首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), which causes bacterial speck disease of tomato, has been used as a model pathogen to investigate the molecular basis of plant–pathogen interactions. The function of many potential virulence factors encoded in the Pst DC3000 genome and their modes of action are not fully understood. P. syringae is known to produce the exopolysaccharide alginate. Although AlgU, a sigma factor, is known to regulate the expression of genes such as algD related to alginate biosynthesis, the molecular mechanisms of AlgU in the virulence of Pst DC3000 is still unclear. To investigate the function of AlgU and alginate in plant–bacterial pathogen interactions, we generated ΔalgU and ΔalgD mutants. After inoculation with ΔalgU but not ΔalgD, host plants of Pst DC3000 including tomato and Arabidopsis had milder disease symptoms and reduced bacterial populations. Expression profiles of Pst DC3000 genes revealed that AlgU can regulate not only the expression of genes encoding alginate biosynthesis, but also the expression of genes related to type III effectors and the phytotoxin coronatine (COR). We also demonstrated that the ΔalgU mutant showed full virulence in the Arabidopsis fls2 efr1 double mutant, which is compromised in the recognition of PAMPs. Further, the application of COR was able to restore the phenotype of the ΔalgU mutant in the stomatal response. These results suggest that AlgU has an important role in the virulence of Pst DC3000 by regulating COR production.  相似文献   

2.
Banana wilt disease is a typical vascular disease caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 4 (Foc 4). Pattern recognition receptors in the plant cell membrane can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate multi-layer defense responses, including defense gene expression, stomatal closure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and callose deposition, to limit pathogen growth. In the present study, we found that chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1) was required for the non-host resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Foc B2 (a strain of Foc 4). The cerk1 mutant had weaker defense responses after Foc B2 treatment, including lower expression of PAMP- and salicylic acid-responsive genes, no stomatal closure, lower ROS level and less callose deposition, than that of the wild-type plant. Consistent with this, the cerk1 mutant plants exhibited higher susceptibility to non-host pathogen Foc B2. These results suggest the crucial importance of CERK1 in Foc B2-triggered non-host resistance.  相似文献   

3.
Real-Time PCR assay was used to quantify the expression of marker genes of the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways in seven Solanum lines after inoculation with a Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I strain, R008. Four Solanum lycopersicum lines (CRA 66, Hawaii 7996, MST 32/1, Quatre carrées), one S. tuberosum line (Spunta), the wild Lycopersicon cerasiforme and Solanum commersonii were used for this investigation. Results revealed very little activation of the jasmonic acid pathway marker genes, lipoxygenase A (LoxA) and protease inhibitor II (Pin2), with no significant difference (p > 0.05) in fold change expression among the Solanum lines. In contrast the salicylic acid pathway marker genes, glucanase A (GluA) and PR-1a, and the ethylene pathway marker genes, osmotin-like (Osm) and PR-1b, were expressed at higher levels with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in fold change expression among the Solanum lines. The resistant lines L. cerasiforme, CRA 66, Hawaii 7996 and S. commersonii showed stronger activation of the salicylic acid and ethylene marker genes than the moderately resistant cultivar (MST 32/1) and the susceptible lines (Quatre carrées and Spunta). The marker genes reached their highest expression levels earlier (4 h.p.i) in the resistant and moderately resistant lines than in the susceptible lines (48 h.p.i.). These results indicate that salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways have a significant role in defense against R. solanacearum. The timing and magnitude of the upregulation of gene expression may determine the plant ability to put up a defense response against the pathogen.  相似文献   

