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1.
Three field experiments, each repeated over two or three seasons, on winter wheat investigated a possible limit to the association between grain yield and flag leaf life, as extended by fungicide application. The experiments involved up to six cultivars and different application rates, timings and frequencies of the strobilurin azoxystrobin and the triazole epoxiconazole. In the 2000/01 and 2001/02 seasons, the relationships between the thermal time to 37% green flag leaf area (m) and yield deviated from linearity. ‘Broken stick’ models were fitted to cultivar × experiment combinations within each season and the limit to the benefit to yield associated with extending flag leaf life was 700 °C days (S.E. = 20.7) and 725 °C days (S.E. = 9.33) after anthesis in 2000/01 and 2001/02, respectively. In 2002/03, the relationship between yield and m did not deviate significantly (P > 0.05) from linearity, but in this latter year the fungicide application failed to increase m past 700 °C days. 相似文献
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Nitrogen (N) fertilization with foliar urea and fungicide treatment at flag leaf emergence (GS 47) are common strategies to improve both grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Mixing of urea and a fungicide, together, would save time in farm operations. In some cases, the effect of foliar sprayings of urea either alone or in combination with a fungicide may, however, give unexpected low response to grain yield and quality when compared to separate application of foliar urea and fungicide. This study was designated to provide more detailed information about the effects of late-season spraying of urea (15 kg N ha−1 as an aqueous solution of 110 g l−1 ) alone or mixed with fungicide (propiconazole, 125 g ha−1 ) on the grain yield and grain protein content of spring wheat. To avoid foliar injury or phytotoxic effect of foliar spray of urea, mixing of urea with propiconazole in warm growing conditions should be avoided. In turn, during cool and rainy growing season, a mixture of these two chemicals is recommended in order to improve rapid absorbtion of both propiconazole and foliar urea. However, the genotypic differences were recorded in response to propiconazole and urea sprayings. The positive effects on cultivars of these chemicals were attributed to high leaf photosynthesis rate after propiconazole and foliar urea treatment and high leaf urease enzyme activity after foliar urea application. 相似文献
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硼肥不同施用方法及用量对水稻生长的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了探明中国南方缺硼水稻田中增施硼肥在水稻上的应用效果,通过田间小区试验,研究了硼肥不同施用方法及不同用量的组合对南方早稻的生长期、分蘖状况、剑叶叶绿素含量、水稻生物量及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,基施硼肥和基施配合叶面喷施硼肥均能提早水稻生育期,尤其是齐穗期,比CK提前了1~3天;基施硼肥或基施配合叶面喷施硼肥均促进水稻分蘖,有利于提高稻叶叶绿素含量和生物量积累,起到水稻增产的效果,其中常规施肥+基施持力硼11.25 kg/hm~2和常规施肥+基施持力硼7.5 kg/hm~2+喷施速乐硼0.45 kg/hm~2综合效果最好,值得在南方水稻生产中推广应用。 相似文献
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The effect of fungicides and their combination on yield of barley under different nitrogen, slurry and tillage treatments was investigated at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel, Germany in 1991–97. Various fungicide treatments (no fungicide, and treatment with stem, leaf and ear fungicides and combinations of these), two nitrogen levels (120 and 240 kg N ha−1 ), two tillage systems (minimum and conventional tillage) and four slurry applications (no application, and autumn, spring and autumn plus spring applications) were used. On average, fungicide application increased barley yield by 1.1 t ha−1 . The fungicide treatments could be classified into four types: (1) fungicides against stem diseases, which slightly increased yield by 0.25 t ha−1 , very similar to the results for the untreated control; (2) leaf fungicides and ear fungicides applied separately, and fungicides against a combination of stem and leaf diseases, which increased yield by 1.0 t ha−1 on average; (3) fungicides against a combination of ear and stem diseases, which increased the yield by 1.22 t ha−1 , and (4) fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases and a combination of stem, leaf and ear diseases, which increased yield by 1.59 t ha−1 on average. The effects of fungicide on the yield were modified by crop husbandry. It can be concluded that application of fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases could increase barley yield and reduce yield variation. 相似文献
