, the total digestible nutrients sufficiency rate was 105%, milk yield was 39.7 kg/day, and milk fat percentage was 3.30%. The decrease in bodyweight postparturition was slight. Urea nitrogen concentrations in serum were below 18.3 mg/dL. The mean days to first estrus and days open were 36 and 104 days, respectively. These results indicate that energy deficiency, decrease in bodyweight and fertility in early lactation barely occur when high producing dairy cows are fed enough grazing grass and suitable concentrates.  相似文献   

10.
An Economic Opportunity Survey was conducted on dairy farms in the North West Province of Cameroon. Results showed that median (range) number of cows in milk per farm was zero point six (0–4) and six (3–12) in the zero grazing and transhumance systems, respectively. Medians (range) of three (0–24) and four (3–10) litres of milk were sold per farm per day, corresponding to 30% and 60% of milk produced. 24% and 13% of total cattle per herd were milking cows in the zero grazing and transhumance systems respectively. Median milk production per cow on one day was two (0–25) and two (1–3) litres. Median calf production interval was 14.5 (12–25) and. 21.5 (14–29) months. More milk produced per day represented the best economic opportunity in both systems while reduced age at first calving and longer lactation length were the next in both. Wastage of milk through spoilage from poor hygiene and lack of cooling was a major problem. Holstein cows, which were in the zero grazing system, had unexpectedly short lactations. Constraints identified led to the setting up of interventions of training and advice for farmers and of better nutrition.  相似文献   

11.
The management of the predominantly ryegrass‐white clover pastures for milk production in New Zealand is determined by five main factors:

  1. the seasonal pattern of dry matter production from pasture, as determined primarily by species composition and the seasonal light and temperature regime;

  2. the varying requirements of the pasture plants at different times of the year, as determined by their morphological and physiological condition;

  3. the necessity to utilise a large proportion of the dry matter produced if animal production per hectare is to be maximised;

  4. late ‘winter calving in over 90% of the dairy herds; and

  5. the nutrient requirements of the herd at different stages of lactation.

The aims of maximum production per unit area of land are achieved by an integration of these factors in intensive rotation systems in which the size of the daily break offered to the animals is varied to ration intake and control the frequency and intensity of grazing.  相似文献   

12.
Productivity in most Brazilian dairy herds is low and depends exclusively on pasture. To study the productive potential of pastures and to devise strategies to further improve pasture and animal productivity in this production system, studies were carried out to obtain basic on-farm information. The constraints which affect productivity and reproductive performance of dairy cows, the effects of restrictions in suckling time of calves, and strategic supplementation during the dry season upon animal production were the evaluated parameters. From March 1992 through February 1997, studies were carried out on four private farms in the northern region of the State of S?o Paulo. Between March 1992 and February 1994 (Study 1--survey phase), 142 cows (parity = 1-6) grazed pasture which consisted of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria brizanta). Once-a-month data were collected on body weight, body condition, and milk production. Reproduction parameters were assessed by milk progesterone profiles. From March 1996 to February 1997 (Study 2--intervention phase), 45 lactating dairy cows from two farms were hand-milked once a day and the calf suckling was restricted to two hours after milking. Data were collected on milk production and cow body weight. In Study 1, cows were grouped by calving date for the analysis of the reproductive and production data. Concentrations of blood metabolites, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were compared among randomly selected cows (n = 69) from all farms. Estimated pasture available per hectare (ha) at any time, crude protein (CP), and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of pasture available for grazing differed (p < 0.05) between seasons [pasture available = 1.2, 1.4, 1.8 and 2.2 t/ha (SE = 0.70); CP = 42, 60, 48 and 57 g/kg (DM) (SE = 10.1); DMD = 399, 468, 401 and 457 g/kg (DM) (SE = 21), respectively, for dry season 1992 (D92), wet season 1992 (W92), dry season 1993 (D93), and wet season 1993 (W93)]. The proportion of animals showing ovarian activity at 90 days postpartum (DPP) was higher for cows which calved in the wet season than cows which calved in the dry season. In Study 2, milk production tended to the higher (7.3 and 6.5 kg/day, respectively, for the intervention and survey studies; p = 0.08). The data suggest that milk production is being limited by pasture availability, the quality of pasture, and the lack of supplementation. We suggest that, although supplementing cows in the dry period may have an economic advantage, better pasture management needs to be introduced. Stocking rate must be adapted to pasture productivity and pasture quality throughout the year.  相似文献   