4.
  相似文献   

5.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ARGINASE2 (ARG2) and THREONINE DEAMINASE2 (TD2) are involved in plant defense. These enzymes act in the midgut of herbivores fed on tomato plants to degrade the essential amino acids Arg and Thr, respectively. Although it has been demonstrated that overexpression of the SlARG2 gene in tomato enhanced its resistance against M. sexta larvae, knock-down the expression of SlTD2 reduced the resistance of tomato to lepidopteran herbivores; it remains unclear whether overexpression of SlTD2 could enhance the resistance of the host plants to herbivores, or whether combined overexpression of SlARG2 and SlTD2 could lead to synergistically enhanced resistance to insects. Here, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing SlARG2 (SlARG2 OE) and SlTD2 (SlTD2 OE) individually as well as in combination (SlARG2-SlTD2 OE). Overexpression of these genes did not affect Arabidopsis development, seed yield, or Arg and Thr content. Insect-feeding bioassay was performed by feeding diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) larvae on detached leaves of wild-type, SlARG2 OE, SlTD2 OE, and SlARG2-SlTD2 OE plants. Larvae fed on SlARG2 OE leaves showed approximately 31% to 35% reduction in weight and 6% to 10% reduction in survival rate compared to those fed on wild-type leaves. Although larvae fed on SlTD2 OE leaves showed no reduction in survival rate, they gained less weight. Whereas larvae fed on SlARG2-SlTD2 OE leaves showed neither reduction in weight nor reduction in survival rate. We further investigated the arginase enzymatic activity of the SlARG2 OE and SlARG2-SlTD2 OE transgenic plants. The SlARG2 OE line most resistant to diamondback moth larvae displayed the highest arginase activity. Our data indicate that overexpression of SlARG2 or SlTD2 in Arabidopsis can enhance its resistance against diamondback moth, whereas combined overexpression of SlARG2 and SlTD2 did not generate synergistically increased resistance to diamondback moth.  相似文献   

6.
Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a durable resistance called nonhost resistance against nonadapted fungal pathogens. A. thaliana activates preinvasive resistance and terminates entry attempts by nonadapted fungi belonging to the genus Colletotrichum, which cause anthracnose disease in many plants. In the interaction between A. thaliana and nonadapted C. tropicale, the preinvasive resistance involves the PENETRATION 2-related antifungal secondary metabolite pathway and the ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1-dependent antifungal peptide pathway. The development of invasive hyphae by C. tropicale owing to the reduction of preinvasive resistance then triggers the blockage of further hyphal expansion via the activation of the second layer of resistance, i.e., postinvasive resistance, which guarantees the robustness of the nonhost resistance of A. thaliana against Colletotrichum pathogens. Both the tryptophan-derived metabolic pathway and glutathione synthesis play critical roles in the postinvasive resistance against C. tropicale, although the molecular mechanism of postinvasive resistance remains to be elucidated. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the molecular background of the Arabidopsis nonhost resistance against Colletotrichum fungi and discuss perspectives for future research on this durable resistance.  相似文献   

7.
Phytophthora species are soil-borne pathogens that damage plants in both agro- and natural ecosystems. To suppress the devastating pathogen, we generated a root-specific expression system using a specific promoter (pPRP3) conferring elevated expression of the target gene in roots that are very susceptible to soil-borne pathogens. To verify root-specific expression, we compared β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression driven by a constitutive or root-specific promoters in shoots and roots. In histochemical and fluorometric assays, GUS activity was detected in whole tobacco plants when GUS expression was driven by p35S, but was detected only in the roots by pPRP3. We then expressed a pepper defensin (J1–1) gene in tobacco to elucidate its effect on plant resistance. The accumulation of J1–1 was also tissue-specific in transgenic tobacco plants. Finally, transgenic plants carrying GUS or J1–1 genes in combination with p35S or pPRP3 were inoculated with Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae and Pythium aphanidermatum. Disease symptoms were significantly suppressed in transgenic plants that accumulated J1–1, regardless of the promoter used. Furthermore, the expression of PR genes was induced in J1–1 transgenic plants, exhibiting much higher levels in p35S-driven J1–1 plants than in pPRP3::J1–1 plants. These results demonstrated that J1–1 transgenic plants were primed for enhanced expression of PR genes, which provided synergistic effects with the defensin for disease resistance.  相似文献   

