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1.
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings were supplied with solutions containing nitrogen (N) at 0.1 x or 2 x the optimum rate (low-N and high-N supply, respectively) and grown either outside in a control plot or inside open-top chambers and exposed to ambient (355 &mgr;mol mol(-1)) or elevated (700 &mgr;mol mol(-1)) CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]). Gas exchange measurements, chlorophyll determinations and nutrient analysis were made on current-year (< 1-year-old) shoots of the upper whorl after the seedlings had been growing in the [CO(2)] treatments for 17 months and the nutrient treatments for 6 months. Total seedling biomass and biomass allocation were assessed at the end of the experiment. Nutrient treatment had a significant effect on the light response curves, irrespective of [CO(2)] or chamber treatment; seedlings supplied with high-N rates had higher net photosynthetic rates than seedlings supplied with low-N rates. The degree of photosynthetic stimulation in response to elevated [CO(2)] was larger in seedlings receiving high-N rates than in seedlings receiving low-N rates. Light-saturated net photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured in elevated [CO(2)] was 26% higher than that of seedlings grown and measured in ambient [CO(2)]. There was no significant effect of [CO(2)] or chamber treatment on the CO(2) response curves of seedlings receiving High-N supply rates. In contrast, analysis of the CO(2) response curves of seedlings receiving Low-N supply rates showed acclimation to elevated [CO(2)]. Both maximum rate of carboxylation (V(cmax)) and maximum electron transport capacity (J(max)) were lower and J(max)/V(cmax) higher in seedlings in the elevated [CO(2)] treatment. There was no effect of elevated [CO(2)] on stomatal conductance, although it was highly dependent on foliar [N], ranging from ~60 mmol m(-2) s(-1) at ~1.5 g N m(-2) to 200 mmol m(-2) s(-1) at ~5 g N m(-2). In the high-N and low-N treatments, foliar N concentration was 10 and 28% lower in seedlings grown in elevated [CO(2)] than in seedlings grown in ambient [CO(2)], respectively. There was no [CO(2)] effect on foliar phosphorus concentration ([P]). Chlorophyll concentration increased with increasing N supply in all treatments. There was no significant effect of elevated [CO(2)] on specific leaf area. Chlorophyll concentration expressed either on an area or dry mass basis for a given foliar [N] was higher in seedlings grown in elevated [CO(2)] than in seedings grown in ambient [CO(2)]. Elevated [CO(2)] increased total biomass accumulation by 37% in seedlings in the high-N treatment but had no effect in seedlings in the low-N treatment. There was a proportionally bigger allocation of biomass to roots of seedlings in the elevated [CO(2)] + low-N supply rate treatment compared with seedlings in other treatments. This resulted in a reduction in aboveground biomass compared with corresponding seedlings grown in ambient [CO(2)]. 相似文献
2.
Naturally seeded Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees, age 25-30 years, were subjected to two soil-nitrogen-supply regimes and to elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentrations by the branch-in-bag method from April 15 to September 15 for two or three years. Gas exchange in detached shoots was measured in a diffuse radiation field. Seven parameters associated with photosynthetic performance and two describing stomatal conductance were determined to assess the effects of treatments on photosynthetic components. An elevated concentration of CO(2) did not lead to a significant downward regulation in maximum carboxylation rate (V(cmax)) or maximum electron transport rate (J(max)), but it significantly decreased light-saturated stomatal conductance (g(sat)) and increased minimum stomatal conductance (g(min)). Light-saturated rates of CO(2) assimilation were higher (24-31%) in shoots grown and measured at elevated CO(2) concentration than in shoots grown and measured at ambient CO(2) concentration, regardless of treatment time or nitrogen-supply regime. High soil-nitrogen supply significantly increased photosynthetic capacity, corresponding to significant increases in V(cmax) and J(max). However, the combined elevated CO(2) + high nitrogen-supply treatment did not enhance the photosynthetic response above that observed in the elevated CO(2) treatment alone. 相似文献
3.
