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1.
Barbara Maria Sageidet   《CATENA》2009,78(3):198-217
Pollen analysis was combined with radiocarbon dating, physical, chemical and biological soil analyses and soil micromorphology, to investigate the prehistoric land use at Orstad, in Jæren, southwestern Norway.Orstad is an Early Bronze Age clearance cairn field in a cultural landscape with traces of land use back to the Neolithic. Samples were mainly collected from an 84 m long excavated trench with mainly podzolic soils. Although pollen preservation was poor, it was possible to differentiate five phases in the local vegetation and land use history. Human impact on the site could be traces back to about 4400–4000 BP uncal./3045–2600 cal. BC. Wheat and barley have been cultivated at Orstad during a period from ca. 3600 BP uncal./1945–1750 cal. BC until the Older Iron Age, when heather vegetation began to spread on the site.Soil micromorphology revealed different soil management practices for this time period: The soils seem to have been cleared by fire, prior to cultivation until ca. 3200 BP uncal./1610–1455 cal. BC. Then, new cultivation fields were laid out on higher levels, and seem to have been improved by adding of organic materials, mainly turves taken from podzolic top soils and peats from nearby localities.  相似文献   

2.
Soil macroinvertebrates were studied in a Mediterranean-type forest on brown-pebble forest soils in southern Russia. At the site, 144 intact soil cores (76 cm2 each) forming a grid of 24 × 6 units were taken in order to determine animal spatial distribution. Abundance of isopods was 166.3 ± 16.0 indiv. m–2 and they constituted about 12% of the total macrofaunal abundance. Biomass of isopods was 3.5 g m–2, or about 21% of the total biomass of macrofauna. Three woodlice genera (Armadillidium, Cylisticus, and Trachelipus) were found at the site. The two latter genera formed almost all (93%) of the isopod population. We found that spatial distribution of woodlice was heterogeneous: areas with 4–5 individuals per sample were neighboring those without animals. In order to study soil factors influencing isopod distribution in the brown-pebble forest soil, the size of a sample was artificially increased by combining adjacent sample units. Litter mass (r = 0.41) and loss on ignition (LOI) (r = –0.55) significantly influenced isopod distribution. Soil pH was near neutral (6.79), LOI was 8.39, and the water holding capacity was 70.9%. Pebbles comprised up to 84% of the sample's mass. Ca. 40 samples are recommended for estimation of isopod abundance in brown forest soil.  相似文献   

3.
Regional mapping of soils helped to identify and map 24 soil-geomorphic units on the Deoha/Ganga–Ghaghara Interfluve in the Upper Gangetic Plains (Himalayan Foreland Basin). On the basis of luminescence ages soil-geomorphic units can be grouped into five members of a Morphostratigraphic Sequence with ages of ≤ 1.7 ka, 1.8–3.6 ka, 4.6–6.4 ka, 6.8–10 ka and > 10 ka. Except for two units with sandy parent material, all the members with loamy parent materials show systematic increase in the degree of soil development from Member QGMS-I to V. Major pedogenic processes are salinization, alkalinization, illuviation, calcrete development and gleying, and degradation of some micromorphological features is observed in the oldest soils.Regional mapping and dating of soils show that the Interfluve between the Deoha/Ganga–Ghaghara rivers is bounded by longitudinal faults, along the bounding rivers. The major longitudinal faults trend N–S or NNE–SSW in the northern region; turn N–S in the central region and take easterly to SEE direction in the south, giving the Interfluve a curvilinear shape. Strike of a set of six transverse extensional normal faults changes from approximately E–W to NEE–SWW in the southernmost region of the Interfluve. Downthrown sides are to the south and to the east in northern region and western region, respectively.Due to the activity of different segments of various transverse faults during a probably dry sub-humid to semi-arid climatic period of 10–5 ka, terminal fans were deposited on the downthrown blocks. Thus, role of extensional tectonics in an overall compressional regime is significant. Also, tilting of smaller blocks leading to the shifting away of large rivers seems to be an additional control on the distribution of soils and sedimentation on the Interfluve.  相似文献   