8.
Insect damage leads to changes in biochemical profile of plants. Response of three Brassica juncea-fruticulosa introgression lines (already reported resistant to Lipaphis erysimi) in terms of changes in biochemical constituents after aphid infestation was studied along with B. fruticulosa (resistant parent), B. juncea var. PBR ?210 (susceptible parent) and B. rapa ecotype brown sarson BSH-1 (susceptible check). These six genotypes were grown under aphid infested and uninfested conditions and were sampled at peak aphid infestation to analyze the biochemical changes caused by aphid feeding from top 10 cm central twig of plant. A significant reduction in glucosinolates content in aphid infested plants of three introgression lines (I8, I79 and I82) was observed while opposite was observed in B. fruticulosa, PBR-210 and BSH-1. Exactly opposite trend was observed for total phenols where aphid infestation resulted in significant increase in phenols content in the three introgression lines while a decrease was observed in B. fruticulosa, PBR-210 and BSH-1. A general trend of decline in flavonols, total sugars and free amino acids content was observed after aphid infestation in all the genotypes. Glucosinolates and total phenols served as biochemical bases of resistance in the three introgression lines since there was downregulation of glucosinolates and upregulation of total phenols as against opposite trend observed in BSH-1 and PBR-210.  相似文献   

9.
In 1972, bacterial leaf spot of onion (BLSO) was first recorded in Japan by Goto. The pathogen was considered as a pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae specifically causing disease on onion and Welsh onion, but it has not been taxonomically investigated in detail. In 2012 and 2014, a disease suspected as BLSO re-emerged on onion in Shizuoka and Hyogo Prefectures, Japan, respectively. A pathogenic bacterium isolated from the infected onions was thought to be the BLSO agent after preliminary examinations. Strains isolated from BLSO in 1969, 1986, 1987, 2012 and 2014 were characterized and compared with the causal agent of bacterial blight of leek (P. syringae pv. porri), which causes similar symptoms on Allium plants. The result of rep-PCR distinguished the BLSO agent from P. syringae pv. porri. Multilocus sequence analysis on housekeeping genes and hrp genes encoding the type-III secretion system revealed that the strains of the BLSO agent clustered independently of P. syringae pv. porri. The BLSO agent and P. syringae pv. porri also differed in utilization of erythritol, dl-homoserine, glutaric acid and other bacteriological characteristics and caused different reactions on onion, Welsh onions, chives, shallot, rakkyo, leek, garlic and Chinese chive. Thus, the BLSO agent clearly differs from P. syringae pv. porri and is considered to be a new pathovar of P. syringae. The name P. syringae pv. alliifistulosi is proposed with pathotype strain ICMP3414.  相似文献   

10.
Clubroot, caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is one of the most damaging diseases of Brassica napus worldwide. Resistant plant material is valuable for cultivation in all areas of high incidence of the disease and intensive growth of oilseed rape. We have evaluated clubroot resistance, plant morphology and seed quality in 15 lines of an F4 generation and selected six lines of F5 generation of interspecific hybrids obtained from a cross between a male sterile line of B. napus ‘MS8’, selected from resynthesized oilseed rape (B. rapa ssp. chinensis × B. oleracea var. gemmifera) and an ecotype of B. rapa ssp. pekinensis. Clubroot resistance was evaluated using a bioassay with P1-P5 pathotypes of P. brassicae (according to the classification of Somé et al. 1996). The resistance to the pathotype P1 was successfully fixed in the F5 generation, and improved in some lines in respect to the pathotypes P2-P4. The resistance to P1 and the other tested pathotypes was not linked. Characterization of plant material included recent techniques of FISH and BAC-FISH with a special focus on the analysis of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of selected individuals. Two hybrid lines combined high levels of resistance with appropriate plant morphology, good seed quality traits and a stable chromosome number and arrangement. Recent techniques of ‘chromosome painting’ provided good insight into chromosome organization in the hybrids obtained, and offered opportunities of further improvement of the breeding process.  相似文献   

