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1.
Hypoadrenocorticism is a well-described endocrinopathy in dogs that results from deficient production and secretion of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids. Although hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia are the most common electrolyte disturbances, hypercalcaemia also occurs in approximately 30 per cent of cases. The pathogenesis of hypercalcaemia in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism is unknown. This case series reports ionised calcium, parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein and vitamin D metabolite concentrations that were measured in eight dogs with concurrent hypercalcaemia and hypoadrenocorticism. Ionised calcium was increased in five of seven dogs with hypercalcaemia associated with hypoadrenocorticism. Parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were within their reference ranges in seven of eight dogs, six of seven cases and six of seven dogs, respectively. This case series highlights that hypercalcaemia associated with hypoadrenocorticism is rarely associated with increases in plasma parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein or serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations.  相似文献   

2.
Objectives : To compare serum vitamin D metabolites and plasma parathyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and normal albumin concentration, dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and hypoalbuminaemia, healthy dogs and hospitalised ill dogs with non‐gastrointestinal illness. Methods : Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were measured in 36 healthy dogs, 49 hospitalised ill dogs with non‐gastrointestinal illnesses, 21 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and normoalbuminaemia and 12 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and hypoalbuminaemia. Plasma parathyroid hormone and ionised calcium concentrations were measured in a subset of these dogs. Results : Concentrations of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D were lower in hypoalbuminaemic dogs with inflammatory bowel disease than in the healthy dogs (P<0·001), hospitalised ill dogs (P<0·001) and normoalbuminaemic dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (P<0·001). Dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and hypoalbuminaemia had a higher plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone (P<0·01) and lower plasma concentration of ionised calcium (P<0·001) than hospitalised ill dogs. Dogs with inflammatory bowel disease had a positive correlation between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and serum albumin (P<0·0001), serum calcium (P<0·0001) and plasma ionised calcium (P<0·0005) concentrations. Clinical Significance : Dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and hypoalbuminaemia frequently have ionised hypocalcaemia, high parathyroid hormone and low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Further studies are indicated to establish the pathogenesis of this disease complication as well as therapeutic strategies to reverse this state.  相似文献   

3.
Protein-losing enteropathies were diagnosed in two dogs that were initially presented with diarrhoea and weight loss. Plasma biochemistry in both cases revealed low concentrations of albumin, calcium and ionised calcium. Both dogs had an elevated plasma parathyroid hormone concentration and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration. The first dog was diagnosed with lymphangiectasia on postmortem examination, and the second dog was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic/ plasmacytic enteritis and severe cystic mucoid changes based on endoscopic duodenal biopsies. While a causal effect was not demonstrated, the protein-losing enteropathies may have caused reduced intestinal absorption of vitamin D leading to low plasma concentrations of ionised calcium and secondary hyperparathyroidism. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of low ionised calcium concentrations, low 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and high parathyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with protein-losing enteropathies.  相似文献   

4.
The plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionised calcium (Ca(2+)), total calcium, albumin and inorganic phosphorus, and the pH were measured in blood samples obtained from nine dogs during a period of 26 hours. The plasma pth levels fluctuated slightly during the day, by about 20 pg/ml, but there was a distinct peak (42.8 [8.8] pg/ml) at 07.00. Plasma Ca(2+) showed a diurnal pattern in which two peaks (increases of 0.03 mmol/l) were observed at 05.00 and 17.00, and the plasma concentration of inorganic phosphorus showed a similar pattern. There were no diurnal changes in total calcium or albumin.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) on parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphate and calcium concentrations. METHODS: PTH concentrations and routine biochemical parameters were measured in 68 dogs with HAC. Ionised calcium was measured in 28 of these dogs. The results obtained were compared with an age- and weight-matched group of 20 hospital patients that did not show signs of HAC. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the PTH, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and albumin concentrations between the two groups. Total and ionised calcium concentrations were not significantly different. Most of the dogs (92 per cent) with HAC had PTH concentrations that were greater than the reference range (10 to 60 pg/ml), and in 23 dogs they were greater than 180 pg/ml. There were significant positive correlations between the PTH and basal cortisol, post-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cortisol and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, and also the phosphate and post-ACTH cortisol concentrations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Adrenal secondary hyperparathyroidism is a cause of increased PTH concentrations and may be associated with abnormalities in calcium and phosphate metabolism in dogs with HAC. The findings of this study could explain why canine HAC may cause clinical signs such as calcinosis cutis that are associated with altered calcium metabolism.  相似文献   