Effects of needle water potential (Psi(l)) on gas exchange of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown for 4 years in open-top chambers with elevated temperature (ET), elevated CO(2) (EC) or a combination of elevated temperature and CO(2) (EC + ET) were examined at a high photon flux density (PPFD), saturated leaf to air water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and optimal temperature (T). We used the Farquhar model of photosynthesis to estimate the separate effects of Psi(l) and the treatments on maximum carboxylation efficiency (V(c,max)), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration capacity (J), rate of respiration in the light (R(d)), intercellular partial pressure of CO(2) (C(i)) and stomatal conductance (G(s)). Depression of CO(2) assimilation rate at low Psi(l) was the result of both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations on photosynthetic processes; however, stomatal limitations dominated during short-term water stress (Psi(l) < -1.2 MPa), whereas non-stomatal limitations dominated during severe water stress. Among the nonstomatal components, the decrease in J contributed more to the decline in photosynthesis than the decrease in V(c,max). Long-term elevation of CO(2) and temperature led to differences in the maximum values of the parameters, the threshold values of Psi(l) and the sensitivity of the parameters to decreasing Psi(l). The CO(2) treatment decreased the maximum values of V(c,max), J and R(d) but significantly increased the sensitivity of V(c,max), J and R(d) to decreasing Psi(l) (P < 0.05). The effects of the ET and EC + ET treatments on V(c,max), J and R(d) were opposite to the effects of the EC treatment on these parameters. The values of G(s), which were measured simultaneously with maximum net rate of assimilation (A(max)), declined in a curvilinear fashion as Psi(l) decreased. Both the EC + ET and ET treatments significantly decreased the sensitivity of G(s) to decreasing Psi(l). We conclude that, in the future, acclimation to increased atmospheric CO(2) and temperature could increase the tolerance of Scots pine to water stress. 相似文献
4.
Branches of field-grown mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees were exposed for 2 years (1992 and 1993) to ambient or elevated CO(2) concentrations (ambient + 165 micro mol mol(-1) or ambient + 330 micro mol mol(-1) CO(2)). Exposure to elevated CO(2) concentrations enhanced rates of net photosynthesis (P(n)) by 53-111% compared to P(n) of foliage exposed to ambient CO(2). At the same CO(2) measurement concentration, the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO(2) concentration (C(i)/C(a)) and stomatal conductance to water vapor did not differ among foliage grown in an ambient or enriched CO(2) concentration. Analysis of the relationship between P(n) and C(i) indicated no significant change in carboxylation efficiency of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase during growth in elevated CO(2) concentrations. Based on estimates derived from P(n)/C(i) curves, there were no apparent treatment differences in dark respiration, CO(2) compensation point or P(n) at the mean C(i). In 1992, foliage in the three CO(2) treatments yielded similar estimates of CO(2)-saturated P(n) (P(max)), whereas in 1993, estimates of P(max) were higher for branches grown in elevated CO(2) than in ambient CO(2). We conclude that field-grown loblolly pine trees do not exhibit downward acclimation of leaf-level photosynthesis in their long-term response to elevated CO(2) concentrations. 相似文献
5.
We demonstrated that the inorganic phosphate (P(i)) requirement for growth of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.) seedlings is increased by elevated CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) and that responses of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch to P(i) supply are also altered. To investigate the growth response of non-mycorrhizal seedlings to P(i) supply in elevated [CO(2)], non-mycorrhizal seedlings were grown for 73 days in ambient or elevated [CO(2)] (350 or 700 micromol mol(-1)) with nutrient solutions containing one of seven phosphate concentrations (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.20 mM). In ambient [CO(2)], the growth response to P(i) was saturated at about 0.1 mM P(i), whereas in elevated [CO(2)], the growth response to P(i) supply did not saturate, even at the highest P(i) supply (0.2 mM), indicating that the P(i) requirement is higher in elevated [CO(2)] than in ambient [CO(2)]. The increased requirement was due mainly to an altered shoot growth response to P(i) supply. The enhanced P(i) requirement in elevated [CO(2)] was not associated with a change in photosynthetic response to P(i) or a change in leaf phosphorus (P) status. We investigated the effect of P(i) supply (0.04, 0.08 and 0.20 mM) on the ectomycorrhizal fungus P. tinctorius in mycorrhizal seedlings grown in ambient or elevated [CO(2)]. Root ergosterol concentration (an indicator of fungal biomass) decreased with increasing P(i) supply in ambient [CO(2)], but the decrease was far less in elevated [CO(2)]. In ambient [CO(2)] the ratio of extramatrical mycelium to root biomass decreased with increasing P(i) supply but did not change in elevated [CO(2)]. We conclude that, because elevated [CO(2)] increased the P(i) requirement for shoot growth, the significance of the ectomycorrhizal association was also increased in elevated [CO(2)]. 相似文献
6.