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通过田间试验,评价小麦赤霉病防控药剂的有效性,为植保部门提供药剂选择参考依据。采用‘镇麦12’、‘镇麦9号’为试验品种,以参试杀菌剂的登记最高剂量在小麦扬花期施药2次,最后一次施药25天后调查小麦赤霉病病情及籽粒中DON毒素含量,计算各杀菌剂对赤霉病防效。结果表明,当一个区域内小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗性频率达50%以上时,多菌灵等药剂对赤霉病防效由90%下降到低于80%;当采用含有甲氧基丙烯酸脂类的药剂75%肟菌酯.戊唑醇SC防治赤霉病时,将会刺激DON毒素在小麦籽粒中的积累,毒素含量达到1.405 mg/L,高于对照处理0.598 mg/L。而且,通过有效性监测,初步明确了戊唑醇在本地区小麦赤霉病防治的最低有效用量为120 g/hm2。对防治农药进行有效性监测是小麦赤霉病有效防控的重要保障机制。 相似文献
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3种杀菌剂防治甜菜褐斑病间隔期及效果 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
本试验新引入三唑类杀菌剂,以期作为苯并咪唑类杀菌剂的轮换药剂,用于甜菜褐斑病的化学防治。为明确三苯基乙酸锡、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑防治甜菜褐斑病的施药间隔期和防治效果以及对甜菜产质量的影响,于2013—2014 年,采用田间小区试验的方法进行实地调查测定。试验结果表明：每公顷施用25%三苯基乙酸锡可湿性粉剂1809 g、25%氟硅唑水乳剂300 mL、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂600 g,施药间隔期为3 周,防治效果分别为77.41%、77.03%、71.36%。3 种药剂对甜菜根产量和产糖量没有显著影响,但能显著提高含糖率,间隔3周施药的处理和对照相比增糖率分别为1.16%、1.56%、1.25%。 相似文献
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Heinz-Josef Koch Christodulos Pringas Bernward Maerlaender 《European Journal of Agronomy》2006,24(4):357-366
During the past decade European wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops were increasingly affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB) infection and high deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in the grain. This is discussed to be primarily caused by the application of conservation tillage practices and, simultaneously, enhanced cultivation of host crops such as maize and wheat.
This study investigated the effect of several environmental and management factors on DON formation and, particularly, interactions between factors. Moreover, a methodology was developed to quantify the relative effect of single factors, and combinations of two or more management factors on the DON concentration in order to evaluate management strategies with regard to their potential effect on DON formation.
In 2001 and 2002, FHB infection of wheat and DON concentration in the grain was determined on eight sites of a long-term on-farm tillage experiment located in southern and eastern Germany. In addition, three-factorial plot trials varying tillage, cultivar, and fungicide application were conducted at Goettingen, Lower Saxony, in 2001 and 2002.
Based on these data, the severity of the effect of year, preceding crop, tillage, wheat cultivar and fungicide application was calculated as follows: mean DON value of the treatment with the highest DON concentration obtained in the study divided by the lowest treatment mean value. For each influencing factor the calculation was done on average of the other factors included. The following ranking order was obtained: annual variation of rainfall during wheat anthesis (4.4) = Fusarium infection/susceptibility of the preceding crop (wheat versus sugar beet, 4.3) = Fusarium susceptibility of the wheat cultivar grown (4.3–5.6) > soil tillage applied to cultivate wheat (1.3–3.4) ≥ fungicide application at anthesis of wheat (2.1). The relative effect of combinations of two or more management factors on the DON concentration can be calculated by multiplying severity factors. Limitations of this method are due to strong interactions between some of the factors (e.g. cultivar × fungicide application, cultivar × tillage). Within tillage treatments shallow mixing conservation tillage increased the DON concentration only slightly compared to conventional mouldboard ploughing, if previous wheat straw soil cover was reduced to about 30%. In this case, the severity of the effect of tillage was much smaller compared to year, preceding crop, and cultivar. Data also reveal that FHB infection values counted in the field do not give a reliable prediction of the DON concentration.