11.
Bacterial pathogens of onion (Allium cepa) plants and their undetected presence in seed can cause substantial losses to onion producers. In this study, 23 Pseudomonas syringae strains were isolated from five onion plants and 18 onion seeds. The symptoms on leaves and seed stalks were irregular lesions with necrotic centres and water soaked margins. The aim of the study was to characterize these P. syringae strains using Biolog GN III carbon source utilization, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on partial sequences of four housekeeping genes (cts, gapA, gyrB and rpoD), and to determine whether or not the strains were pathogenic on onion (cv. Granex 33), chive (Allium schoenoprasum cv. Grasiue), leek (Allium porrum cv. Giant Italian) and spring onion (Allium fistulosum cv. Salotte) plants. Both Biolog analysis and MLST analysis separated onion strains into two clusters, one supporting the existence of a new pathovar of P. syringae, and the other corresponding to P. syringae pv. porri. Pseudomonas syringae strains belonging to the new pathovar we pathogenic only on onion plants of the Allium spp. tested. The results of this study revealed that bacterial blight of onion in South Africa is caused by two pathovars of P. syringae sensu lato, namely, the newly described pathovar, allii, and P. syringae pv. porri. The symptoms caused by these two pathovars in the field were indistinguishable.  相似文献   

12.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known to be an important signalling molecule in both animals and plants, despite its toxic nature. In plants it has been seen to control stomatal apertures, so altering the ability of bacteria to invade plant tissues. Bacteria are known to generate H2S as well as being exposed to plant-generated H2S. During their interaction with plants pathogenic bacteria are known to undergo alterations to their genomic complement. For example Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) strain 1302A undergoes loss of a section of DNA known as a genomic island (PPHGI-1) when exposed to the plants resistance response. Loss of PPHGI-1 from Pph 1302A enables the pathogen to overcome the plants resistance response and cause disease. Here, with the use of H2S donor molecules, changes induced in Pph 1302A genome, as demonstrated by excision of PPHGI-1, were investigated. Pph 1302A cells were found to be resistant to low concentrations of H2S. However, at sub-lethal H2S concentrations an increase in the expression of the PPHGI-1 encoded integrase gene (xerC), which is responsible for island excision, and a subsequent increase in the presence of the circular form of PPHGI-1 were detected. This suggests that H2S is able to initiate excision of PPHGI-1 from the Pph genome. Therefore, H2S that may emanate from the plant has an effect on the genome structure of invading bacteria and their ability to cause disease in plants. Modulation of such plant signals may be a way to increase plant defence responses for crops in the future.  相似文献   

13.
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an important disease of wheat worldwide. Understanding the survival of Pst during the winter is critical for predicting Pst epidemics in the spring. We used a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method to quantify Pst CYR32 biomass in infected wheat seedlings under several fluctuating temperature regimes (three average temperatures 0, ?5 and ?10 °C, each with two daily fluctuating amplitudes 8 and 13 °C). The survival of Pst CYR32 increased with increasing average temperature but also varied greatly with the amplitude – larger amplitude led to lower survival, particularly at 0 and ?5 °C. Nevertheless the survival at both amplitudes was still significantly greater than under the corresponding constant temperatures. There were small, albeit statistically significant, differences between the two cultivars (Xiaoyan 22, low winter-hardiness; Lantian 15, high winter-hardiness) in Pst CYR32 survival. This study indicated potential errors that could result from using daily average temperatures to predict Pst survival during the winter.  相似文献   

14.
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are one of the most important biotic factors limiting crop productivity in many crop plants. The major RKN control strategies include development of resistant cultivars, application of nematicides and crop rotation, but each has its own limitations. In recent years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful approach for developing nematode resistance. The two housekeeping genes, splicing factor and integrase, of Meloidogyne incognita were targeted for engineering nematode resistance using a host-delivered RNAi (HD-RNAi) approach. Splicing factor and integrase genes are essential for nematode development as they are involved in RNA metabolism. Stable homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing dsRNA for both genes were generated. In RNAi lines of splicing factor gene, the number of galls, females and egg masses was reduced by 71.4, 74.5 and 86.6%, respectively, as compared with the empty vector controls. Similarly, in RNAi lines of the integrase gene, the number of galls, females and egg masses was reduced up to 59.5, 66.8 and 63.4%, respectively, compared with the empty vector controls. Expression analysis revealed a reduction in mRNA abundance of both targeted genes in female nematodes feeding on transgenic plants expressing dsRNA constructs. The silencing of housekeeping genes in the nematodes through HD-RNAi significantly reduced root-knot nematode infectivity and suggests that they will be useful in developing RKN resistance in crop plants.  相似文献   