6.
The ultrastructure of parathyroid chief cells was examined from four groups of nude mice (NIH:Swiss) with different serum calcium concentrations. The groups consisted of eight male mice with hypercalcemia induced by transplantable canine adenocarcinoma (CAC-8), eight female mice with hypercalcemia induced by infusion of parathyroid hormone-related protein, ten male control mice, and six male mice fed a low calcium (0.01%) diet. Hypercalcemia induced by malignancy or parathyroid hormone-related protein infusion was associated with low serum phosphorus concentration, a decrease in the number of secretory and prosecretory granules in the parathyroid chief cells, and an increase in the cytoplasmic area of chief cells. Prominent myelinlike membranous whorls were present in the cytoplasm of chief cells of tumor-bearing and parathyroid hormone-related protein-infused hypercalcemic mice. Mice fed a low calcium diet had decreases in the number of secretory granules and cell area but increases in the number of prosecretory granules compared with control mice. The number of mitochondria and the nuclear area of chief cells were similar in all four groups. The prominent membranous whorls and increased cytoplasmic area of chief cells from these hypercalcemic mice mark these cells as distinctly different from the parathyroid chief cells of other species with hypercalcemia.  相似文献   

7.
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a large group of drugs used to treat a range of inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases in dogs. Glucocorticoids have been linked to disturbances in calcium metabolism and skeletal disorders in humans, yet their effects at therapeutically effective dosages in dogs with spontaneous diseases are poorly understood. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate, vitamin D metabolites and plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone and ionised calcium together with urinary fractional excretion of calcium and phosphate, were measured in 16 dogs with atopic dermatitis before and 6weeks after standard dosage prednisolone treatment (0.93-1.06mg/kg) every other day after 7days of treatment with the same dosage once daily. The severity of their physical signs, as assessed by the canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index version 3 (CADESI-03) and the Edinburgh Pruritus Scale (EPS), decreased in all dogs following prednisolone treatment. There was no significant difference in any of the biochemical parameters measured following prednisolone treatment. This study indicates that prednisolone, used at a therapeutically effective dose, has minimal impact on calcium metabolism in dogs with atopic dermatitis.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVES: To review the records of 29 dogs diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism and see if any factors correlate with renal failure. METHODS: Dogs were selected retrospectively from case files from the QVSH and the QMH. RESULTS: The majority of dogs were middle-aged and four were keeshonds. The primary presenting complaints were polyuria and polydipsia. All dogs had an elevated total and ionised plasma calcium concentration. Plasma phosphate concentrations were variable. Ultrasonography of the parathyroid gland revealed nodular enlargement which was found to correlate well with surgical findings. The majority of dogs underwent surgical parathyroidectomy. Five cases were treated by ultrasound-guided chemical ablation of the parathyroid gland, of which only two cases showed a partial response. Three dogs were euthanased within a week of presentation. Seven other dogs had renal failure diagnosed either at presentation or up to six months after parathyroidectomy. The development of renal failure was correlated with total calcium concentration but did not correlate with any other factor, including the calcium phosphate product. Thirteen treated dogs were known to be alive at the time of writing, which was six months to 3.5 years after parathyroidectomy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Primary hyperparathyroidism cases with high total calcium were more likely to develop renal failure in this group of dogs; however, the calcium phosphate product did not seem to be a useful predictor. Ultrasound-guided chemical ablation seemed to have limited advantage over surgery.  相似文献   

