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1.
《水土保持研究》2020,(1)
为探究黑色地膜覆盖在河套灌区玉米种植过程中的适宜性,试验对比研究了黑、白色地膜覆盖及不覆膜条件对土壤水热及玉米地上部生物量和产量的影响。结果表明:玉米各生育期内,黑色地膜与白色地膜各土层含水率差异性不显著(p0.05),达到了土壤保墒的效果,但两者0—60 cm土壤含水率显著高于不覆膜处理(p0.05)。黑色地膜覆盖达到了土壤增温、保温的作用,且在高温条件下起到了一定的降温效果。生育前期两覆膜处理地上部干物质累积量均显著高于不覆膜处理(p0.05),且两处理间无显著性差异(p0.05),进入抽雄吐丝期以后,各处理间差异不显著(p0.05)。黑色地膜覆盖显著提高了玉米百粒重和产量,百粒重平均较白色地膜和不覆膜处理高6.37%和11.95%,产量平均高5.12%和22.90%。黑色地膜覆盖适宜在河套灌区玉米种植过程中推广应用。 相似文献
2.
不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热及春玉米产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
由于传统普通农用地膜覆盖造成的农田残留污染问题日益加重,因此发展使用可降解新型地膜势在必行。为进一步验证和筛选出适宜河套灌区玉米种植的地膜覆盖类型,试验设置普通地膜、生物地膜、液态地膜和不覆膜4个处理,对比研究了不同地膜覆盖类型对土壤水热状况以及春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:春玉米生育前期,生物地膜与普通地膜覆盖处理的土壤温度无显著性差异,但5~15 cm深度土壤温度显著高于液态地膜和不覆膜处理,起到了良好的增温、保温效果。生育中后期,生物地膜出现破损,保温效果减弱,但一定的降温效应避免了春玉米遭受高温的危害。整个生育期内,生物地膜与普通地膜覆盖处理的土壤水分含量无显著性差异,但0~40cm土层土壤水分含量显著高于液态地膜和不覆膜处理,为春玉米的生长提供了良好的水分条件。生物地膜和普通地膜覆盖处理显著提高了春玉米的产量和水分利用效率,且两者差异性不显著,但均显著高于液态地膜和不覆膜处理。综合分析,在河套灌区玉米种植过程中较适宜采用生物地膜来逐步替代普通地膜覆盖。 相似文献
3.
环保地膜覆盖对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响 总被引：43，自引：9，他引：34
为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决地膜覆盖造成的环境污染问题,在渭北旱塬进行了普通地膜、生物降解膜和液态膜玉米集雨种植栽培试验。结果表明：普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖处理在玉米不同生育阶段较对照0～60 cm土层土壤贮水量均有所提高,与液态膜及不覆盖处理（CK）相比呈显著性差异（p＜0.05）;不同材料覆盖处理的土壤水分空间变化规律相同,普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖处理可有效提高土壤含水率,并能增强0～200 cm土层土壤含水率的稳定性;普通地膜和生物降解膜处理的玉米籽粒产量比对照（CK）分别提高了19.96%和19.67%,水分利用效率分别比对照提高32.08%和31.81%,均与对照（CK）呈显著性差异,液态膜处理的籽粒产量及水分利用效率与对照无显著性差异。可见,生物降解膜与普通地膜在土壤保水及对玉米产量的影响方面均具有显著效果,且相互间没有明显差异,生物降解膜可以替代普通地膜应用于农业生产。 相似文献
4.
为探讨不同类型地膜覆盖下农田土壤酶活性变化特征,试验设置普通地膜覆盖(P)、渗水地膜覆盖(SS)、生物降解地膜覆盖(SW)和光降解地膜覆盖(G)4种不同类型地膜覆盖模式,以露地不铺膜覆盖(CK)为对照,研究不同类型地膜覆盖方式对玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:SS、G、SW和P 4种覆膜处理下的碱性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶在各个生育期内都较CK高,而覆膜之后的脲酶、过氧化氢酶和亚硝酸还原酶则较CK有所降低;大喇叭口期的土壤脲酶活性最高,不同处理间表现为CKGSWSSP;收获期的土壤碱性磷酸酶活性最高,SS、SW、P和G处理在0~20 cm土层较CK增幅分别为16.17%、18.97%、16.34%和14.56%,土壤硝酸还原酶活性也是收获期最高,SS、SW、P和G处理在0~20 cm土层分别较CK高68.57%、42.86%、42.86%和25.71%;土壤碱性磷酸酶与硝酸还原酶活性的变化均与土壤呼吸率和玉米产量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),各个生育期的土壤水热和施肥状况不同也会引起土壤酶活性的相应变化。其中,SW和SS处理在玉米生育前期的保温保墒作用最明显,产量最高,相应的碱性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性也最高。因此,生物降解地膜由于其降解特性能达到缓解农田残膜污染的效果,在未来可替代普通地膜推荐应用到旱地玉米中。 相似文献
5.