We investigated effects of nutrient addition on several physiological characteristics of 60-cm-tall black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) layers (i.e., rooted branches of overstory trees) and 20-cm-tall planted seedlings on a clear-cut, N-limited boreal site. After two growing seasons, current-year and one-year-old needles of fertilized trees (layers and seedlings combined) had higher net photosynthetic rates (A(n)) and maximum capacity of Rubisco for CO(2) fixation (V(max)) than unfertilized trees. One-year-old needles of fertilized trees had higher stomatal conductance (g(s)), higher water-use efficiency, and lower intercellular to ambient CO(2) ratio than unfertilized trees. Additionally, fertilized trees had higher predawn and midday shoot water potentials than unfertilized trees. Stomatal conductance of 1-year-old needles was 23% higher in seedlings than in layers, but there were no significant differences in g(s) of current-year needles between the regeneration types. For both needle age-classes, A(n) and V(max) of layers were 25 and 40% higher, respectively, than the corresponding values for seedlings. The higher values of A(n), V(max) and foliar N concentration of layers compared with seedlings after two growing seasons may be associated with the larger root systems of the layers compared with the transplanted seedlings. 相似文献
7.
To study the long-term response of photosynthesis to elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentration in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), 18 trees were grown in the field in open-top chambers supplied with 350 or 700 &mgr;mol mol(-1) CO(2) for four consecutive growing seasons. Maximum photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance and CO(2) response curves were measured over the fourth growing season with a portable photosynthesis system. The photosynthesis model developed by Farquhar et al. (1980) was fitted to the CO(2) response curves. Chlorophyll, soluble proteins, total nonstructural carbohydrates, nitrogen and Rubisco activity were determined monthly. Elevated CO(2) concentration stimulated photosynthesis by 33% on average over the fourth growing season. However, comparison of maximum photosynthetic rates at the same CO(2) concentration (350 or 700 &mgr;mol mol(-1)) revealed that the photosynthetic capacity of trees grown in an elevated CO(2) concentration was reduced. Analysis of the response curves showed that acclimation to elevated CO(2) concentration involved decreases in carboxylation efficiency and RuBP regeneration capacity. No clear evidence for a redistribution of nitrogen within the leaf was observed. Down-regulation of photosynthesis increased as the growing season progressed and appeared to be related to the source-sink balance of the trees. Analysis of the main leaf components revealed that the reduction in photosynthetic capacity was accompanied by an accumulation of starch in leaves (100%), which was probably responsible for the reduction in Rubisco activity (27%) and to a lesser extent for reductions in other photosynthetic components: chlorophyll (10%), soluble protein (9%), and N concentrations (12%) expressed on an area basis. Despite a 21% reduction in stomatal conductance in response to the elevated CO(2) treatment, stomatal limitation was significantly less in the elevated, than in the ambient, CO(2) treatment. Thus, after four growing seasons exposed to an elevated CO(2) concentration in the field, the trees maintained increased photosynthetic rates, although their photosynthetic capacity was reduced compared with trees grown in ambient CO(2). 相似文献
8.
Five-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown in open-top chambers at ambient and elevated (ambient + 400 &mgr;mol mol(-1)) CO(2) concentrations. Net photosynthesis (A), specific leaf area (SLA) and concentrations of nitrogen (N), carbon (C), soluble sugars, starch and chlorophyll were measured in current-year and 1-year-old needles during the second year of CO(2) enrichment. The elevated CO(2) treatment stimulated photosynthetic rates when measured at the growth CO(2) concentration, but decreased photosynthetic capacity compared with the ambient CO(2) treatment. Acclimation to elevated CO(2) involved decreases in carboxylation efficiency and RuBP regeneration capacity. Compared with the ambient CO(2) treatment, elevated CO(2) reduced light-saturated photosynthesis (when measured at 350 &mgr;mol mol(-1) in both treatments) by 18 and 23% (averaged over the growing season) in current-year and 1-year-old needles, respectively. We observed significant interactive effects of CO(2) treatment, needle age and time during the growing season on photosynthesis. Large seasonal variations in photosynthetic parameters were attributed to changes in needle chemistry, needle structure and feedbacks governed by whole-plant growth dynamics. Down-regulation of photosynthesis was probably a result of reduced N concentration on an area basis, although a downward shift in the relationship between photosynthetic parameters and N was also observed. 相似文献
9.
Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth, annual ring structure and photosynthesis in Larix kaempferi seedlings 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Yazaki K Ishida S Kawagishi T Fukatsu E Maruyama Y Kitao M Tobita H Koike T Funada R 《Tree physiology》2004,24(9):951-959
We evaluated the effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and two nutrient regimes on stem growth rate, annual ring structure and temporal variations in photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.). Seedlings were grown in phytotron chambers in an ambient (360 ppm) or an elevated (720 ppm) [CO2] in two nutrient regimes for one growing season. Elevated [CO2] reduced stem height and increased stem basal diameter compared with ambient [CO2]. The effect of elevated [CO2] on growth tended to be greater at high-nutrient supply than at low-nutrient supply. Elevated [CO2] had no significant effect on ring width or the number of tracheids per radial file. There was no obvious difference in cell wall thickness or the relative area of the cell wall between seedlings grown in ambient or elevated [CO2]. Although growth in elevated [CO2] resulted in a slight increase in cell diameter, the increase had a relatively minor effect on the relative area of the cell wall. Net assimilation rate increased in response to elevated [CO2]; however, the increase in whole-crown photosynthetic rate (Total Agrowth) in seedlings in the elevated [CO2] treatment was minimal because of the smaller specific needle area and acclimation of the photosynthetic characteristics of the needles to the growth [CO2]. In conclusion, we observed no obvious enhancement in the capacity for carbon fixation in Japanese larch seedlings grown in the presence of elevated [CO2] that might be attributable to changes in stem growth. However, elevated [CO2] caused changes in the temporal pattern of stem growth and in some anatomical features of the tracheids. 相似文献
10.
Effects of carbon dioxide concentration and nutrition on photosynthetic functions of white birch seedlings 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To investigate the interactive effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]) and nutrition on photosynthesis and its acclimation to elevated [CO(2)], a two-way factorial experiment was carried out with two nutritional regimes (high- and low-nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)) and two CO(2) concentrations (360 and 720 ppm) with white birch seedlings (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) grown for four months in environment-controlled greenhouses. Elevated [CO(2)] enhanced maximal carboxylation rate (V(cmax)), photosynthetically active radiation-saturated electron transport rate (J(max)), actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in the light (DeltaF/F(m)') and photosynthetic linear electron transport to carboxylation (J(c)) after 2.5 months of treatment, and it increased net photosynthetic rate (A(n)), photosynthetic water-use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency (PUE) after 2.5 and 3.5 months of treatment, but it reduced stomatal conductance (g(s)), transpiration rate (E) and the fraction of total photosynthetic linear electron transport partitioned to oxygenation (J(o)/J(T)) after 2.5 and 3.5 months of treatment. Low nutrient availability decreased A(n), WUE, V(cmax), J(max), triose phosphate utilization (TPU), (/F(m)' - F)//F(m)' and J(c), but increased J(o)/J(T) and NUE. Generally, V(cmax) was more sensitive to nutrient availability than J(max). There were significant interactive effects of [CO(2)] and nutrition over time, e.g., the positive effects of high nutrition on A(n), V(cmax), J(max), DeltaF/F(m)' and J(c) were significantly greater in elevated [CO(2)] than in ambient [CO(2)]. In contrast, the interactive effect of [CO(2)] and nutrition on NUE was significant after 2.5 months of treatment, but not after 3.5 months. High nutrient availability generally increased PUE after 3.5 months of treatment. There was evidence for photosynthetic up-regulation in response to elevated [CO(2)], particularly in seedlings receiving high nutrition. Photosynthetic depression in response to low nutrient availability was attributed to biochemical limitation (or increased mesophyll resistance) rather than stomatal limitation. Elevated [CO(2)] reduced leaf N concentration, particularly in seedlings receiving low nutrition, but had no significant effect on leaf P or K concentration. High nutrient availability generally increased area-based leaf N, P and K concentrations, but had negligible effects on K after 2.5 months of treatment. 相似文献
11.