9.
The hypothesis that hypocalcaemia may play a role in dystocia in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) was investigated. The objectives of the study were to measure the total calcium concentration in elephant plasma; assess the changes in parameters of calcium metabolism during a feeding trial; investigate a possible relationship between calcium metabolism and dystocia; and assess bone mineralisation in captive Asian elephants in vivo. The following parameters were measured: total and ionised calcium, inorganic phosphorous and magnesium, the fractional excretions of these minerals, intact parathyroid hormone, 25-OH-D(3) and 1,25-OH-D(3). Radiographs were taken from tail vertebrae for assessment of bone mineralisation. The mean (sd) heparinised plasma total calcium concentration was 2.7 (0.33) mmol/l (n=43) ranging from 0.84 to 3.08 mmol/l in 11 Asian elephants. There was no significant correlation between plasma total calcium concentration and age. Following feeding of a calcium rich ration to four captive Asian elephant cows, plasma total and ionised calcium peaked at 3.6 (0.24) mmol/l (range 3.4 to 3.9 mmol/l) and 1.25 (0.07) mmol/l (range 1.17 to 1.32 mmol/l), respectively. Plasma ionised calcium concentrations around parturition in four Asian elephant cows ranged from 0.37 to 1.1 mmol/l only. The present study indicates that captive Asian elephants might be hypocalcaemic, and that, in captive Asian elephants, the normal plasma concentration of total calcium should actually be around 3.6 mmol/l and normal plasma concentration of ionised calcium around 1.25 mmol/l. Given the fact that elephants absorb dietary calcium mainly from the intestine, it could be concluded that elephants should be fed calcium-rich diets at all times, and particularly around parturition. In addition, normal values for ionised calcium in captive Asian elephants should be reassessed.  相似文献   

10.
Acid-base balance and electrolyte concentrations, including ionised calcium, were monitored during intravenous fluid therapy of 11 collapsed diarrhoeic suckler calves aged five to 10 days. Six healthy calves of similar age and type were used to provide control data. All the diarrhoeic calves were severely acidotic (TCO2<12 mmol/litre). Isotonic sodium bicarbonate (1-3 per cent) was administered until the metabolic acidosis was half corrected, as indicated by the TCO2 increasing to 17 to 24 mmol/litre when the infusion was changed to an extracellular volume replacement fluid containing 144 mmol/litre Na+, 35 mmol/litre HCO3-, 4 mmol/litre K+ and 113 mmol/litre Cl- which was administered until the calf was discharged. Milk feeding was started as soon as the calf had a suck reflex. The treatment was successful in 10 calves. At admission the diarrhoeic calves were hypocalcaemic compared with the control calves, but their ionised calcium was significantly higher, with significantly less calcium being protein bound. Treatment with isotonic sodium bicarbonate resulted in a significant improvement in acid-base balance, but both total and ionised calcium decreased significantly, the decrease in ionised calcium being proportionately greater owing partly to a significant increase in the protein binding of calcium. The mean total, bound and ionised calcium concentrations were all significantly lower in the treated calves after they had received isotonic sodium bicarbonate than in the control calves. Further treatment with replacement fluid had no significant effect on any of the parameters apart from pCO2 which increased significantly. Milk feeding had no significant effect on plasma calcium concentrations. The calves' mean ionised calcium concentration was significantly lower at the end of the treatment than before it, but there was no difference in the mean total and bound calcium concentrations. The calves' mean plasma potassium and magnesium concentrations decreased significantly during the course of the treatment.  相似文献   

11.
To study mineral metabolism in geriatric dogs, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, ionised calcium, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were evaluated in 35 geriatric dogs (> 10 years) and in 20 young adult dogs (2–5 years). Parathyroid hormone levels were within the normal range in both groups, but values (mean ± SEM) were greater in the old dogs (34·8 ± 3·6 vs 21·2 ± 2·3 pg ml−1, P=0·005). Calcitriol and ionised calcium were similar in the two groups, and the values for both parameters were within the normal reference range. Plasma phosphorus levels were in the normal range in both groups but tended to be greater in the older dogs (P=0·09). While blood urea nitrogen was similar in the two groups, creatinine levels (mean ± SEM) were higher in the young dogs (82·2 ± 3·5 vs 101 ·7 ± 4·4 μmol litre−1). Even when the dogs were matched for weight, plasma creatinine concentration was still greater in the younger dogs. In conclusion, an increase in parathyroid hormone without changes in calcium, phosphorus and calcitriol has been identified in geriatric dogs.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the ionised calcium concentration following aerobic collection of blood and to compare ionised calcium concentration and pH of heparinised whole blood and plasma at 48 hours following collection under three different storage conditions to assess if ionised calcium concentration can be measured retrospectively. METHODS: Blood was collected from 17 dogs for analysis of ionised calcium concentration and pH using a Rapidpoint 400 (Bayer) blood gas analyser. Blood was collected into a commercial preheparinised syringe and into a plain syringe, with subsequent transfer to a commercially available heparinised sample tube. Samples were analysed within 10 minutes, and the remainder was divided for storage. One aliquot was set-aside at room temperature for 48 hours, and the other was immediately centrifuged and the plasma divided for storage at room temperature and at 4 degrees C for 48 hours each. In all samples, ionised calcium concentration and pH were measured again at 48 hours after storage. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in ionised calcium concentration or pH between anaerobically and aerobically collected heparinised whole blood analysed within 10 minutes of collection. At 48 hours, ionised calcium concentrations had decreased under all storage conditions irrespective of the direction of pH change. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Ionised calcium concentration can be measured in aerobically collected samples within 10 minutes and at 48 hours after collection under the conditions described.  相似文献   