4.
Soil compaction is widespread but tends to be most prevalent where heavy machinery is used in landfill sites, agriculture and forestry. Three forest sites strongly disturbed by heavy logging machinery were chosen to test the physical effects of different levels of compaction on soil bacterial community structure and soil functions. Community analysis comprised microbial biomass C and T-RFLP genetic profiling. Machine passes, irrespective of the compaction level, considerably modified soil structural characteristics at two soil depths (5–10 cm; 15–20 cm). Total porosity decreased up to 17% in the severe compaction. Reflected in this overall decline were large decreases in macroporosity (>50 μm). Reduction in macroporosity was associated with higher water retention and restricted gas exchange in compacted soils. The strongest effect was observed in the severely compacted wheel tracks where air and water conductivities were reduced permanently to 10% or even lower of the original conductivities of undisturbed soils. Very slow drainage in combination with a dramatically reduced gas permeability led to unfavorable soil conditions in severely disturbed traffic lanes reflecting the changes in the total bacterial community structures at both soil depths. Additionally, microbial biomass C tended to be lower in compacted soil. Our results indicate that the type of severe treatments imposed at these forest sites may have strong adverse effects on long-term soil sustainability.  相似文献   

5.
Many alpine gravel-bed rivers have been altered in the past due to human interventions. A typical transboundary alpine river in Central Europe flowing over Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary is the Mura River (length: 465 km, catchment area: 14,304 km2). The main problem of the river before leaving Austria is bed degradation (average 0.5 m from 1970 to 2000) as a combined consequence of river regulation works and the reduced sediment supply from the upstream reaches due to the construction of hydro power plants. River restoration measures for the river reach on the border between Austria and Slovenia (SLO–A Mura reach) were proposed in 2000 to support both ecological and flood protection purposes that apply the concept “of self-restoration”. In order to apply similar process-oriented restoration strategies in the Mura River downstream in Slovenia, we consider the potentials for self-forming river processes. We have analysed the sediment granulometry and morphology of the Mura River in Slovenia, and discussed morphodynamic processes to detect potential for the Mura River recovery into a more diverse morphological structure. The cross section area increased by 8% between 1979 and 2005 on average, mainly due to riverbed degradation. On average, the thalweg of the Mura riverbed in Slovenia had degraded by 0.28 m in the 1979–2007 period, with the highest degradation of 2.28 m in one cross section and some cross sections being stable. The high river degradation trend from the SLO–A Mura reach is slowly shifting to the downstream direction into the Mura River in Slovenia. Nevertheless, the clear downstream coarsening of river sediments turns into the normal trend of sediment fining in the Mura River reach in Slovenia. The “self-restoration” potential in the Mura River reach in Slovenia is larger than on the SLO–A Mura reach due to still active morphological fluvial processes. These processes can be enhanced by the inflow of fresh coarse sediments from the SLO–A Mura reach, where active measures for re-establishing sediment transport are under way. In the long term, this will not work as proposed, if no sediment inflow is re-established from the Mura headwaters in Austria.  相似文献   

6.
Land preparation for mechanisation in vineyards of the Anoia–Alt Penedès region, NE Spain, has required major soil movements, which has enormous environmental implications not only due to changes in the landscape morphology but also due to soil degradation. The resulting cultivated soils are very poor in organic matter and highly susceptible to erosion, which reduces the possibilities of water intake as most of the rain is lost as runoff. In order to improve soil conditions, the application of organic wastes has been generalised in the area, not only before plantation but also every 3–4 years at rates of 30–50 Mg ha− 1 mixed in the upper 30 cm.These organic materials are important sources of nutrients (N and P) and other elements, which could reduce further fertilisation cost. However, due to the high susceptibility to sealing of these soils, erosion rates are relatively high, so a higher nutrient concentration on the soil surface increases non-point pollution sources due to runoff.The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of applied composted cattle manure on infiltration, runoff and soil losses and on nutrients transported by runoff in vineyards of the Alt Penedès–Anoia region, NE Spain. In the two plots selected for the analysis, composted cattle manure had been applied in alternate rows 1 year previous to the study. In each plot soil surface samples (0–25 cm) were taken and compared to those of plots without manure application. The study was carried out at laboratory scale using simulated rainfall. Infiltration rates were calculated from the difference between rainfall intensity and runoff rates, and the sediment and total nitrogen and phosphorus were measured for each simulation. In addition, the influence of compost was investigated in the field under natural rainfall conditions by analysing the nutrient concentration in runoff samples collected in the field (in the same plots) after seven rainfall events, which amount different total precipitation and had different erosive character.Compost application increases infiltration rates by up to 26% and also increases the time when runoff starts. Sediment concentration in runoff was lower in treated (13.4 on average mg L− 1) than in untreated soils (ranging from 16.8 to 23.4 mg L− 1). However, the higher nutrient concentration in soils produces a higher mobilisation of N (7–17 mg L− 1 in untreated soils and 20–26 mg L− 1 in treated soils) and P (6–7 mg L− 1 in untreated soils and 13–19 mg L− 1 in treated soils). A major part of the P mobilised was attached to soil particles (about 90% on average) and only 10% was dissolved. Under natural conditions, higher nutrient concentrations were always recorded in treated vs. untreated soils in both plots, and the total amount of N and P mobilised by runoff was higher in treated soils, although without significant differences. Nutrient concentrations in runoff depend on rainfall erosivity but the average value in treated soils was twice that in untreated soils for both plots.  相似文献   