It is concluded, that choosing a resistant cultivar is a powerful tool to ensure a low DON concentration in wheat grain even under highly infectious conditions. This strategy enables farmers to make use of the benefits of conservation tillage and, simultaneously, produce high quality wheat grain. 相似文献
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施氮水平对不同种植模式小麦旗叶衰老和产量的影响研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
摘要：①氮素水平与小麦后期旗叶衰老有着密切关系。中氮和高氮处理与低氮和无氮处理相比,显著提高了SOD和POD的活性,相对改善了细胞中活性氧产生与清除之间的平衡,减少了细胞内过氧化物的积累,减缓了叶片衰老;但平作栽培小麦264 kg .hm-2水平（N3处理）与165kg .hm-2水平（N2处理）间的SOD、POD活性、MDA含量以及叶绿素含量等生理指标差异不显著,表明施氮量达到一定水平后继续增加施氮量对延缓小麦旗叶衰老无显著效应。②通过对垄作和平作两种栽培模式的比较发现,小麦旗叶衰老进程分为两个阶段;平作小麦以花后14天,垄作小麦以花后21天为拐点,前期为缓慢衰老期,后期为急剧衰老期。在缓慢衰老期,旗叶POD、SOD活性,叶绿素含量会略有上升;而进入急剧衰老期后,上述三个生理指标都急剧下降。平作小麦比垄作小麦提前进入急剧衰老期。③氮素水平为165kg .hm-2时,两种栽培模式均可以获得中产以上产量;264 kg .hm-2水平下能够获得更高的产量,且垄作栽培小麦的增产优势较平作小麦更明显。 相似文献
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本文采用随机区组试验，设置4个处理，研究单施含硒有机肥(C1)、单施叶面硒肥(C2)、混合施用含硒有机肥和叶面硒肥(C3)施硒方式对粉葛产量、品质及不同器官中硒的吸收转移规律的影响。结果表明：单施含硒有机肥处理下粉葛各器官硒含量无显著提高，单施叶面硒肥处理块根硒含量比单施含硒有机肥处理提高了71.0%，而混合施用含硒有机肥和叶面硒肥处理下块根硒含量比单施含硒有机肥处理提高了110.1%。C2处理下叶/块根转运系数比C1处理提高了902.9%，说明大量的硒由叶片转运到了块根中。C2、C3处理的粉葛块根产量和硒积累量都显著高于对照和C1处理。C1、C2、C3处理均能提高粉葛的葛根素含量，但各施硒方式处理间的结果差异不显著。综上，对粉葛这种藤本植物而言，单施叶面硒肥对提高粉葛的产量、品质及硒积累量总体效果要好于含硒有机肥，叶面调控方式能够将更多的硒转运粉葛的地下部分，而混合施用含硒有机肥和叶面硒肥则能更好的促进粉葛块根中硒的吸收累积。 相似文献
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为明确喷施叶面肥对旱地小麦生长发育的影响及与产量的关系,于2014-2015年在山西农业大学旱地小麦闻喜试验基地进行喷施叶面肥试验,设置三叶期、拔节期和孕穗期分别喷施吨田宝（D1~D3）、三叶期和拔节期同时喷施吨田宝（D4）、三叶期和孕穗期同时喷施吨田宝（D5）、拔节期和孕穗期同时喷施吨田宝（D6）、三叶期、拔节期和孕穗期同时喷施吨田宝（D7）、三叶期、拔节期和孕穗期分别喷施磷酸二氢钾（D8~D10）、三叶期、拔节期和孕穗期同时喷施磷酸二氢钾（D11）处理,以喷施清水为对照（CK）。结果表明,喷施叶面肥与CK相比可显著增加开花期叶面积指数、穗数和次生根数,尤其是D6;喷施叶面肥可显著增加穗数和产量,且处理D1~D7高于D8~D11,D1~D7处理中D7最高,但与D6处理间差异不显著,而叶面肥对穗粒数和千粒重的影响不规律。相关性分析表明,开花期叶面积指数与成熟期穗数、千粒重和产量呈极显著正相关,开花期次生根数与穗数和产量呈显著正相关。总之,在拔节期和孕穗期同时喷施吨田宝有利于促进开花期旱地小麦根系和叶片生长,延长叶片功能期,延缓根系衰老,增加穗数和千粒重,从而显著提高产量。 相似文献
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为探究促芽肥对头季稻的调控效应,以Ⅱ优1273为材料,在头季稻齐穗后18 d设置施用促芽肥和未施用促芽肥2种处理,采用比较蛋白质组学的方法和技术,并结合相关生理指标测定,分析了促芽肥对头季稻灌浆后期叶片蛋白质表达及相应生理特性的影响。不同促芽肥处理的头季稻灌浆后期叶片蛋白质经双向电泳分离后共获得了15个差异表达的蛋白质点,涉及头季稻灌浆后期叶片的光合碳同化、电子传递与光合磷酸化和抗逆抗衰老响应等,分析结果表明,头季稻后期剑叶中与光合碳同化、电子传递与光合磷酸化相关蛋白随灌浆进程呈下降趋势,施用促芽肥能明显减缓其下调幅度,从而使头季稻灌浆后期剑叶具有相对较高的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,提高了头季稻灌浆后期的干物质积累和源供应能力;还能明显提高头季稻灌浆后期剑叶中与抗性相关蛋白的表达量,从而增强稻株的活性氧清除能力,抑制功能叶的膜脂过氧化作用,延缓头季稻灌浆后期剑叶的衰老速率,从而显著提高了头季稻的结实率和产量。 相似文献
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Abstract:Fusariam head blight(FHB)is a worldwide destructive disease of wheat in the warm,semi-humid or humid regions,especially serious in China.The disease not only causes significant losses in yield and re duces grain quanlity,but also induces toxin to contaminated seeds,which is harmful to the healthy of human and livestocks,So it is important to control it.There are several methods to control Fusarium head blight (FHB).Such as using Crop rotation,Soil cultivation and Fertiliser,biological control,Fungicides control, transgenes,resistance to control Fusarium head blight(FHB).All of these methods gain some effect,but also exist their deficiency.Sometimes crop rotation had no significant effect on DON contamination of wheat grain,subsequent reductions in DON contamination were inconsistent when using Soil cultivation and Fer tiliser,Unfortunately,under field conditions,the biological control achieved has been shown to be variable and in some tests has failed to give any control,The use of fungicides,however,have not been consistently effective in controlling FHB and in reducing DON formation,transgene-silencing at different generations is a problem to use transgenes,Information on location of QTL for FHB resistance should improve dramatically in the near future on resistance to control Fusarium head blight(FHB).Therefore,it is pressing to improve control methods,especially to DON. 相似文献