Four clones of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) from two provenances, at 53.2 degrees N (Skidegate a and Skidegate b) and at 41.3 degrees N (North Bend a and North Bend b), were grown for three growing seasons in ambient (~350 micromol per mol) and elevated (~700 micromol per mol) CO2 concentrations. The clones were grown in stress-free conditions (adequate nutrition and water) to assess the effect of elevated [CO2] on tree physiology. Growth in elevated [CO2] significantly increased instantaneous photosynthetic rates of the clonal Sitka spruce saplings by about 62%. Downward acclimation of photosynthesis (A) was found in all four clones grown in elevated [CO2]. Rubisco activity and total chlorophyll concentration were also significantly reduced in elevated [CO2]. Provenance did not influence photosynthetic capacity. Best-fit estimates of Jmax (maximum rate of electron transport), Vcmax (RuBP-saturated rate of Rubisco) and Amax (maximum rate of assimilation) were derived from responses of A to intercellular [CO2] by using the model of Farquhar et al. (1980). At any leaf N concentration, the photosynthetic parameters were reduced by growth in elevated [CO2]. However, the ratio between Jmax and Vcmax was unaffected by CO2 growth concentration, indicating a tight coordination in the allocation of N between thylakoid and soluble proteins. In elevated [CO2], the more southerly clones had a higher initial N use efficiency (more carbon assimilated per unit of leaf N) than the more northerly clones, so that they had more N available for those processes or organs that were most limiting to growth at a particular time. This may explain the initial higher growth stimulation by elevated [CO2] in the North Bend clones than in the Skidegate clones. 相似文献
12.
Growth response of Douglas-fir seedlings to nitrogen fertilization: importance of Rubisco activation state and respiration rates 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
High foliar nitrogen concentration ([N]) is associated with high rates of photosynthesis and thus high tree productivity; however, at excessive [N], tree productivity is reduced. Reports of excessive [N] in the Douglas-fir forests of the Oregon Coast Range prompted this investigation of growth and needle physiological responses to increasing foliar N concentrations in 1-year-old Douglas-fir seedlings. After 1 year of N fertilization, total seedling biomass increased with each successive increase in N fertilizer concentration, except in the highest N fertilization treatment. Of the many physiological responses that were analyzed, only photosynthetic capacity (i.e., Vcmax), respiration rates and leaf specific conductance (KL) differed significantly between N treatments. Photosynthetic capacity showed a curvilinear relationship with foliar [N], reaching an apparent maximum rate when needle N concentrations exceeded about 12 mg g(-1). In vitro measurements of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity suggested that photosynthetic capacity was best related to activated, not total, Rubisco content. Rubisco activation state declined as foliar [N] increased, and based on its significant correlation (r2= 0.63) with foliar Mn:Mg ratios, it may be related to Mn inactivation of Rubisco. Respiration rates increased linearly as foliar N concentration increased (r2= 0.84). The value of K(L) also increased as foliar [N] increased, reaching a maximum when foliar [N] exceeded about 10 mg g(-1). Changes in K(L) were unrelated to changes in leaf area or sapwood area because leaf area to sapwood area ratios remained constant. Cumulative effects of the observed physiological responses to N fertilization were analyzed by modeling annual net CO2 assimilation (Anet) based on treatment specific values of Vcmax, dark respiration (Rdark) and KL. Estimates of Anet were highly correlated with measured total seedling biomass (r2= 0.992), suggesting that long-term, cumulative effects of maximum Rubisco carboxylation, Rdark and KL responses to N fertilization may limit seedling production when foliar N exceeds about 13 mg g(-1) or is reduced to less than about 11 mg g(-1). 相似文献
13.
