共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Weaver HA Sekanina Z Toth I Delahodde CE Hainaut OR Lamy PL Bauer JM A'Hearn MF Arpigny C Combi MR Davies JK Feldman PD Festou MC Hook R Jorda L Keesey MS Lisse CM Marsden BG Meech KJ Tozzi GP West R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5520):1329-1333
At least 16 fragments were detected in images of comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) taken on 5 August 2000 with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and on 6 August with the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Photometric analysis of the fragments indicates that the largest ones have effective spherical diameters of about 100 meters, which implies that the total mass in the observed fragments was about 2 x 10(9) kilograms. The comet's dust tail, which was the most prominent optical feature in August, was produced during a major fragmentation event, whose activity peaked on UT 22.8 +/- 0.2 July 2000. The mass of small particles (diameters less than about 230 micrometers) in the tail was about 4 x 10(8) kilograms, which is comparable to the mass contained in a large fragment and to the total mass lost from water sublimation after 21 July 2000 (about 3 x 10(8) kilograms). HST spectroscopic observations during 5 and 6 July 2000 demonstrate that the nucleus contained little carbon monoxide ice (ratio of carbon monoxide to water is less than or equal to 0.4%), which suggests that this volatile species did not play a role in the fragmentation of C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). 相似文献
2.
Detailed simulations are presented of the longest exposures on representative fields that will be obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, as well as predictions for the numbers and types of objects that will be recorded with exposures of different durations. The Hubble Space Telescope will reveal the shapes, sizes, and content of faint, distant galaxies and could discover a new population of Galactic stars. 相似文献
3.
Abdo AA Ackermann M Ajello M Allafort A Baldini L Ballet J Barbiellini G Bastieri D Bechtol K Bellazzini R Berenji B Blandford RD Bloom ED Bonamente E Borgland AW Bouvier A Brandt TJ Bregeon J Brez A Brigida M Bruel P Buehler R Buson S Caliandro GA Cameron RA Cannon A Caraveo PA Casandjian JM Çelik Ö Charles E Chekhtman A Cheung CC Chiang J Ciprini S Claus R Cohen-Tanugi J Costamante L Cutini S D'Ammando F Dermer CD de Angelis A de Luca A de Palma F Digel SW do Couto e Silva E Drell PS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6018):739-742
A young and energetic pulsar powers the well-known Crab Nebula. Here, we describe two separate gamma-ray (photon energy greater than 100 mega-electron volts) flares from this source detected by the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The first flare occurred in February 2009 and lasted approximately 16 days. The second flare was detected in September 2010 and lasted approximately 4 days. During these outbursts, the gamma-ray flux from the nebula increased by factors of four and six, respectively. The brevity of the flares implies that the gamma rays were emitted via synchrotron radiation from peta-electron-volt (10(15) electron volts) electrons in a region smaller than 1.4 × 10(-2) parsecs. These are the highest-energy particles that can be associated with a discrete astronomical source, and they pose challenges to particle acceleration theory. 相似文献
4.
de Pater I Heiles C Wong M Maddalena RJ Bird MK Funke O Neidhoefer J Price RM Kesteven M Calabretta M Klein MJ Gulkis S Bolton SJ Foster RS Sukumar S Strom RG LePoole RS Spoelstra T Robison M Hunstead RW Campbell-Wilson D Ye T Dulk G Leblanc Y Lecacheux A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,268(5219):1879-1883
Jupiter's nonthermal microwave emission, as measured by a global network of 11 radio telescopes, increased dramatically during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts. The increase was wavelength-dependent, varying from approximately 10 percent at 70 to 90 centimeters to approximately 45 percent at 6 and 36 centimeters. The radio spectrum hardened (flattened toward shorter wavelengths) considerably during the week of impacts and continued to harden afterward. After the week of cometary impacts, the flux density began to subside at all wavelengths and was still declining 3 months later. Very Large Array and Australia Telescope images of the brightness distribution showed the enhancement to be localized in longitude and concentrated near the magnetic equator. The evidence therefore suggests that the increase in flux density was caused by a change in the resident particle population, for example, through an energization or spatial redistribution of the emitting particles. 相似文献
5.