13.
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) were measured among dogs with hypercalcaemia (total serum calcium > 3.01 mmol/L) due to various causes. All values were compared to those of healthy control dogs. Serum 1,25-(OH)]2-D3 was measured by a radioimmunoassay test and serum 25-OH-D3 was measured by a protein binding assay. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 ranged from 26 to 332 pmol/L (median 110.0) in dogs with lymphoma (n = 12); from 61 to 398 pmol/L (median 248.0) in dogs with primary hyperparathyreoidism (n = 5); from 28 to 310 pmol/L (median 88.5) in dogs with chronic renal failure (n = 10); and from 60 to 239 pmol/L (median 157.5) in control dogs (n = 24). There was no significant difference in 1,25-(OH)2-D3 among dogs with different causes of hypercalcaemia. 25-OH-D3 ranged from 64 to 291 nmol/L (median 101.5) in dogs with lymphoma; from 66 to 298 nmol/L (median 91.0) in dogs with primary hyperparathyreoidism; from 35 to 184 nmol/L (median 67.0) in dogs with chronic renal failure; and from 48 to 350 nmol/L (median 306.5) in control dogs. 25-OH-D3 was significantly lower in dogs with lymphoma, primary hyperparathyroidism and chronic renal failure than in control dogs. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 and 25-OH-D3 are not predictable in dogs with hypercalcaemia.  相似文献   

14.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was investigated in a canine lymphoma case with hypercalcemia by means of immunoradiomentric assay (IRMA) and molecular analysis. The plasma calcium level of the patient dog was 13.7 mg/dl. The PTHrP concentration examined by IRMA was 6.1 pmol/L in the plasma sample from the dog, but it was undetectable (< 1.1 pmol/L) in plasma samples from 4 lymphoma cases without hypercalcemia or 5 normal dogs. The PTHrP concentration examined in the culture supernatant of the lymphoma cells from this case was 1.3 pmol/L, whereas those of the lymphoma cells from a lymphoma case without hypercalcemia was undetectable. PTHrP mRNA was clearly detected not only in the lymphoma cells from this dog with hypercalcemia but also in lymphoma cells from 4 lymphoma cases without hypercalcemia and 2 canine lymphoma cell lines.  相似文献   

15.
1. The effect of increasing dietary calcium from 10.3 to 20 g/kg on 5- to 17-day growth performance and plasma minerals, electrolytes, total protein, albumin and glucose in chickens from 4 lines selected for: high 8-week body weight (W), low abdominal fat (L), high abdominal fat (F) or at random (C) was studied in two experiments. 2. High dietary calcium significantly reduced weight gain and plasma phosphate and potassium but increased food:gain ratio, plasma total calcium, glucose and albumin. 3. Significant correlations were found between plasma total calcium and plasma phosphate (r = -0.5, P less than 0.01), plasma total calcium and protein (r = 0.4, P less than 0.01) and between plasma total protein and albumin (r = 0.55, P less than 0.01). 4. Genotypes differed in their response to dietary calcium content. There was a substantial response in line F but little effect in line L. 5. In contrast to the three other lines, in line F high dietary calcium significantly increased plasma ionised calcium without altering plasma phosphate or total calcium concentration. 6. It was concluded that genetic selection has produced lines which vary in their tolerance to high dietary concentrations of calcium. Birds selected for increased fatness were less tolerant to high dietary calcium than their lean-selected counterparts.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to determine the cardiotoxic potency of tulathromycin. Tulathromycin (10 mg/kg, SC) was administered to ten adult male rabbits, and blood samples were obtained before and after drug administration (0 and 6 hours). Serum cardiac damage markers (troponin I, creatine kinase-MB, myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase), routine serum biochemical values (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, amylase, total protein, albumin, glucose, calcium, ionised calcium, sodium, potassium), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, arterial blood gas parameters (pH, partial carbon dioxide pressure, partial oxygen pressure, actual bicarbonate, standard bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, base excess in vivo, base excess in vitro, oxygen saturation, packed cell volume, haemoglobin) and serum oxidative status (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, retinol, β-carotene) were measured. Increased levels of troponin I, creatine kinase-MB and creatinine, and decreased WBC counts, ionised calcium and potassium levels were observed after drug administration. Tulathromycin treatment may cause cardiotoxicity, but its effects may be less dramatic than those of other macrolide antibiotics frequently used in veterinary medicine.  相似文献   