7.
Winter conditions with seasonally frozen soils may have profound effects on soil structure and erodibility, and consequently for runoff and erosion. Such effects on aggregate stability are poorly documented for Nordic winter conditions. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of variable freeze–thaw cycles and soil moisture conditions on aggregate stability of three soils (silt, structured clay loam—clay A and levelled silty clay loam—clay B), which are representative of two erosion prone areas in southeastern Norway. A second purpose was to compare aggregate stabilities measured by the Norwegian standard procedure (rainfall simulator) and the more widely used wet-sieving procedure. Surface soil was sampled in autumn. Field moist soil was sieved into the fraction 1–4 mm and packed into cylinders. The water content of the soil was adjusted, corresponding to matric potentials of − 0.75, − 2 and − 10 kPa. The soil cores were insulated and covered, and subjected to 0, 1, 3 or 6 freeze–thaw cycles: freezing at − 15 °C for 24 h and thawing at 9 °C for 48 h. Aggregate stability was measured in a rainfall simulator (all soils) and a wet-sieving apparatus (silt and clay B). The rainfall stability of silt was found to be significantly lower than of clay A and clay B. Clay A and clay B had similar rainfall stabilities, even though it was expected that the artificially levelled clay B would have lower stability. Freezing and thawing decreased the rainfall stability of all soils, but the effect was more severe on the silt soil. There was no evident effect of water content on the stability, probably due to experimental limitations. The same effects were observed for wet-sieved soil, but the wet-sieving resulted in less aggregate breakdown than the rainfall simulator. Rainfall impact seemed to be more detrimental than wet-sieving on more unstable soil, that is, on silt soil and soil subjected to many freeze–thaw cycles. Such conditions are expected to occur frequently during field conditions in unstable winters.  相似文献   

8.
The aim of this study was to determine potential cumulative effects of repeated passes with current heavy agricultural machinery on topsoil (0–0.3 m) and subsoil (below 0.3 m) physical properties of a Luvisol as affected by long-term tillage (annual mouldboard ploughing to 0.3 m depth (MP), shallow-mixing conservation tillage to 0.1 m depth (SM) with a wing-bladed rigid tine cultivator). Moreover, sugar beet yield was determined. Wheeling was conducted with a six-row self-propelled sugar beet harvester representing contemporary heavy agricultural machinery (wheel load 7.8–11.7 Mg, average ground contact pressure 100–145 kPa). Wheeling was applied once per year over three consecutive years after harvest of sugar beet, cereal and cereal, and moreover, independent from regular plot management with light experimental machinery. Soil moisture at wheeling (0–0.6 m depth) was around 100% field capacity in most years, which was secured by irrigation before wheeling if necessary.Repeated wheeling negatively affected penetration resistance, macropore volume (equivalent diameter >50 μm) and air permeability of topsoil (0.05–0.1 m, 0.18–0.23 m) and subsoil (0.4–0.45 m) layers, while biopore number and surface water infiltration remained unaffected. SM compared to MP tillage increased penetration resistance while decreasing macropore volume and air permeability in the 0.18–0.23 m layer, whereas reverse effects occurred in 0.4–0.45 m depth. Sugar beet yield was decreased by wheeling and SM tillage compared to the control treatments. No significant interactions between wheeling and tillage occurred in any parameter investigated.Conclusively, SM tillage did not provide better subsoil resistance against compaction compared to MP treatment under wheeling and soil conditions prevalent in our experiment. Repeated wheeling with heavy agricultural harvest machinery is obviously at risk to exceed the bearing capacity of susceptible soils. Although (i) under regular harvest conditions just small parts of arable fields (except headlands) are wheeled with high loads, (ii) harvest is by far not every year conducted under high soil moisture, and (iii) effects in the subsoil were small, such risks have to be taken into account. Reduction of tillage depth to <0.1 m is not recommended for high yielding sugar beet crops grown on loessial soils.  相似文献   