Davidsen AF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,259(5093):327-334
The Astro-1 mission obtained observations related to a wide variety of current problems in astronomy during a 9-day flight of the space shuttle Columbia. Early results from one of the instruments, the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope, are reviewed here. Among these are new insights concerning the origin of the ultraviolet light from the old stellar population in elliptical galaxies, new evidence for a hot, gaseous corona surrounding the Milky Way, improved views of the physical conditions in active galactic nuclei, and a measurement of the ionization state of the local interstellar medium. 相似文献
6.
Abdo AA Ackermann M Atwood WB Baldini L Ballet J Barbiellini G Baring MG Bastieri D Baughman BM Bechtol K Bellazzini R Berenji B Blandford RD Bloom ED Bogaert G Bonamente E Borgland AW Bregeon J Brez A Brigida M Bruel P Burnett TH Caliandro GA Cameron RA Caraveo PA Carlson P Casandjian JM Cecchi C Charles E Chekhtman A Cheung CC Chiang J Ciprini S Claus R Cohen-Tanugi J Cominsky LR Conrad J Cutini S Davis DS Dermer CD de Angelis A de Palma F Digel SW Dormody M do Couto E Silva E Drell PS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5905):1218-1221
Energetic young pulsars and expanding blast waves [supernova remnants (SNRs)] are the most visible remains after massive stars, ending their lives, explode in core-collapse supernovae. The Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope has unveiled a radio quiet pulsar located near the center of the compact synchrotron nebula inside the supernova remnant CTA 1. The pulsar, discovered through its gamma-ray pulsations, has a period of 316.86 milliseconds and a period derivative of 3.614 x 10(-13) seconds per second. Its characteristic age of 10(4) years is comparable to that estimated for the SNR. We speculate that most unidentified Galactic gamma-ray sources associated with star-forming regions and SNRs are such young pulsars. 相似文献
7.
Rodbell DT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,290(5490):285-286
The transition from the last ice age to the current warm period was interupted by a ~1000-year return to glacial conditions. Most of the evidence for this Younger Dryas (YD) event comes from in and around the North Atlantic, and the geographical extent of the event remains uncertain. In his Perspective, Rodbell reviews the evidence for and against a YD event in the Southern Hemisphere and highlights the study by Bennett et al., who have found no evidence for a YD event in four lake records from southern Chile. 相似文献
8.
Ackermann M Ajello M Allafort A Baldini L Ballet J Barbiellini G Bastieri D Belfiore A Bellazzini R Berenji B Blandford RD Bloom ED Bonamente E Borgland AW Bottacini E Brigida M Bruel P Buehler R Buson S Caliandro GA Cameron RA Caraveo PA Casandjian JM Cecchi C Chekhtman A Cheung CC Chiang J Ciprini S Claus R Cohen-Tanugi J de Angelis A de Palma F Dermer CD do Couto E Silva E Drell PS Dumora D Favuzzi C Fegan SJ Focke WB Fortin P Fukazawa Y Fusco P Gargano F Germani S Giglietto N Giordano F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6059):1103-1107
The origin of Galactic cosmic rays is a century-long puzzle. Indirect evidence points to their acceleration by supernova shockwaves, but we know little of their escape from the shock and their evolution through the turbulent medium surrounding massive stars. Gamma rays can probe their spreading through the ambient gas and radiation fields. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) has observed the star-forming region of Cygnus X. The 1- to 100-gigaelectronvolt images reveal a 50-parsec-wide cocoon of freshly accelerated cosmic rays that flood the cavities carved by the stellar winds and ionization fronts from young stellar clusters. It provides an example to study the youth of cosmic rays in a superbubble environment before they merge into the older Galactic population. 相似文献
9.
