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近期,根据WTO／SPS《实施动植物卫生检疫措施的协议》规定,美国、欧盟、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和荷兰等发布了SPS通报．这些通报内容直接或间接地影响到了我国农药生产和农产品出口。应引起我们的重视。为此,我们将这些通报主要内容列于下表,供有关部门参考。 相似文献
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国际农产品贸易中的SPS措施 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
我国已是WTO成员.根据我国的入世承诺,我国采取的动植物检疫及检疫处理措施应符合《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》(SPS协定)的要求.2002年,我国向世贸组织通报了140项入世前的SPS措施和15项入世后的SPS措施;2003年通报了24项SPS措施.这些措施为我国农产品顺利进入国际市场、延缓外国农产品对我国的冲击起了很好的作用.与此同时,我国农产品出口不断受到他国各种非关税技术性贸易措施特别是SPS措施的限制,出口水果、蔬菜、畜禽产品经常因病虫害问题、农残问题而被退货、销毁甚至全面禁止出口.本文旨在SPS协定框架下,分析各类SPS措施的特点和表现形式,为检验检疫及国际农产品贸易工作者提供参考. 相似文献
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<正>近期,农业部农药检定所收到台澎金马单独关税区发出的2份制、修订农药最大残留限量的通报(通报号为SPS/TPKM/187、SPS/TPKM/191),共涉及130种农药在蔬菜、水果、茶叶及其他作物中的266项最大残留限量。具体情况如下: 相似文献
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2019年4月12日,摩洛哥通过世界贸易组织(WT0)技术性贸易措施通报系统,发出通报G/SPS/N/MAR/62,拟针对从中国进口茶叶制定农药残留限量标准(MRLs)。摩洛哥拟定的农残限量首先参考国际食品法典标准(Codex-MRLs),在没有法典标准的情况下,主要参考欧盟农残限量标准。 相似文献
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2012年接受来自20个国家和地区的272份WTO-TBT/SPS农药领域通报,主要内容为农药等化学品管理法规及标签、农药最大残留限量和作物分类等技术标准.涉及农药最大残留限量技术法规和标准的通报占总数量的81％,主要为6 888项农药最大残留限量标准制修订、残留定义、作物分类、豁免限量等内容.2012年,我国向WTO成员发出了2个批农药最大残留限量的SPS通报,涉及172种农药、346项最大残留限量.本文分析了主要通报国家和地区的情况和涉及农药最大残留限量法规的通报内容,讨论了做好农药技术性贸易措施相关工作的建议. 相似文献
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2005年5月3日和6月2日欧盟先后发布了G/SPS/N/EEC/260和G/TBT/EEC/85通报,宣布取消对硫丹的授权,两项通报的拟有效期均为2005年8月1日.根据有关规定,当某一特定的产品取消授权时,该产品的MRL（农药残留最高限量）值将被设置在0.01 mg/kg. 相似文献
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Methomyl {S-methyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate}, also known as Lannate, may exist in two geometric configurations but the more stable syn isomer is the form applied as an insecticide. In the rat, syn[14CN]methomyl [CH3S(CH3)CNOC(O)NHCH3] was metabolized to respiratory 14CO2 and in a ratio of about 2 to 1. Studies with the anti isomer showed that it was metabolized predominately to . These and other data are presented supporting the contention that syn methomyl is partially isomerized to the anti isomer in the animal prior to the hydrolysis of the ester linkage. After hydrolysis, the syn oxime [CH3S(CH3)14CNOH] is further metabolized to 14CO2 while the anti oxime is metabolized to . Proposed immediate precursors to the carbon dioxide and acetonitrile, formed by Beckmann rearrangement of the syn and anti oximes, are CH3S14C(O)NHCH3 and , respectively. 相似文献
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Early survival of Quercus ilex subspecies from different populations after infections and co‐infections by multiple Phytophthora species 
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下载免费PDF全文 T. Corcobado J. J. Miranda‐Torres J. Martín‐García T. Jung A. Solla 《Plant pathology》2017,66(5):792-804
Forests in Europe are threatened by increased diversity of Phytophthora species, but effects on trees of simultaneous infections by Phytophthora and ecological consequences of their coexistence are unknown. This study explored variation in early survival of Quercus ilex to Phytophthora infections and assessed interactions between Phytophthora species when trees were co‐infected. Three Phytophthora species (P. cinnamomi, P. gonapodyides and P. quercina), seeds from 16 populations of Q. ilex (ballota and ilex subspecies) and two infection times were used as sources of variation in two experiments. The influence of Phytophthora species, Q. ilex subspecies and populations on plant germination and survival were analysed using generalized linear mixed models and survival analysis techniques. Germination rates were not influenced by Phytophthora spp. (P = 0.194) but by the subspecies and populations of Q. ilex (P < 0.001). In Phytophthora‐infested soils, Q. ilex subsp. ilex germinated at higher rates than Q. ilex subsp. ballota. Plant survival was strongly influenced by Phytophthora species (P < 0.001), not by the subspecies and populations of Q. ilex. Seedling mortality was reduced and delayed if a less virulent Phytophthora species infected plants prior to infection by a more virulent Phytophthora species. The results help to explain oak decline syndrome and the lack of natural and artificial regeneration of Q. ilex forests. Lack of interspecific variability of early survival to Phytophthora spp. discourages direct sowing for artificial reforestation programmes. Large, thick seeds, giving plants rapid growth, are advantageous traits when soils are infested with Phytophthora spp. 相似文献
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Green mould disease causes serious economic losses in Pleurotus ostreatus crops worldwide, including in Italy, where prochloraz is the only chemical fungicide allowed to control the disease. The effectiveness of the doses 0.01, 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1 (field dose) of prochloraz (Sponix Flow, 450 g L−1), against colony growth rate and spore germination of Trichoderma pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense strains on wheat straw extract agar plates were evaluated. Complete inhibition of Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola growth was shown by the field dose of prochloraz, and also by the 0.25 μL L−1 dose for T. pleuroti. Complete inhibition of spore germination occurred for all Trichoderma strains at field dose, and at 0.25 μL L−1 for T. pleuroti strains. In in vivo assays, the effect of prochloraz doses 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1 on colonization of straw substrate by T. pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense inoculated at two spore densities (102 and 105 spores mL−1) immediately after P. ostreatus spawn was studied. Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola were both responsible for green mould disease, whereas T. guizhouense was not pathogenic. Trichoderma pleuroti was more aggressive than T. pleuroticola. Prochloraz was effective against T. pleuroti at the field dose, and against T. pleuroticola at 0.25 and 1.25 μL L−1. The study on Trichoderma × Pleurotus interaction type showed that Trichoderma species were active against the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus by competition for space and nutrients, and neither hyphal interaction nor effect by volatile or nonvolatile metabolites occurred. 相似文献