13.
Environmental policy and highly variable margins are requiring major changes on dairy farms. A case study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm over a 5-yr period to evaluate the impact of implementing methods designed to improve environmental and economic sustainability. Six Sigma (Pande et al., 2000) principles were utilized in conjunction with the Cornell University Nutrient Management Planning System (cuNMPS) to develop a system for precision farming to improve nutrient management. Critical components were the development and implementation of plans for herd nutrient management and crop, soil, and manure nutrient management. Implementation of this precision farming system resulted in increases in animal numbers (26%), milk per cow (9%), total milk sold daily (45%), and decreases in purchased feed cost (48%), feed cost per kilogram of milk sold (52%), and total manure N (17%) and P (28%) excretion. These results were attributed to improvements in forage production, quality, and storage (38% increase in proportion of diets homegrown) and precision feeding of high forage diets using the Cornell University Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) for diet formulation. Implementation of this approach on other farms requires management commitment and training. Training must include providing background information and tools for making continuous improvement in quality control and management and the use of root cause analysis. The adoption of the precision farming system by the case study farm management team has improved the business financially and decreased the accumulation of manure nutrients per hectare.  相似文献   

14.
[目的]为了摸清辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况,[方法]本研究应用美国加州奶牛乳房炎检测方法(California mastitis test, CMT)对规模化奶牛场奶牛定期采集奶样进行隐性乳房炎动态监测。通过临床检查和CMT方法对辽西地区5个规模化奶牛养殖场共1 326头泌乳期奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的监测,[结果]统计结果显示,隐性乳房炎发病率高达41.25%,发病率以夏秋季节最高,随着年龄增大,胎次增多,泌乳增加,乳房炎的发病率增高。[结论]研究结果表明辽西地区奶牛乳房炎发病情况较为严重,需要规模化奶牛养殖场高度重视,同时为该地区奶牛场乳房炎的防控提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

15.
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a significant production disease of dairy cattle. Previous concerns have been raised over the occurrence of SARA in pasture-fed dairy cattle and the potential consequences of laminitis and lameness. Highly digestible perennial rye grass contains high concentrations of rapidly fermentable carbohydrate and low concentrations of physical effective fibre that may result in SARA. This study conducted a point prevalence survey of rumen health status in grazing Irish dairy cattle fed predominantly perennial rye grass-based pasture. The survey assessed rumen fluid, animal health status, milk production data and pasture composition. A total of 144 cows between 80 and 150 days in milk were sampled on 12 farms. Eleven percent of cows were classified as affected with SARA (pH < or = 5.5), 42% were marginal (pH 5.6-5.8) and 47% were normal (pH>5.8). The study showed that low rumen pH is prevalent in grazing Irish dairy cattle consuming perennial rye grass-based pasture and raises concerns regarding effective pasture utilisation and possible consequences for animal health.  相似文献   

16.
This paper estimates the financial incentive to control paratuberculosis on dairy farms by establishing the level of expenditure that would minimise the total cost of the disease (output losses plus control expenditure). Given the late onset of the clinical signs and the lack of treatments, control was focused on minimising the financial impact of paratuberculosis by adjusting the dairy cow replacement policy. The optimum replacement policies for disease-free herds and infected herds were compared by using dynamic programming. At the standard settings, the disease justified adjusting the culling policy; under constant bioeconomic assumptions, it reduced the expected annuity from milk production under the optimal replacement policy by about 10 per cent (27 pounds sterling per cow annually), a considerably lower figure than for other major endemic diseases that affect dairy cows in the uk. The effect was even less at lower milk prices, suggesting that there is at present little incentive for dairy farmers to put more resources into controlling the disease. However, the incentive could be increased if more information were available about how best to manage the disease under specific farm circumstances. Any effect that paratuberculosis may have on the future demand for milk and hence on milk prices would also be an important consideration.  相似文献   