17.
We evaluated the expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by immunohistochemistry in eight benign and malignant mammary mixed tumors of dogs with (n = 4) and without (n = 4) hypercalcemia. Positive immunoreactive staining for PTHrP was observed in all four tumors from hypercalcemic dogs. The mammary tumors from 2 of the 4 normocalcemic dogs stained positively for PTHrP, but the numbers of immunoreactive cells and intensity of the immunoreaction were less than in the hypercalcemic dogs. In the other 2 tumors without hypercalcemia, the tissue samples were negative for PTHrP.  相似文献   

18.
Serum samples from eight dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism, seven dogs with hypercalcemic lymphosarcoma (hypercalcemia of malignancy), and four dogs with primary hypoparathyroidism were submitted to the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Michigan State University for intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay. When compared with the adjusted total serum calcium concentration, the intact PTH concentration was consistent with the correct diagnosis in all cases. Two dogs with hypercalcemic lymphosarcoma were mildly azotemic. In both of these cases the intact PTH concentration was consistent with hypercalcemia of malignancy despite the presence of azotemia. These data support a significant role for intact serum PTH assay in the differential diagnosis of disorders of calcium metabolism.  相似文献   

19.
Objective To determine (1) whether the intraoperative parathyroid hormone concentration ([PTH]) during parathyroidectomy (PTX) can be used to indicate cure in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism and (2) the time taken for postoperative serum calcium concentration to normalise. Design Retrospective study (2005–10) from a private referral hospital in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Procedure Nine client‐owned dogs underwent surgical PTX for naturally occurring primary hyperparathyroidism. [PTH] was measured from serum samples taken immediately post‐induction (pre‐PTX]) and at least 20 min after adenoma removal (post‐PTX) for all dogs, and during parathyroid gland manipulation (intra‐PTX) for six dogs. The concentration of ionised calcium (iCa) was measured at various time points postoperatively until it normalised, then stabilised or decreased below reference ranges. Statistical analysis compared the mean pre‐, intra‐ and post‐PTX [PTH] and the average rate of decline of iCa concentration postoperatively. Results All dogs demonstrated a significant decrease from mean pre‐PTX [PTH] (168.51 pg/mL) to mean post‐PTX [PTH] (29.20 pg/mL). There was a significant increase in mean intra‐PTX [PTH] (279.78 pg/mL). The average rate of decline of iCa concentration postoperatively to within the reference range (1.12–1.40 mmol/L) occurred after 24 h. Conclusion Intraoperative measurements of [PTH] can be used clinically to determine cure of primary hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid hormone increases significantly during parathyroid gland manipulation. Plasma iCa concentration returns to within the reference range on average 24 h after successful PTX. Not all dogs require vitamin D or calcium supplementation pre‐ or postoperatively.  相似文献   

20.
The effect of borogluconate on plasma calcium fractions was studied in vitro and in vivo in sheep. In vitro calcium chloride was more effective in raising ionised plasma calcium than calcium borogluconate. Sodium borate or gluconate added to blood caused only small decreases in blood ionised calcium. However, together, a synergistic reduction in ionised calcium was observed. Following calcium borogluconate infusions into sheep, total plasma calcium rose primarily because of an increase in the unionised ultrafiltrable fraction. Other changes observed following the infusion were hypercalciuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate and acidosis. Sodium borogluconate administered subcutaneously lowered total plasma calcium. This probably resulted from enhanced calcium excretion. It is suggested that since the anionic component of calcium solutions alters the availability and retention of calcium, it is likely to affect clinical efficacy significantly.  相似文献   

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