Lithologic, faunal, seismic, and isotopic evidence from the Blake Nose (subtropical western North Atlantic) links a massive release of biogenic methane approximately 55.5 million years ago to a warming of deep-ocean and high-latitude surface waters, a large perturbation in the combined ocean-atmosphere carbon cycle (the largest of the past 90 million years), a mass extinction event in benthic faunas, and a radiation of mammalian orders. The deposition of a mud clast interval and seismic evidence for slope disturbance are associated with intermediate water warming, massive carbon input to the global exogenic carbon cycle, pelagic carbonate dissolution, a decrease in dissolved oxygen, and a benthic foraminiferal extinction event. These events provide evidence to confirm the gas hydrate dissociation hypothesis and identify the Blake Nose as a site of methane release. 相似文献
10.
Smartt SJ Maund JR Hendry MA Tout CA Gilmore GF Mattila S Benn CR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5657):499-503
We present the discovery of a red supergiant star that exploded as supernova 2003gd in the nearby spiral galaxy M74. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Gemini Telescope imaged this galaxy 6 to 9 months before the supernova explosion, and subsequent HST images confirm the positional coincidence of the supernova with a single resolved star that is a red supergiant of 8(+4)(-2) solar masses. This confirms both stellar evolution models and supernova theories predicting that cool red supergiants are the immediate progenitor stars of type II-plateau supernovae. 相似文献
11.
Without a source of new gas, our Galaxy would exhaust its supply of gas through the formation of stars. Ionized gas clouds observed at high velocity may be a reservoir of such gas, but their distances are key for placing them in the galactic halo and unraveling their role. We have used the Hubble Space Telescope to blindly search for ionized high-velocity clouds (iHVCs) in the foreground of galactic stars. We show that iHVCs with 90 ≤ |v(LSR)| ? 170 kilometers per second (where v(LSR) is the velocity in the local standard of rest frame) are within one galactic radius of the Sun and have enough mass to maintain star formation, whereas iHVCs with |v(LSR)| ? 170 kilometers per second are at larger distances. These may be the next wave of infalling material. 相似文献
12.
Before the launch of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), the only source of >100-megaelectron volt (MeV) gamma radiation known outside our galaxy was the quasar 3C 273. After less than a year of observing, 13 other extragalactic sources have been discovered with the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on CGRO, and it is expected that many more will be found before the full sky survey is complete. All 14 sources show evidence of blazar properties at other wavelengths; these properties include high optical polarization, extreme optical variability, flat-spectrum radio emission associated with a compact core, and apparent superluminal motion. Such properties are thought to be produced by those few, rare extragalactic radio galaxies and quasars that are favorably aligned to permit us to look almost directly down a relativistically outflowing jet of matter expelled from a supermassive black hole. Although the origin of the gamma rays from radio jets is a subject of much controversy, the gamma-ray window probed by CGRO is providing a wealth of knowledge about the central engines of active galactic nuclei and the most energetic processes occurring in nature. 相似文献
13.
Kormendy J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5484):1484-1485
Supermassive black holes (BHs) have long been implicated in explaining active galactic nuclei such as quasars. In his Perspective, Kormendy discusses recent work that suggests a larger role for these objects. The Hubble Space Telescope has provided many new detections of BHs, and these new results indicate that they play an important role in the galaxy formation processes. 相似文献
14.
Mundell CG Steele IA Smith RJ Kobayashi S Melandri A Guidorzi C Gomboc A Mottram CJ Clarke D Monfardini A Carter D Bersier D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5820):1822-1824
We report the optical polarization of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow, obtained 203 seconds after the initial burst of gamma-rays from GRB 060418, using a ring polarimeter on the robotic Liverpool Telescope. Our robust (2sigma) upper limit on the percentage of polarization, less than 8%, coincides with the fireball deceleration time at the onset of the afterglow. The combination of the rate of decay of the optical brightness and the low polarization at this critical time constrains standard models of GRB ejecta, ruling out the presence of a large-scale ordered magnetic field in the emitting region. 相似文献
15.