17.
Phosphorus deficiency was diagnosed in a 90 cow seasonal supply dairy herd which showed low milk production, ill-thrift, infertility and osteophagia. Serum inorganic phosphorus and pasture phosphorus levels were low, pasture Ca:P ratios high and soil phosphorus levels very low; the soil phosphate retention value was 96%. The deficiency, which had probably existed for several years, was considered to be due to inadequate annual phosphate fertiliser applications on a high phosphate retaining soil. Phosphorus deficiency may have been exacerbated by the application of lime without phosphate several months before the onset of severe clinical disease. The finding of low sodium levels in pasture samples suggested that sodium deficiency may have co-existed and contributed to the clinical picture. Treatment, comprising bone flour dusting of pasture, water trough supplementation and phosphorus-containing injections, appeared to induce ovarian activity in anoestrous cows and suppress osteophagia, though controlled treatment trials were not performed. No improvement was noted in milk production or cow condition. Increased annual super-phosphate and reduced potassium applications were recommended, together with the monitoring of pasture and soil macro elements and serum phosphorus levels. A decision on whether to supplement with sodium would be based on the results of pasture monitoring, since a direct animal test is not currently available. It is suggested that phosphorus deficiency may not be uncommon in dairy herds in some North Island districts; based on the present case, the decline in New Zealand superphosphate quality in the 1970's and recently published data which has shown a high proportion of pasture phosphorus deficient sites in some North Island areas.  相似文献   

18.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was carried out by a multidisciplinary team on a total of 60 smallholder dairy farms in three different geographical areas of Tunisia. Farms with less than three cows were excluded. Those participating had between three and 10 cows. Average milk production ranged between 8 and 32 litres per cow per day. 70% or over of milk produced was sold off the farms. Average inter-calving intervals — measured from month of calving only — ranged from 12.9 months to 19. Age at first calving varied from two to nearly three years. Most work was done by the families. PRA revealed that the farmers in all three regions perceived unbalanced nutrition, which included availability of forages, to be the most important constraint, followed by poor reproductive efficiency. Reseeding with new species was instituted for grazing and hay. Farmers from the different regions were taken on exchange visits to see how these approaches worked. Training in reproductive management and milking hygiene was introduced. Seasonal ration formulation depending on local forage analysis was instituted. Two farms are participating in a programme of evaluation of olive oil extraction by-product as a ruminant feed. Partial budget analysis of these interventions will be carried out.  相似文献   

19.
Data on clinical mastitis (CM) collected between 1996 and 2003 on five Holstein dairy farms in the Czech Republic were analyzed. Lactational incidences of CM, averaged across farms and calculated only from cows with complete lactations, were 0.35, 0.45 and 0.57 for the first, second and third plus subsequent lactations, respectively. The mean numbers of CM cases per cow and lactation were 0.63, 0.94 and 1.22, and the incidence of CM cases per cow-year at risk were 0.68, 1.00 and 1.27 for the first, second and third plus subsequent lactations, respectively. Longitudinal analysis of CM prevalence based on daily records showed the highest proportion of infected cows in the first 10 days of lactation. The within-farm incidence of CM cases per cow per year, averaged over lactations, ranged from 0.53 to 1.56 with a mean value of 0.94 in the whole data set. Direct financial losses from CM per cow per year within farm ranged from 43.63 to 84.84 euros. They included losses from discarded milk, cost for drugs, veterinary service, herdsman's time, cost for an extra milking machine and cost for antibiotic drying of cows. The economic value of CM incidence (change in direct losses per cow per year when increasing CM incidence by one case above the average value) ranged from 58.3 to 80.1 euros per CM case per cow per year with the mean value of 62.6 euros per CM case per cow per year in the total data set. Daily prevalence rate of CM was shown to be the best among various indicators of CM susceptibility, because it accounted for the censored character of the data and for repeated cases of CM within lactations. In order to reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis for dairy cattle in the Czech Republic, we recommend that it should be included as a goal in the breeding program.  相似文献   

20.
Incidence of lameness in dairy cows   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A survey of the number of treatments for lameness in 21,000 dairy cows from 185 herds in the University of Edinburgh/Dalgety Spillers dairy herd health and productivity service in England and Wales showed an average incidence of cases of 25 per cent. Veterinary surgeons treated 6.3 per cent and farmers 18.7 per cent and 1.4 per cent of cows were culled because of lameness. Monthly and regional variations were recorded. An assessment of the economic effects suggested that the average annual cost in a 100 cow herd was 1175 pounds with an overall cost to British farmers of more than 35 million pounds. The economic importance is such that research into specific factors affecting foot health should be carried out. Meanwhile, a broad approach to prevention and control of lameness on farms is recommended under the general headings of management/environment, nutrition and breeding.  相似文献   

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