9.
J.G. Bockheim  I.B. Campbell  M. McLeod   《CATENA》2008,74(2):144-152
In this study we utilize field observations and data collected from 190 pedons from Wright and Taylor Valleys to search for evidence of high-water-level lakes proposed to have existed during the Last Glacial Maximum and early Holocene (2.7–25.7 ka) in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. We hypothesize that soils above the uppermost paleo-lake level should be more strongly developed and contain more salts than soils below. During detailed mapping of soils in the Dry Valleys, we found no evidence of former lake sediments nor did we find high-level strandlines except for strandlines on the north valley wall ca. 50 m above Lake Vanda, ice-shove features, or paleo-shore features. However, there may have been minor expansions of major lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In central Taylor and Wright Valleys, soils on equivalent-aged drifts above and below the conjectured upper limits of Glacial Lakes Washburn (336 m) and Wright (550 m), respectively, are all well developed with no appreciable differences in their properties. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the slopes of regression equations relating soil property to age of the parent materials above and below the high-water lake levels.  相似文献   

10.
A simultaneous model for ultrasonic aggregate stability assessment   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
A. Fristensky  M.E. Grismer   《CATENA》2008,74(2):153-164
Aggregate stability is a difficult to quantify, complex soil property. Ultrasonic processing of soil–water suspensions enables quantifiable and readily reproducible assessment of the level of mechanical energy applied to soil aggregates. Here, we present a method of investigating the stability and comminution of soil aggregates by simultaneously modeling the redistribution of particles throughout any arbitrarily-selected set of soil particle-size intervals as ultrasonic energy is applied to a soil–water suspension. Following model development, we demonstrate its application to 5 particle-size subgroups (0.04–2000 μm) of a Dystroxerept subject to 12 levels of ultrasonic energy between 0 and 5800 J g− 1 (750 mL− 1). Laser granulometry was used for particle-size distribution (PSD) analysis, providing precise, non-disruptive measurements of changes in the volume of PSD subgroups in both the microaggregate (< 250 μm; 3 subgroups) and macroaggregate (> 250 μm; 2 subgroups) fractions throughout ultrasonic treatment. Two groups of aggregates were detected exhibiting significantly (p < 0.05) different ultrasonic stability: a group composed exclusively of macroaggregates ranging 250–2000 μm in size, and a finer, relatively stable group ranging 20–1000 μm. The PSD of particles liberated from two aggregate groups significantly (p < 0.05) differed: the coarser, less-stable group liberated 13% clay (0.04–2 μm), 53% fine silt (2–20 μm), and 34% coarse silt and sand (20–250 μm); while the finer, more-stable group liberated 26% clay and 74% fine silt. The ultrasonic energy required to disrupt 25%, 50%, and 75% of all aggregates within a given PSD interval significantly (p < 0.05) differed between all selected intervals, showing a trend of declining stability with increasing particle-size. Both the flexibility of the proposed model and the extension of ultrasonic stability assessment to simultaneous analysis of both microaggregate and macroaggregate subgroups can facilitate broader application of ultrasonic methods to soil processes related research.  相似文献   