16.
Farnham TL Schleicher DG Woodney LM Birch PV Eberhardy CA Levy L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5520):1348-1353
We analyzed photometric measurements and images of comet C/LINEAR before perihelion and after its breakup. Results from our photometry data include a lower limit of 0.44 kilometer for the radius of the nucleus before breakup, and a determination that it was depleted in carbon-chain molecules relative to most other comets. Our imaging and modeling results, which include a constraint on the rotational state of the nucleus, indicate that the disintegration likely started on 18 or 19 July 2000. The total mass detectable in the dust tail after the breakup was 3 x 10(8) kilograms, comparable to one of the fragments in the Hubble Space Telescope images; we therefore infer that most of the comet's original mass is hidden in remnants between 1 millimeter and 50 meters in diameter. 相似文献
17.
Geologic and palynological evidence for rapid sea level change approximately 3400 and approximately 2000 carbon-14 years ago (3600 and 1900 calendar years ago) has been found at sites up to 110 kilometers apart in southwestern British Columbia. Submergence on southern Vancouver Island and slight emergence on the mainland during the older event are consistent with a great (magnitude M >/= 8) earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone. The younger event is characterized by submergence throughout the region and may also record a plate-boundary earthquake or a very large crustal or intraplate earthquake. Microfossil analysis can detect small amounts of coseismic uplift and subsidence that leave little or no lithostratigraphic signature. 相似文献
18.
VERITAS Collaboration Aliu E Arlen T Aune T Beilicke M Benbow W Bouvier A Bradbury SM Buckley JH Bugaev V Byrum K Cannon A Cesarini A Christiansen JL Ciupik L Collins-Hughes E Connolly MP Cui W Dickherber R Duke C Errando M Falcone A Finley JP Finnegan G Fortson L Furniss A Galante N Gall D Gibbs K Gillanders GH Godambe S Griffin S Grube J Guenette R Gyuk G Hanna D Holder J Huan H Hughes G Hui CM Humensky TB Imran A Kaaret P Karlsson N Kertzman M Kieda D Krawczynski H Krennrich F Lang MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6052):69-72
We report the detection of pulsed gamma rays from the Crab pulsar at energies above 100 giga-electron volts (GeV) with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) array of atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The detection cannot be explained on the basis of current pulsar models. The photon spectrum of pulsed emission between 100 mega-electron volts and 400 GeV is described by a broken power law that is statistically preferred over a power law with an exponential cutoff. It is unlikely that the observation can be explained by invoking curvature radiation as the origin of the observed gamma rays above 100 GeV. Our findings require that these gamma rays be produced more than 10 stellar radii from the neutron star. 相似文献
19.
Barrows et al. (Reports, 5 October 2007, p. 86) presented cosmogenic exposure dates and data from an ocean sediment core that challenge evidence for glacier advance in New Zealand during the Younger Dryas event. We use modeling of geomorphic processes to argue that their cosmogenic exposure dates are inconclusive. 相似文献
20.
Hubble Space Telescope imaging observations of two nearby brown dwarfs, DENIS-P J1228.2-1547 and Kelu 1, made with the near-infrared camera and multiobject spectrometer (NICMOS), show that the DENIS object is resolved into two components of nearly equal brightness with a projected separation of 0.275 arc second (5 astronomical units for a distance of 18 parsecs). This binary system will be able to provide the first dynamical measurement of the masses of two brown dwarfs in only a few years. Upper limits to the mass of any unseen companion in Kelu 1 yield a planet of 7 Jupiter masses aged 0. 5 x 10(9) years, which would have been detected at a separation larger than about 4 astronomical units. This example demonstrates that giant planets could be detected by direct imaging if they exist in Jupiter-like orbits around nearby young brown dwarfs. 相似文献