Increased photosynthetic rates following partial defoliation may arise from changes in leaf biochemistry, water relations or nutrient status. Twelve-month-old field-grown Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings were pruned from below to reduce the green crown depth by 50 (D50) or 70% (D70). Photosynthetic responses to light and CO2 concentration were examined before and one, three and five weeks after partial defoliation. One week after defoliation, photosynthetic rates were greater in seedlings in the D50 (21 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) and D70 (23 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) treatments than in control seedlings (15 micromol m(-2) s(-1)); however, there was little difference in photosynthetic rates between partially defoliated seedlings and control seedlings after 5 weeks. An analysis of the sensitivity of photosynthesis to biochemical parameters revealed that the transient increase in photosynthetic rate in response to partial defoliation was largely a function of the maximum rate of carboxylation (85-87%) and the maximum rate of RuBP regeneration (55-60%) rather than stomatal conductance (12-13%). Nitrogen increased in leaves following partial defoliation (increases of 0.6 and 1.2 g m(-2) for D50 and D70, respectively), but was accumulated in a non-photosynthetic form (i.e., there was no increase in nitrogen concentration of Rubisco or chlorophyll). Increased photosynthetic rates immediately following partial defoliation were primarily a result of increased activity rather than amount of photosynthetic machinery. There was no evidence that phosphorus was responsible for the increase in photosynthetic rates after partial defoliation. 相似文献
14.
To study the effects of elevated CO(2) on gas exchange, nonstructural carbohydrate and nutrient concentrations in current-year foliage of 30-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees, branches were enclosed in ventilated, transparent plastic bags and flushed with ambient air (mean 370 &mgr;mol CO(2) mol(-1); control) or ambient air + 340 &mgr;mol CO(2) mol(-1) (elevated CO(2)) during two growing seasons. One branch bag was installed on each of 24 selected trees from control and fertilized plots. To reduce the effect of variation among trees, results from each treated branch were compared with those from a control branch on the same whorl of the same tree. Elevated CO(2) increased rates of light-saturated photosynthesis on average by 55% when measured at the treatment CO(2) concentration. The increase was larger in shoots with high needle nitrogen concentrations than in shoots with low needle nitrogen concentrations. However, shoots grown in elevated CO(2) showed a decrease in photosynthetic capacity compared with shoots grown in ambient CO(2). When measured at the internal CO(2) concentration of 200 &mgr;mol CO(2) mol(-1), photosynthetic rates of branches in the elevated CO(2) treatments were reduced by 8 to 32%. The elevated CO(2) treatment caused a 9 to 20% reduction in carboxylation efficiency and an 18% increase in respiration rates. In response to elevated CO(2), starch, fructose and glucose concentrations in the needles increased on average 33%, whereas concentrations of potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and boron decreased. Needle nitrogen concentrations explained 50-60% of the variation in photosynthesis and CO(2) acclimation was greater at low nitrogen concentrations than at high nitrogen concentrations. We conclude that the enhanced photosynthetic rates found in shoots exposed to elevated CO(2) increased carbohydrate concentrations, which may have a negative feedback on the photosynthetic apparatus and stimulate cyanide-resistant respiration. We also infer that the decrease in nutrient concentrations of needles exposed to elevated CO(2) was the result of retranslocation of nutrients to other parts of the branch or tree. 相似文献
15.
Plants often exhibit proportionately larger photosynthetic responses to the transition from glacial to modern [CO(2)] than from modern to future [CO(2)]. Although this pattern may reflect increased nutrient demand with increasing [CO(2)], few studies have examined the role of nutrient supply in regulating responses to the range of [CO(2)] from glacial to future [CO(2)]. In this study, we examined the effects of P supply (0.004-0.5 mM) on photosynthetic responses of Populus deltoides (cottonwood) seedlings to glacial (200 micromol mol(-1)), modern (350 μmol mol(-1)) and future (700 micromol mol(-1)) [CO(2)]. The A(sat) (light-saturated net photosynthetic rates at the growth [CO(2)]) response to future [CO(2)] decreased with decreasing P supply such that there was no response at the lowest P supply. However, P supply did not affect A(sat) responses to an increase from glacial to modern [CO(2)]. Photosynthetic capacity [e.g., final rubisco activity, apparent, maximal Rubisco-limited rate of photosynthesis (V(cmax)), apparent, maximal electron transport-limited rate of photosynthesis (J(max))], stomatal conductance (g(s)) and leaf P generally increased with increasing P supply but decreased with increasing [CO(2)]. Measures of carbohydrate sink capacity (e.g., leaf mass per unit leaf area, leaf starch) increased with both increasing P supply and increasing [CO(2)]. Changes in V(cmax) and g(s) together accounted for 78% of the variation in A(sat) among [CO(2)] and P treatments, suggesting significant biochemical and stomatal controls on photosynthesis. However, A(sat) responses to increasing [CO(2)] did not reflect the changes in the carbohydrate sink capacity. These results have important implications because low P already constrains responses to increasing [CO(2)] in many ecosystems, and our results suggest that the P demand will increasingly affect A(sat) in cottonwood as [CO(2)] continues to increase. 相似文献
16.
Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings were cultivated from seeds sown in pots or directly in the ground in outdoor chambers that were transparent to solar radiation, and provided either ambient air or CO(2)-enriched air (ambient + 350 &mgr;mol mol(-1)). The rooting volume was high in all experiments. In the short-term experiment, potted plants were assigned to a factorial CO(2) x nutrient treatment (optimal nutrient supply and severe nutrient shortage) for 1 year. In the long-term experiment, plants were grown directly in the ground and received an optimal supply of water and nutrients in both CO(2) treatments for 3 years. Nutrient stress caused carboxylation capacity (V(m)) to decrease in the potted seedlings exposed to CO(2)-enriched air during their first growing season. In the long-term experiment with optimal nutrient supply, CO(2)-enriched air did not affect V(m), but caused an upward acclimation of maximum electron transport rate (J(m)). Consequently, there was a 14% increase in the J(m)/V(m) ratio, indicating nitrogen reallocation to maintain an equilibrium between RuBP consumption and RuBP regeneration. Both V(m) and J(m) decreased during the growing season in both CO(2) treatments. Although upward acclimation of J(m) was no longer apparent at the end of the third growing season, plants in CO(2)-enriched air maintained a higher J(m)/V(m) ratio than plants in ambient air, indicating that photosynthetic acclimation always occurred. Second flush leaves appeared during each growing season. When expressed on the basis of foliar nitrogen concentration, their photosynthetic characteristics (V(m) and J(m)) were enhanced compared with other leaves. Because the number of second flush leaves was also increased in the elevated CO(2) treatment, this response should be taken into account when modeling the effects of elevated CO(2) concentration on canopy photosynthesis. Stomatal conductance decreased in response to atmospheric CO(2) enrichment; however, the stomatal response to irradiance followed a single relationship based on two stomatal conductance models. 相似文献
17.
Two-year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings were planted directly in the ground at high density (100 per m(2)), in an experimental design that realistically mimicked field conditions, and grown for two years in air containing CO(2) at either ambient or an elevated (ambient + 350 ppm) concentration. Plant dry mass and leaf area were increased by a two-year exposure to elevated CO(2). The saplings produced physiologically distinct types of sun leaves associated with the first and second growth flushes. Leaves of the second flush had a higher leaf mass per unit area and less chlorophyll per unit area, per unit dry mass and per unit nitrogen than leaves of the first flush. Chlorophyll content expressed per unit nitrogen decreased over time in plants grown in elevated CO(2), which suggests that, in elevated CO(2), less nitrogen was invested in machinery of the photosynthetic light reactions. In early summer, the photosynthetic capacity measured at saturating irradiance and CO(2) was slightly but not significantly higher in saplings grown in elevated CO(2) than in saplings grown in ambient CO(2). However, a decrease in photosynthetic capacity was observed after July in leaves of saplings grown in CO(2)-enriched air. The results demonstrate that photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO(2) can occur in field-grown saplings in late summer, at the time of growth cessation. 相似文献
18.