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为验证沃柑测土配方施肥的效果,推进化肥减量增效,探究有机肥、中微量元素肥料与化肥配施对沃柑果实产量和外观品质的效应,在沃柑园设置随机区组小区精确试验,试验处理包括当地习惯施肥、测土配方推荐施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥兼叶面喷施0.2%硼酸、优化施肥兼叶面喷施0.05%钼酸铵、优化施肥兼叶面喷施4%硫酸镁。结果表明,测土配方推荐施肥相较于习惯施肥增产效果显著。在同等养分施用量的情况下,用有机肥代替部分化肥处理与全化肥处理比较产量无显著差异,但前者比后者增效4.03%。在土壤交换性镁贫乏的情况下,沃柑叶面施镁可以获得极显著而稳定的增产效果。在土壤不缺硼的情况下,叶面施硼可能无效。在土壤有效钼不足时沃柑叶面施钼能够增产,但连年施用效果不稳定。由此可见,伴随果实外观品质的提升,化肥减量增效在沃柑生产上是可行的;沃柑施肥的增产潜力较大,如果配方和选材得当,可以发挥更大效益。 相似文献
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Ljiljana Tamburic‐Ilincic 《Plant Breeding》2012,131(6):722-727
The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) the correlations between Fusarium head blight (FHB) index, deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation and percentage of Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) with agronomic and quality traits and (ii) the effect associated with the presence of single QTLs for FHB resistance on agronomic and quality traits in winter wheat. The population was derived from the cross between ‘RCATL33' (FHB resistance derived from ‘Sumai 3’ and ‘Frontana’) and ‘RC Strategy’. Parental lines and recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were genotyped with SSR markers associated with the 3B, 5A and 3A QTLs. The population was planted in FHB‐inoculated nurseries and in agronomy trials. Lines in the 3B QTL class had the lowest FHB index, DON content and FDK level and did not have a significantly lower yield, thousand kernel weight or protein content compared with the lines grouped in other QTL classes (including no QTL class). Marker‐assisted selection of the 3B QTL for FHB resistance into high‐yielding FHB‐susceptible winter wheat is the recommended approach for the development of lines with increased FHB resistance without significant yield and quality penalties. 相似文献
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Correlation between Fusarium head blight severity and DON content in triticale as revealed by phenotypic and molecular data 
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下载免费PDF全文 Fusarium head blight (FHB) in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) results in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination, for example, by deoxynivalenol (DON). This study aimed to analyse the correlation between FHB severity and DON content in a DH population of 146 entries across environments. Additionally, Fusarium damaged kernel (FDK) rating, heading stage and plant height were recorded. Highly significant (P < 0.001) genotypic variances were found throughout, but also significant (P < 0.001) genotype–environment interaction variances occurred. Correlation between FHB severity and heading stage or plant height was low (r = 0.144 and r = ?0.153, P < 0.10). A prediction of DON content from FHB severity or FDK rating is not possible caused by low correlations (r = 0.315 and 0.572, respectively, P < 0.001). A common quantitative trait locus (QTL) for all FHB‐related traits was found on wheat chromosome 2A being of minor importance for FHB severity, but of high importance for DON content and FDK rating. Another QTL on rye chromosome 5R was more important for FHB severity. In conclusion, DON content has to be measured in triticale after selection for FHB severity to gain for healthy and mycotoxin‐reduced feed. 相似文献