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Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are of environmental significance due to their high toxicity to animals. Binding to plasma proteins may effective influence the toxicological properties of xenobiotics. In an attempt to evaluate the affinity of phenthoate (PTA) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and inhibitory ability of bound PTA to acetylcholinesterase (AChE), we investigated the interactions between phenthoate (PTA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using tryptophan fluorescence quenching and subsequent inhibition on AChE activity by PTA. The results showed that PTA caused the fluorescence quenching of BSA because of the formation of a PTA-BSA complex. Quenching constants (Ksv), determined using the Sterns-Volmer equation to provide a measure of the binding affinity between PTA and BSA at 303, 306, 310 and 313 K were (3.4295 ± 0.0763) × 10−4, (3.2446 ± 0.0635) × 10−4, (3.0434 ± 0.0856) × 10−4 and (2.8262 ± 0.0569) × 10−4 M−1, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH and ΔS were −25.04 kJ mol−1 and 168.94 J mol−1 K−1, respectively, which indicated that the electrostatic interactions played a major role in PTA-BSA association. The presence of BSA consistently reduced the inhibitory ability of PTA on AChE, with the relative activity being increased from 46.98 to 61.71% for the concentration range of BSA between 0 and 4.0 g L−1. 相似文献
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Effectiveness of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride in suppression of sclerotinia blossom blight of alfalfa 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The effects of the mycoparasites Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride on the suppression of alfalfa blossom blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were evaluated under indoor and field conditions. When T. atroviride (9·0 × 104 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 103 ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (9·0 × 104 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 103 ascospores/floret) were applied to detached young alfalfa florets, T. atroviride effectively inhibited saprophytic growth of S. sclerotiorum, whereas C. minitans showed no inhibition under the same conditions. When T. atroviride (6·9 × 104 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 103 ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (6·9 × 104 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 103 ascospores/floret) was applied to young alfalfa petals in vivo just after pollination, the percentage of pod formation was higher for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum, and the percentage of pod rot was lower for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum. However, when they were applied to senescent petals attached to developing pods of alfalfa at 9·2 × 104 conidia/floret together with S. sclerotiorum at 4·5 × 103 ascospores/floret at 14 days after pollination, C. minitans was more effective than T. atroviride in suppressing sclerotinia pod rot and seed rot of alfalfa. Field experiments showed that three applications of C. minitans (5·4 × 106 conidia mL−1) or T. atroviride (5·4 × 106 conidia mL−1) at a 7-day interval to blossoms of alfalfa effectively suppressed sclerotinia pod rot in two out of three annual trials. Coniothyrium minitans effectively suppressed sclerotinia seed rot in all three years, whereas T. atroviride was not effective against seed rot in any of the trial years. The efficacy of C. minitans was not significantly different (P > 0·05) from benomyl (250 µg ai mL−1). This study suggests that C. minitans has potential as a biocontrol agent to control blossom blight of alfalfa caused by S. sclerotiorum. 相似文献
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M.K. Hassan E.K. Dann D.E. Irving L.M. Coates 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2007,71(4-6):158-165
