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1.
融雪期季节性冻土湿度变化对融雪洪水的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用天山北坡军塘湖流域2009、2010年春季融雪期季节性冻土湿度、雪深及流量数据,对春季融雪洪水与季节冻土的湿度变化进行分析,结果发现:(1)融雪期融雪洪水的流量与雪深、季节性冻土的湿度具有密切的关系,雪深及季节性冻土的湿度决定着融雪洪水峰值变化;(2)季节性冻土表层10 cm范围内湿度的变化会导致融雪洪水的产生,而10 cm以下季节性冻土的湿度剧烈变化引起融雪水的下渗而削弱了洪峰、降低了峰值.季节性冻土湿度的变化改变了下垫面的产流方式,研究季节性冻土湿度变化对融雪洪水的影响,对春节融雪洪水的预报具有重要意义. 相似文献
2.
冻融条件下土壤水分和速效磷垂直迁移规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国东北地区土壤普遍受到的季节性冻融作用会影响土壤中速效磷和水分的垂直分配。通过室内模拟冻融环境,分析了冻融循环条件下黑土速效磷和土壤水分的垂直变化。结果表明:多次冻融循环作用使土壤速效磷随着土壤水分由下层向表层迁移,经30次冻融循环作用后土壤最大含水率和土壤最大速效磷含量均出现在3 cm层;土壤初始含水率越高,冻融作用后向土壤表层迁移的速效磷含量越大,但随着冻融循环次数增加,土壤各层速效磷含量都有所下降,1次冻融作用后,土壤速效磷的最高含量为50.63 mg/kg,30次后最高含量为43.81 mg/kg,减少了13.5%;利用多元回归分析分别得出了冻融循环后土壤含水率和速效磷与初始含水率、冻融循环次数和土层深度的关系函数,相关系数分别为0.892,0.578。上述研究成果为季节性冻融区非点源污染及土壤盐碱化防治奠定理论基础。 相似文献
3.
蒙古高原中部草地土壤冻融过程及土壤含水量分布 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
利用土壤剖面的温度、湿度观测数据,结合气象资料初步分析了蒙古高原中部典型针茅草原在季节转变过程中(2003～2004年)的土壤冻融过程和土壤含水量分布动态。研究表明,0～150cm深度范围的土壤完全冻结天数为154～160d。冻融日循环主要发生在表层0～5cm。0～30cm土层的土壤含水量变化剧烈,与地温有较好的一致性。0～10cm深度土壤含水量高于其他土层。随着深度的增加,土壤含水量季节波动性变小。冻结过程有利于保持土壤水分,有利于春季草地植被返青。 相似文献
4.
雪盖影响下季节性冻土消融期的土壤温度特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
土壤温度的变化直接影响到季节性冻土的冻融过程,进而影响融雪径流的产流机制,且往往是春洪发生的关键之所在,故深入研究土壤温度的时空变化特征具有重要的现实意义.以天山北坡军塘河流域为研究区,采用定点对比连续观测的方法,利用2010年3月13日至4月1日融雪期观测到的雪盖和裸地两种不同下垫面的浅层(5,10,20,30,40 cm)土壤温度气温资料,对比分析各层深度的土温变化情况、雪盖对其产生的影响及其与近地面气温之间的关系.结果表明:雪盖对浅层土壤具有明显的绝热保温作用,由浅到深各层土温变化具有传递和延迟现象;土壤日温差也会随土层深度的增加而减小;近地面气温与土壤温度存在较高的相关关系,土壤温度日变化表现为单峰单谷型波动. 相似文献
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根据2018—2020年青海湖流域高寒草甸野外定点监测的温度、降水、土壤水热数据，分析了高寒草甸生态系统土壤冻融特征以及不同冻融阶段土壤温度、水分的日变化和季节动态过程。结果表明：(1)基于土壤温度变化特征分析，可将冻融循环过程划分为始冻期、完全冻结期、解冻期和完全融化期。各阶段持续的天数长短依次为：完全融化期>完全冻结期>解冻期>始冻期。从表层到深层土壤，完全融化天数持续增大，完全冻结天数趋于减小，0～180 cm土层完全融化期持续天数超过半年以上。(2)冻土表现出单向冻结、双向融化的规律，土壤融化速率(5.45 cm/d)快于土壤冻结速率(2 cm/d)。整个冻融过程，不同深度土壤水分的变化比温度的变化更复杂。(3)随着冻融循环过程，土壤温湿度呈现出周期性的季节变动特征。土壤温湿度日变化具有一致性，表层日较差大，随着深度的增加，日较差变小并趋于稳定。土壤剖面的结构特征对土壤水分异质性分布具有较强的解释性。 相似文献
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季节性冻融土壤水热耦合运移模拟 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
根据季节性冻融条件下土壤垂直一维水热运移状况,在地表能量质量平衡条件下,利用水热耦合模型对土壤温度和水分变化进行了模拟。模拟时考虑土壤冻结时冰和水对土壤体积热容、热传导及导水度的影响,并考虑了雪盖层的影响。本模型由实验所在地2008年1月1日至2010年12月31日连续3 a气象数据驱动,用实测地温、水分和冻结深度数据进行验证。结果表明,在地面以下0、5、40、80、160 cm等不同深处模拟温度与实测温度均方根误差(RMSE)分别为3.65、1.59、1.75、1.35、1.64℃,冻结深度也趋一致。除去表层,其他不同深度土壤含水量模拟值与实测值平均误差在3%左右,均方根误差低于4%。此模型及参数化方案能够模拟季节性冻融条件下一定深度土壤温度、水分运移状况,可用于多年冻土区活动层水、热变化规律研究,并可与生态过程模型耦合,从而改进冻土环境下生态系统模型中土壤温度、水分和冻融深度的模拟精度。 相似文献
7.