To determine the effects of CO(2)-enriched air and root restriction on photosynthetic capacity, we measured net photosynthetic rates of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings grown in 0.6-, 3.8- or 18.9-liter pots in ambient (360 micro mol mol(-1)) or 2x ambient CO(2) (720 micro mol mol(-1)) concentration for 23 weeks. We also measured needle carbohydrate concentration and water relations to determine whether feedback inhibition or water stress was responsible for any decreases in net photosynthesis. Across all treatments, carbon dioxide enrichment increased net photosynthesis by approximately 60 to 70%. Net photosynthetic rates of seedlings in the smallest pots decreased over time with the reduction occurring first in the ambient CO(2) treatment and then in the 2x ambient CO(2) treatment. Needle starch concentrations of seedlings grown in the smallest pots were two to three times greater in the 2x ambient CO(2) treatment than in the ambient CO(2) treatment, but decreased net photosynthesis was not associated with increased starch or sugar concentrations. The reduction in net photosynthesis of seedlings in small pots was correlated with decreased needle water potentials, indicating that seedlings in the small pots had restricted root systems and were unable to supply sufficient water to the shoots. We conclude that the decrease in net photosynthesis of seedlings in small pots was not the result of CO(2) enrichment or an accumulation of carbohydrates causing feedback inhibition, but was caused by water stress. 相似文献
19.
Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings were grown in an ambient or elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) either in small stands in microcosms for three to four seasons or individually in pots fertilized at different nutrient supply rates. Leaves at different stages of development, as well as stems and roots at the end of the growing season, were used for analysis of structural biomass and lignin. In elevated [CO2], lignification of leaves was slightly retarded compared with structural biomass production and showed a strong correlation with the activities of ionically, cell-wall-bound peroxidases but not with total soluble peroxidases or covalently wall-bound peroxidases. The effect of elevated [CO2] on lignin concentration of mature tissues was dependent on nutrient supply rate. In leaves and roots, elevated [CO2] increased the lignin concentration in dry mass in N-limited plants. In seedlings grown with high nutrient supply, the lignin concentration in dry mass was unaffected or diminished by elevated [CO2]. Because elevated [CO2] enhanced seedling growth in the high nutrient supply treatments, the total amount of lignin produced per seedling was higher in these treatments. We predict that long-term sequestration of carbon will increase as long as biomass production is stimulated by elevated [CO2] and that tissue quality will change depending on developmental stage and nutrient availability. 相似文献
20.
Seedlings of five boreal tree species differ in acclimation of net photosynthesis to elevated CO(2) and temperature 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Biochemical models of photosynthesis suggest that rising temperatures will increase rates of net carbon dioxide assimilation and enhance plant responses to increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO(2). We tested this hypothesis by evaluating acclimation and ontogenetic drift in net photosynthesis in seedlings of five boreal tree species grown at 370 and 580 &mgr;mol mol(-1) CO(2) in combination with day/night temperatures of 18/12, 21/15, 24/18, 27/21, and 30/24 degrees C. Leaf-area-based rates of net photosynthesis increased between 13 and 36% among species in plants grown and measured in elevated CO(2) compared to ambient CO(2). These CO(2)-induced increases in net photosynthesis were greater for slower-growing Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Pinus banksiana Lamb., and Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch than for faster-growing Populus tremuloides Michx. and Betula papyrifera Marsh., paralleling longer-term growth differences between CO(2) treatments. Measures at common CO(2) concentrations revealed that net photosynthesis was down-regulated in plants grown at elevated CO(2). In situ leaf gas exchange rates varied minimally across temperature treatments and, contrary to predictions, increasing growth temperatures did not enhance the response of net photosynthesis to elevated CO(2) in four of the five species. Overall, the species exhibited declines in specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen concentration, and increases in total nonstructural carbohydrates in response to CO(2) enrichment. Consequently, the elevated CO(2) treatment enhanced rates of net photosynthesis much more when expressed on a leaf area basis (25%) than when expressed on a leaf mass basis (10%). In all species, rates of leaf net CO(2) exchange exhibited modest declines with increasing plant size through ontogeny. Among the conifers, enhancements of photosynthetic rates in elevated CO(2) were sustained through time across a wide range of plant sizes. In contrast, for Populus tremuloides and B. papyrifera, mass-based photosynthetic rates did not differ between CO(2) treatments. Overall, net photosynthetic rates were highly correlated with relative growth rate as it varied among species and treatment combinations through time. We conclude that interspecific variation may be a more important determinant of photosynthetic response to CO(2) than temperature. 相似文献