11.
Francisco L. Prez 《CATENA》2009,76(3):191-205
The influence of tephra covers on soil water was studied in Haleakala (Maui, Hawai'i) during two summers; eight sites with tephra layers and silverswords (Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC.) were sampled at 2415–2755 m. At each site, eight paired-sample sets were obtained in bare soils and under adjacent tephra, at three depths. Tephra were sharply separated from underlying soils and showed prominent vertical stratification. Tephra clast size-distribution was assessed by photosieving and on interstitial-gravel samples; stones included 45.6% cobbles, 29.4% pebbles, and 25% blocks.Moisture content increased with depth in both positions, but soils below tephra had more water at all depths than exposed areas. Surface soils beneath tephra contained 83% more water than bare ground. Soils at 5–10 cm had  106% greater moisture under rocks, but only  70% at 10–15 cm. Differences between plots were statistically significant ( p < 0.001) for surface soils, but less pronounced for subsoils. Soils above 2650 m had greater water content than at lower elevations, and moisture disparity between sample pairs increased with altitude.All soils were coarse, with  20% gravel and  94% sand; most fine material (≤ 0.063 mm) was silt, as clay content was negligible. Organic-matter percentage was low (1.65%). Bulk density and porosity were associated with moisture variation both in tephra-insulated and bare soils; 80% of field moisture was statistically (p < 0.001) accounted for by pore space. Air and soil temperatures were recorded at three sites during  one-week periods prior to moisture sampling. Tephra substantially decreased soil maxima and daily thermal amplitude in underlying soils, but did not noticeably affect nightly minima. Thin (5–6 cm) tephra layers were nearly as effective as thicker (9–15 cm) deposits in depressing soil maxima. Possible water-conservation mechanisms under tephra include: decreased evaporation due to ground shielding and lower maxima; reduced capillary flow; greater infiltration depth; nocturnal dew condensation; and fog interception by blocks.  相似文献   

12.
Soil chronosequences developed on elevated marine terraces are ideal for studying changes in soil-forming processes with time. The coastal range of eastern Taiwan is a product of active arc–continent collision. Vertisols, Mollisols and Entisols are generally found on the different levels of marine terraces herein, but no detailed investigations of soil chronosequence have been conducted by integrating field morphology, physio-chemical characterization, micromorphology and mass-balance interpretations. Five soil pedons were selected on the three marine terraces including Tt-1 and Tt-2 pedons (Typic Hapluderts) on the first higher level with the oldest soil age (9–10 ka), Tt-3 (Vertic Hapludolls) and Tt-4 pedons (Typic Hapludolls) on the second intermediate level (5–6 ka), and Tt-5 pedon (Typic Udipsamments) on the third lower level with the youngest soil age (≤ 3.5 ka). The morphological characteristics showed that strongly developed angular blocky structures, pressure faces and slickensides are more common in higher terrace soils than in lower terrace soils. In this study, depth to C horizon, solum thickness, and thickness of the clay-enriched zone increase with relative terrace age. Although only one to two profiles per terrace were characterized, the following soil analytical characterizations increase with time: the degree of sand grains weathering, pH (H2O), organic carbon, CEC, contents of Fed, Feo and Mnd. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis of the clay-size fraction, soils on all terraces have a mixed mineralogy. Mica, smectite, and kaolinite have slightly increased with increasing terrace age. Furthermore, the dominant processes identified with mass-balance analysis include loss of bases (Ca and Mg), iron, and clay with time. The soil properties, including analytical and mineralogical characterizations, which do not have notable changes with time are primarily due to relatively young soil age (< 10 ka).  相似文献   

13.
Soil erodibility is a function of land use as it affects the stability of soil aggregates. The use of soil conditioners like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) may help in reducing the soil erodibility, but it is important to economize the use of PVA. A study was carried out to evaluate the interactive effects of land use and PVA concentration on the water-drop stability of natural soil aggregates collected from eroded, forest, agricultural and grass lands. The water-drop stability of these aggregates was monitored using single raindrop simulator. The water-drop stability was lowest in eroded soils, followed by soils from agriculture, forest and grass lands. The smaller aggregates were more stable than the bigger ones. The water-drop stability of aggregates of different sizes and from different lands increased with the application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The mean water-drop stability increased with the application of PVA at the rate of 0.05% by 40% in 2–5 and 5–10 mm aggregates. Increasing the PVA concentration to 0.1 and 0.2% increased water-drop stability value by 71–73% and 87–88%, respectively. The PVA application at the rate of 0.1% could increase the water-drop stability of soils under eroded land equivalent to that of the untreated grassland soils.  相似文献   