为分析半干旱区毛乌素沙地樟子松固沙林土壤水分对降雨的动态响应特征,采用AV-3665R雨量计、ECH_2O-5土壤水分传感器、深层渗漏水量测试仪自动监测樟子松固沙林2013—2014年降雨、0—200 cm土壤含水量、200 cm以下渗漏量。结果表明:樟子松固沙林5—10月累积降雨均显著(p0.01)影响0—200 cm层土壤水分变化,其中5—6月降雨对150 cm以下土层影响较小、9月后降雨对土壤水分补给作用显著;小于45.2 mm降雨对150 cm以下土层无直接补给作用;大于53.8 mm降雨对200 cm层土壤水分有补给作用,且表层初始含水量较高时,降雨入渗快、历时时间短、补给作用大。降雨量、土壤表层初始含水量对降雨后樟子松固沙林土壤水分入渗过程及特征有显著影响。 相似文献
8.
影响冻融土壤水分入渗特性主要因素的试验研究 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9
以冻融期间大田自然冻融土壤入渗试验为依据,分析讨论了影响冻融土壤水分入渗特性的主要因素。试验结果表明,冻融条件下,土壤水分入渗特性不仅受非冻结土壤基本理化特性（土壤结构、土壤质地、、土壤含水量等）的影响,还受冻融土壤的冻层厚度、冻层层位、冻层层数等特有因素的影响;在给定土壤质地条件下,土壤结构、土壤含水量、冻层厚度和冻层层位是其主导影响因素,冻层层数对土壤入渗能力也有一定影响。研究结果可为冻融土壤入渗特性的进一步研究奠定基础;可供季节性冻土区冬春灌溉参考。 相似文献
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亚热带红壤坡地季节性干旱空间特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
红壤坡地季节性干旱严重危害农业生产和区域发展。季节性干旱时间上多发生于夏末秋初,但其空间发生特征及原因尚不明确。对2006年和2012年两年的坡耕地7、8月份土壤水分时空变化特征的研究结果表明:0~60 cm土壤含水量随土层深度增加而提高;且表层土壤含水量波动最剧烈,随土壤深度增加,波动减弱,60 cm土层土壤含水量变化极小。林地、草地、裸地和农田四种土地利用方式中,农田最易发生季节性干旱,且主要发生在0~30 cm表层土壤。作物根系分布和根系吸水是导致该区季节性干旱的主要原因,土壤蒸发是另一原因。促进作物根系下扎将是缓解该区季节性干旱的有效途径。 相似文献
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黑河流域森林生态系统湿热特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用2008年黑河流域典型森林生态系统土壤和空气温湿度观测资料,分析了不同层次土壤和大气温度和湿度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)各层土壤温度在2—3月达到一年中的最小值,在7—9月达到一年中最高值,土壤温度周年变化幅度以及年最低温度随土壤深度的增加而递减。(2)表层土壤含水量受春季融雪和降雨影响较大,在8月中、上旬达到最高值;20—40cm土壤含水量对春季融雪响应较弱,80—120cm土壤含水量较为稳定,不受冻融交替影响。(3)从当年7月中旬至次年1月下旬,林地各层气温呈下降趋势,2月上旬至7月上旬呈上升趋势;距离地表近2m高度全年各月份气温略高于10m和24m高度,气温最高值和最低值分别出现在14:30和6:30左右。(4)4—6月林内湿度相对较低,7—10月相对较高,空气相对湿度最高值和最低值分别出现在22:00和11:30左右;10m和24m处空气相对湿度变化规律与2m处基本一致。 相似文献
11.
Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
12.
The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
13.
Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
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土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
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Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
18.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
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植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
20.
金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献