Mature green mango fruits of commercially important varieties were screened to investigate the levels of constitutive antifungal compounds in peel and to assess anthracnose disease after inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to quantify the levels of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol and 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol in the peel extracts. The fruit peel of the varieties ‘Kensington Pride’ and ‘Keitt’ were observed to have the highest levels of both 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol (107.3–123.7 and 49.9–61.4 μg/g FW, respectively) and 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol (6.32–7.99 and 3.30–6.05 μg/g FW, respectively), and the fruits of the two varieties were found to have some resistance to postharvest anthracnose. The varieties ‘Kent’, ‘R2E2’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Calypso’ and ‘Honey Gold’ contained much lower concentrations of resorcinols in their peel and three of these varieties were found to be more susceptible to anthracnose. Concentrations of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol were significantly lower at the ‘sprung’ and ‘eating ripe’ stages of ripening compared to levels at harvest. Concentrations of 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol did not differ significantly across the three stages of ripening. The levels of these two resorcinols were found to be strongly inter-correlated (P<0.01, r2=0.71), with concentrations of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol being an average 18 times higher than those of 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol. At the ‘eating ripe’ stage, significant relationships were observed between the concentrations of each type of alk(en)ylresorcinol and anthracnose lesion areas following postharvest inoculation, P<0.001, r2= 0.69 for 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol, and P<0.001, r2= 0.44 for 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol. 相似文献
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Rita M. De Miccolis Angelini Wassim Habib Caterina Rotolo Stefania Pollastro Francesco Faretra 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,128(2):185-199
Resistance to the fungicide boscalid in laboratory mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) was investigated. The baseline sensitivity to boscalid was evaluated in terms of colony growth (EC50 = 0.3–3 μg ml−1; MIC = 10–30 μg ml−1) and conidial germination (EC50 = 0.03–0.1 μg ml−1; MIC = 1–3 μg ml−1) tests. Mutants were selected in vitro from wild-type strains of the fungus on a fungicide-amended medium containing acetate as a carbon source. Mutants showed
two different levels of resistance to boscalid, distinguishable through the conidial germination tests: low (EC50 ∼ 0.3 μg ml−1, ranging from 0.03 to 1 μg ml−1; MIC > 100 μg ml−1) and high (EC50 > 100 μg ml−1) resistance. Analysis of meiotic progeny from crosses between resistant mutants and sensitive reference strains showed that
resistant phenotypes were due to mutations in single major gene(s) inherited in a Mendelian fashion, and linked with both
the Daf1 and Mbc1 genes, responsible for resistance to dicarboximide and benzimidazole fungicides, respectively. Gene sequence analysis of
the four sub-units of the boscalid-target protein, the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme, revealed that single or double point
mutations in the highly conserved regions of the iron-sulphur protein (Ip) gene were associated with resistance. Mutations
resulted in proline to leucine or phenylalanine replacements at position 225 (P225L or P225F) in high resistant mutants, and
in a histidine to tyrosine replacement at position 272 (H272Y) in low resistant mutants. Sequences of the flavoprotein and
the two transmembrane sub-units of succinate dehydrogenase were never affected. 相似文献
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Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono Elaine Cunha Moreno Mario Augusto Ono Carolina Nachi Rossi Gervásio Hitoshi Saito Édio Vizoni Yoshitsugu Sugiura Elisa Yoko Hirooka 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(4):653-660
In this study the effect of different cropping systems and crop successions was evaluated on natural Fusarium sp. contamination and fumonisin levels in corn. The cropping systems consisted of a conventional and no-tillage area cultivated
with corn in the summer following either oats or fallow in the winter (2006 and 2007 growing seasons). In addition, the effect
of applying nitrogen fertilizer (0, 22.5, 45.0, 90.0 and 90.0 kg ha−1 nitrogen supplemented with potassium oxide) on fumonisin contamination was evaluated in the 2006 growing season. Fusarium sp. was detected in 90% samples in 2006 and in 100% samples in 2007. In both growing seasons, no-till corn following oats
showed the highest mean fumonisin levels and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from all the others (2006) and from conventional till corn following either oats or fallow in the winter (2007).
Fumonisin levels ranged from 0.13 to 19.52 μg g−1 (mean 6.97 μg g−1) and from 3.70 to 7.75 μg g−1 (mean 6.29 μg g−1) in no-till corn following oats from the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons, respectively. Plots treated with 0 kg ha−1 and 22.5 kg ha−1 nitrogen showed the highest mean fumonisin levels and differed significantly from those with 45.0 and 90 kg ha−1 nitrogen. Fumonisin levels correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with the nitrogen fertilization rates. Although no-till is advantageous from a soil conservation standpoint, it may
enhance the potential for fumonisin contamination in corn. 相似文献
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George Eng Stephen P. Coddington Laura L. Stockton Alexander D. W. Acholonu 《Pest management science》1989,26(2):117-121
The effect of organotin compounds on the growth of Ceratocystis ulmi, the causative agent of Dutch elm disease, was studied in shake culture. Triphenyltin, (C6H5)3SnX, tricyclohexyltin, (C6H11)3SnX, and tributyltin, (C4H9)3SnX, compounds were all effective in the inhibition of C. ulmi in vitro. The anionic group, X, did not play a major role in the inhibitory activities of these compounds, suggesting that the species involved in the inhibition is R3Sn+ or the hydrated cation. 相似文献