15.
  相似文献   

16.
Plant volatile compounds, including terpenes, are known to be involved in the rice defense system. In the present analysis of a terpene synthase, OsTPS18, in rice, we found that OsTPS18 was localized in the cytoplasm and synthesized the sesquiterpenes (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene. The amounts of (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene increased after jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. (E)-Nerolidol had significant antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These results suggest that (E)-nerolidol plays an important role in JA-induced resistance against Xoo and that it functions as an antibacterial compound in rice.  相似文献   

17.
  相似文献   

18.
Although many Pseudomonas syringae strains have already been determined, only a few genomes of strains belonging to pathovar lachrymans have been sequenced so far. In this study we report the genome sequence of P. syringae pv. lachrymans strain 814/98, which is highly virulent to cucumber. The genome size was estimated to be 6.58 Mb, with 57.97% GC content. In total, 6024 genes encoding proteins and 92 genes encoding RNAs were identified in this genome. Comparisons with the available sequenced genomes of pathovar lachrymans as well as with other P. syringae pathovars were conducted, revealing the presence of three unique plasmids and 24 type III effector proteins (TTEs) in strain 814/98. The phylogenetic analyses of MLST loci and TTEs clearly showed the existence of two distinct clusters of strains within pathovar lachrymans, which were grouped into either phylogroup 1 or 3, supporting non-monophyly within this pathovar.  相似文献   

19.
This study evaluated the role of oxidative stress on the expression of Pht cluster genes involved in phaseolotoxin synthesis in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Results demonstrate that the expression of Pht cluster genes is regulated by oxidative stress in a manner dependent of the ROS present in the cell. The presence of H2O2 and Paraquat, influences on the expression of the Pht cluster genes in function of the compound and of the concentration evaluated, demonstrating that expression of Pht genes is part of the oxidative stress response in P. syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121.  相似文献   

20.
Biosynthesis of the oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA) in Arabidopsis thaliana is catalyzed by a single allene oxide synthase (AOS)-encoding gene and four genes encoding four functional allene oxide cyclase (AOC) polypeptides (AOC1, AOC2, AOC3, and AOC4). To elucidate the biological activities of the JA pathway in regulating the plant defense response to plant-parasitic nematodes, transgenic lines carrying the GUS reporter gene under the control of individual AOC or AOS promoters were examined. Upon penetration by second-stage juveniles (J2 s), promoter activities of AOC1, AOC3 and AOC4 appeared in the root tip and root-elongation zone, with AOC3 demonstrating highest induction. At 5 days AOC3 activity continued to be highly pronounced in the stele and root cortex, associated with nematode invasion throughout gall initiation and maturation. AOS expression appeared 3 days postinfection and accompanied all later infection stages. Mutant lines were analyzed: disruption in AOS rendered plants more resistant to nematode infection, as reflected by the decreased number of females produced on this line; loss-of-function of AOC3 rendered plants more susceptible to nematode infection. Oxylipins derived from the 9- and 13-lipoxygenase pathways were assayed for their direct inhibitory activity toward M. javanica J2 s. Clear nematicidal activity of the bioactive 9- and 13-hydroperoxides was observed. Oxylipins produced by divinyl ether synthase, colneleic acid, colnelenic acid and ω5(Z)-etherolenic acid demonstrated strong inhibitory activity. These data, along with those of other assayed oxylipins, suggest that temporal and spatial fine tuning of the JA route allowing nematodes parasitism on plant host.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号