14.
The essence of pedogenesis, as a synergetic process, consists in generation, selection, accumulation and differentiation of the solids produced in the course of bio-abiotic processes functioning within a soil body. Soil formation in the broad sense is the result of synergetic processes of self-organization of an in situ soil system during its functioning in time and space. Soil formation, sensu stricto, is the transformation of the solid-phase lithomatrix (parent material) of the soil system into the pedomatrix (soil body, soil mantle). Pedogenesis is perceived as an integration of specific pedogenic processes (SPP); each of them characterized by a definite set of solid-phase pedogenic features. Each soil body is formed by a combination of some SPP. The whole set of SPP may be grouped in accordance with their essence, characteristic times (rates) and reversibility-irreversibility. In terms of characteristic times (rates) they may be arranged in three main groups: rapid (101–2 years), medium-rate (103–4 years), and slow (105–6 years). Soil system functioning and soil formation are intimately linked but fundamentally different processes: the former is infinite in time, if not interrupted by external factors; the latter, as any self-organization process, is finite in time and tends to reach a steady state. The theoretical grouping of the pedogenic processes according to their essence and self-termination or quasi-equilibrium is proposed. All the diagnostic soil horizons (as defined in WRB) are perceived as more or less stable and “mature” degrees of soil self-development. They may be separated into favorable and unfavorable with respect to their suitability for biota. Favorable conditions are generally common in 12 out of 39 diagnostic horizons and properties (32%). They are mainly influenced by biotic fluxes and cycles, which are comparable to, or exceed, abiotic fluxes and cycles in their strength and capacity. In this case, biota transforms and improves the environment rather than adapts to it. Unfavorable conditions are more common in 27 out of 39 diagnostic horizons and properties (68%). They are influenced by the mutual action both of biotic and abiotic fluxes and cycles. In this case, biota adapts to the environment rather than improves it.  相似文献   

15.
Shai Zwikel  Hanoh Lavee  Pariente Sarah   《CATENA》2007,70(3):282-295
The research was conducted in Israel at three sites along a south–north axis, characterized by increasing annual rainfall, from 310 mm at site LAV in the south through 600 mm at site MAT (600), to 800 mm at site EIN in the north. At each site soil samples were taken during several seasons (September 2001 through April 2003), in three dominant microenvironments at 0–2 cm and 5–10 cm. The following microenvironments were selected at LAV and MAT: “Under Shrub” (US), “Between Shrubs” (BS), and “Under Rock fragments” (UR). At EIN the selected microenvironments were US, BS, and “Under Tree” (UT). In each soil sample electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and concentrations of several ions were determined. The objective was to analyze the effects of soil microenvironments and climatic conditions on the temporal dynamics of salt concentrations. In all microenvironments at all sites the minimal values of EC were found in the rainy season (January or April), and the maximal values in the dry season (September). In the rainy season the temporal variability of EC in the topsoil was regulated by: (1) clay, which restricted the leaching of salts from the topsoil when EC was low; and (2) surface features (microenvironment), when EC was high. In the UT, US, and UR microenvironments the rainy season could be divided into two periods with respect to their effect on salt movement in the topsoil: at the beginning of the rainy season (September–January) the reduction in EC was relatively moderate, especially with regard to ions involved in biotic activity (Mg++ and K+), whereas, late in the rainy season (January–April) there was enhanced reduction in EC. In contrast, in BS the regulation of salt movement was weak at all sites. Hence, in this microenvironment the salts concentration (mainly Na+ and Cl−) responded rapidly to changes in rain amount and soil moisture and temperature. In the dry season (April–September) the temporal variation in EC varied not only between microenvironments but also between sites. In US, where local surface features were similar at all sites (the same shrub), the rise in EC was maximal at LAV (mainly Ca++ and Na+), and gradually diminished toward EIN. Thus, the contribution of regional sources to the salts added to the soil diminished toward the humid site, EIN, where the EC hardly changed in any microenvironment. In BS and UR microenvironments the rise in EC (mainly in Ca++, Na+, and K+) was greatest at site MAT, and decreased toward LAV and EIN. It seems that this pattern was affected also by changes in local biotic activity.  相似文献   