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不同施硼措施对云烟87生长和产质量的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
在大田条件下,研究了不同施硼措施对烤烟生长及产质量的影响,结果表明：与基施（P0）或不施硼肥（CK）处理相比,叶面喷施对促进烤烟生长,增加烟叶产量,提高烟叶质量有更显著的作用,且叶面整株喷硼（P4）的烟株其产值分别比基施硼肥,喷施上部叶（P1）、喷施中部叶（P2）、喷施下部叶处理（P3）高12.4%、56.1%、37.3%、48.1%。叶面喷硼处理对中部叶糖含量、钾含量以及烟碱含量的调控有积极的作用,整株叶面喷施硼肥处理的烟叶烟碱含量明显低于其他处理。 相似文献
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Fusarium head blight (FHB) results in yield losses and contamination of kernels by mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON). For minimizing DON content in grain, indirect selection methods would increase gains from selection compared to the costly and time‐consuming DON analysis. The aim of this study was to examine whether an early selection for fewer FHB symptoms would lead to a reduced DON content in grain after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum. Starting with a double‐cross derived population of about 1,100 genotypes, 30 F1:3 genotypes were selected for FHB rating in a two‐step selection in spring wheat with the non‐adapted resistance sources CM82036 and ‘Frontana’. In winter wheat, 30 F1:2 genotypes were selected out of a double‐cross derived population of about 600 F1 plants from crosses with German resistance sources (‘Dream’, G16‐92). Selected genotypes were grouped in three categories according to their FHB rating (low, moderate and high) and analysed afterwards for grain DON content. The three groups differed in their DON content illustrating that indirect selection should already be feasible in the earliest generations. Because of the wide genotypic ranges for DON contents within one grouping, a final DON analysis for selected materials is advisable to achieve full selection gain. 相似文献
20.
David Sewordor Gaikpa Bärbel Lieberherr Hans Peter Maurer C. Friedrich H. Longin Thomas Miedaner 《Plant Breeding》2020,139(2):251-262
Small-grain winter cereal crops can be infected with Fusarium head blight (FHB) leading to mycotoxin contamination and reduction in grain weight and quality. Although a number of studies have investigated the genetic variation of genotypes within each small-grain cereal, a systematic comparison of the winter crops rye, triticale, durum and bread wheat for their FHB resistance, Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination across species is still missing. We have therefore evaluated twelve genotypes each of four crops widely varying in their FHB resistance under artificial infection with one DON-producing F. culmorum isolate at constant spore concentrations and additionally at crop-specific concentrations in two environments. Rye and triticale were the most resistant crops to FHB followed by bread and durum wheat at constant and crop-specific spore concentrations. On average, rye accumulated the lowest amount of DON (10.08 mg/kg) in the grains, followed by triticale (15.18 mg/kg) and bread wheat (16.59 mg/kg), while durum wheat had the highest amount (30.68 mg/kg). Genotypic variances within crops were significant (p ≤ .001) in most instances. These results underline the differing importance of breeding for FHB resistance in the different crops. 相似文献