不同类型地膜覆盖对玉米农田水热状况及产量的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为提高我国北方旱地作物的水分利用效率,探索可降解类型地膜的应用前景,在山西省农科院东阳试验基地,于2015年和2016年连续定点定位设置普通地膜、渗水地膜、生物降解地膜、光降解地膜4种不同类型地膜覆盖模式,以不铺膜为对照,研究不同类型地膜覆盖模式对农田水热效应和玉米产量的影响。研究结果表明:4种覆膜处理下的土壤温度在生育前期土表处分别较不铺膜处理高3.1~5.9℃;渗水地膜和生物降解地膜处理的水分利用效率显著高于其他处理(P0.05),光降解地膜和普通地膜处理次之,不铺膜对照处理最低,渗水地膜、光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、普通地膜处理的水分利用效率分别较对照高11.0、5.9、12.8、5.4 kg/(mm·hm~2)。产量方面,与对照相比较,渗水地膜、光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、普通地膜处理2015年的增产率分别为20.3%、0.1%、15.4%、8.8%;2016年的增产率分别达到44.8%、36.1%、53.6%、31.6%,表现为生物降解地膜渗水地膜普通地膜光降解地膜。地膜增温保墒作用下,处理之间的增产效果与水分利用效率变化协同,其中生物降解地膜能够显著提高玉米的水分利用效率及产量,在未来可替代普通地膜推荐应用到旱地玉米中,同时达到缓解农田残膜污染的效果。 相似文献
6.
为解决当前农田大量残膜污染问题,设置3种不同降解速率的氧化生物双降解地膜（降解a、降解b、降解c）和普通塑料地膜覆盖及露地对照5个玉米种植试验,研究氧化生物双降解地膜田间降解性能（降解率、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率）及其对土壤水热、玉米生长状况及产量的影响。结果表明：1）不同降解速率氧化生物双降解地膜降解梯度与预期基本相符,3种降解速率的地膜全生育期降解率分别为14.2%、10.0%和6.5%,差异达显著水平。降解a、降解b和降解c地膜在田间覆盖120 d后,垄上地膜拉伸强度损失率分别为30.4%、20.3%和19.1%,断裂伸长率损失率为10.4%、13.5%和5.0%,垄侧地膜拉伸强度损失率为59.0%、50.7%和45.6%,断裂伸长率损失率为71.7%、55.6%和51.0%,其中降解a拉伸强度和断裂伸长率与降解b和降解c相比均达显著差异水平,且垄侧各降解地膜机械性能损失率显著大于垄上地膜。2）氧化生物双降解地膜显著提高了玉米生育前期5~25 cm层土壤温度和0~40 cm层土壤含水率,与露地相比,降解a、降解b和降解c处理下5~25 cm土层平均温度分别提高了4.5℃、4.4℃和4.4℃,0~40 cm土层含水率分别提高了3.2%、2.9%和2.2%。3）氧化生物双降解地膜加快了玉米生育进程,使玉米植株提前3 d出苗,缩短生育期5~7 d,且玉米株高和叶面积指数均显著高于露地处理,略优于普通地膜。4）在产量构成和最终产量方面,氧化生物双降解地膜与普通塑料地膜覆盖均较露地处理增加了玉米穗长、穗粗及百粒重,降解a、降解b、降解c和普通地膜处理较露地对照增产率分别达14.3%、14.3%、10.4%和13.2%。研究认为,氧化生物双降解地膜覆盖具有明显的增温保墒效应,与普通地膜相同,能够显著提高玉米产量,并且可以通过改变配方调节其降解速率。本研究成果可为氧化生物可降解地膜替代普通地膜及其在东北地区推广应用提供科学依据。 相似文献
7.
可降解地膜对土壤、温度水分及玉米生长发育的影响 总被引：32，自引：8，他引：32
针对普通地膜覆盖导致的农田土壤污染现象,进行了可降解地膜、普通地膜覆盖及露地栽培玉米对比试验,探讨可降解地膜对土壤温度、土壤水分、玉米生长发育、产量及相关农艺性状的影响。结果表明,与露地栽培相比,可降解地膜覆盖能明显提高玉米播种后2个月的地表和地下10 cm的土壤温度,增加玉米播种至大喇叭口期0～20 cm、>20～40 cm的土壤水分含量,使玉米生育进程加快,出苗率和拔节期节根层数及条数增加,玉米不同生育时期株高、叶面积及地上部干物质积累量增加,玉米穗粒数增加9.6%,千粒质量增加20.9%,产量增加35.1%。可降解地膜和普通地膜间差异不显著。研究认为,以可降解地膜替代普通地膜应用于农业生产是可行的。 相似文献
8.
施用有机肥及地膜覆盖对春玉米土壤温度及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为探究有机肥在河套灌区春玉米种植过程中的适宜性,试验设置施用有机肥、地膜覆盖、有机肥+地膜和对照(不施肥、不覆膜)共4个处理,系统研究了不同处理对春玉米土壤温度、耗水规律、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖可显著提高春玉米生育前期的土壤温度,促进春玉米的生长发育,而生育后期的高温季节具有一定的降温效应,避免作物遭受高温的危害;施用有机肥后可一定程度上抑制春玉米生育前期的土壤增温效果,避免了植株生长过盛现象的发生,而生育后期增温效果显著,有利于春玉米籽粒的灌浆成熟;春玉米全生育期内施用有机肥、地膜覆盖和有机肥+地膜处理耗水量平均较对照处理高9.80%,18.05%和18.36%,差异性显著(p0.05),且在拔节至抽雄吐丝期达到了全生育期的峰值,为春玉米产量的提高奠定了基础;各处理较对照处理均显著提高了春玉米的产量和水分利用效率,且以有机肥+地膜处理增幅最大,两项指标平均较对照处理高31.01%和10.69%。综合来看,有机肥+地膜的种植模式较适宜在灌区春玉米种植过程中推广应用。 相似文献
9.
地膜覆盖对耕层土壤温度水分和甘薯产量的影响 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
以淀粉型甘薯品种‘济徐23’为供试材料,设置不覆盖地膜(CK)、覆盖透明地膜(TF)和覆盖黑色地膜(BF)3个处理,研究地膜覆盖对土壤水热状况、甘薯块根形成及产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖可以提高甘薯块根分化建成期(栽植后0~20 d)0~20 cm各土层的土壤温度1.0~6.5℃,特别是在栽植后10 d覆盖透明地膜比覆盖黑色地膜高0.6~3.5℃;提高0~20 cm土层的土壤相对含水量9.97%~18.1%,且覆盖黑色地膜比覆盖透明地膜高1.2%~5.1%。地膜覆盖增大根系吸收面积和提高根系活力,但在20 d时覆盖黑色地膜处理的根系活力显著低于不覆盖地膜的对照(P0.05);同时,在栽植后20 d,地膜覆盖显著提高了甘薯的光合速率。地膜覆盖显著增加了分化根中内源激素玉米素核苷(ZR)含量,且黑色地膜在20~30 d时ZR含量显著高于透明地膜(P0.05);显著(P0.05)提高栽植后40 d块根中脱落酸(ABA)的含量,且覆盖黑色地膜处理的ABA含量显著(P0.05)高于覆盖透明地膜处理。地膜覆盖还提高了甘薯块根膨大期块根干物质初始积累量和平均积累速率,增加了单株结薯数和单薯重,最终显著提高了收获期块根产量,覆盖透明地膜和覆盖黑色地膜分别较对照增产10.38%和15.91%。因此,覆盖地膜能促进甘薯块根早形成,协调其生长中后期地上部与地下部的关系,从而提高块根产量。 相似文献
10.
覆盖方式对玉米农田土壤水分、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
为了加深对地面覆盖措施保墒增产机理的认识,通过大田试验,对黄土高原南部旱塬区秸秆和地膜两种覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤水分动态、作物产量形成和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明:在试验年份,与不覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖后玉米生育期内土壤储水量提高了5.2%～8.4%(P<0.05),籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别降低了7.8%和3.5%;而地膜覆盖下土壤储水量的差异不显著,但显著提高了产量构成指标,其籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较对照提高了14.1%和10.6%(P<0.05),显示后者抑制土表蒸发所增加的土壤水分更多地、更有效地被作物根系吸收利用了。从产量形成和水分利用效率角度分析,本地区旱作玉米农田使用地膜覆盖有较好的保墒增产效果。 相似文献
11.
Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
12.
The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
13.
Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
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15.
土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
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Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
18.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
19.
植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
20.
金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献