16.
Knowledge of hydraulic properties is essential for understanding water movement in soil. However, very few data on these properties are available from the Loess Plateau of China. We determined the hydraulic properties of two silty loam soils on agricultural land at sites in Mizhi and Heyang in the region. Undisturbed soil cores were collected from seven layers to one meter depth to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention curves and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (by the hot-air method). Additional field methods (internal drainage and Guelph permeameter) were applied at the Heyang site to compare differences between methods. Soil water retention curves were flatter at Mizhi than at Heyang. Water contents at saturation and wilting point (1500 kPa) were higher at Heyang than at Mizhi. However, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was lower at Heyang than at Mizhi, with maximum differences of more than six orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, the two soils had similar saturated hydraulic conductivities of about 60 cm day− 1. Comparison between the methods showed that soil water retention curves obtained in the laboratory generally agreed well with the field data. Field-saturated conductivities had similar values to those obtained using the soil core method. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities predicted by the Brooks–Corey model were closer to field data than corresponding values predicted by the van Genuchten model.  相似文献   

17.
A 5-m-wide soil pit at the base of a forested hillslope in coastal British Columbia was instrumented for studying subsurface flow processes during rainstorms. Three typical, low-intensity autumn rainfall events with different antecedent moisture conditions are assessed. Outflow from the organic horizon was captured and measured by a single trough, and outflow from the mineral horizon (above compact glacial till and bedrock) was measured separately for three adjacent sections of the soil pit. For two storms that were preceded by dry conditions, lateral outflow from the organic horizon occurred, although the water table did not rise up to the organic horizon. However, the calculated effective contributing area was small (<0.7 m2) and the effective contributing slope length was short (<0.15 m). Furthermore, volumes of outflow from the organic horizon during these storms were more than 400 times less than during a later storm with wet antecedent conditions. During this later storm, a portion of the outflow from the organic horizon may have been generated as saturated overland flow due to the rising water table. The calculated effective contributing area (>170 m2) and the effective contributing slope length (>36 m) were substantially greater for the “wet” antecedent storm compared to the “dry” storm events. Shallow lateral flow over unsaturated soil is therefore unlikely to be a significant contributor to storm runoff at such forested sites. Flow at the organic horizon–mineral soil interface may contribute to interconnected preferential flow pathways during wetter antecedent conditions.  相似文献   

18.
Soil moisture and gaseous N-flux (N2O, N2) dynamics in Costa Rican coffee plantations were successively simulated using a mechanistic model (PASTIS) and two process-based models (NGAS and NOE). Two fertilized (250 kg N ha−1 y−1) coffee plantations were considered, namely a monoculture and a system shaded by the N2 fixing legume species Inga densiflora. In situ N2O fluxes were previously measured in these plantations. NGAS and NOE used specific microbial activities for the soils. To parameterize NGAS, we estimated N mineralization via in situ incubations and the contribution of heterotrophic soil respiration to total soil respiration. Potential denitrification rates and the proportion of denitrified N emitted as N2O were measured in the laboratory to define the values of NOE parameters, as well as nitrification rates and related N2O production rates for parameterizing both models. Soil moisture and both NGAS and NOE N2O fluxes were best modelled on an hourly time step. Soil moisture dynamics were satisfactorily simulated by PASTIS. Simulated N2O fluxes by both NGAS and NOE (3.2 and 2.1 kg N ha−1 y−1 for NGAS; 7.1 and 3.7 kg N ha−1 y−1 for NOE, for the monoculture and shaded plantations respectively) were within a factor of about 2 of the observed annual fluxes (4.3 and 5.8 kg N ha−1 y−1, for the monoculture and shaded plantations respectively). Statistical indicators of association and coincidence between simulated and measured values were satisfactory for both models. Nevertheless, the two models differed greatly in describing the nitrification and denitrification processes. Some of the algorithms in the model NGAS were apparently not applicable to these tropical acidic Andosols. Therefore, more detailed information about microbial processes in different agroecosystems would be needed, notably if process-oriented models were to be used for testing strategies for mitigating N2O emissions.  相似文献   

19.
The restoration of drained peat bogs in Northwest (NW) Europe is an important task of soil protection, but needs to cope with warmer and drier summers. Our examination took place in the Pietzmoor bog (Schneverdingen, NW Germany) that had been drained for fuel peat extraction until the 1970s and rewetted since then. We determined carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux in situ and in laboratory incubations. Also, we analyzed pore water for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total and dissolved organic N (DON), nitrate (NO3–) and ammonium (NH4+) concentration. In Schneverdingen, the summer 2003 was record-breaking hot (mean temperature June to August elevated > 3 K compared to long-term average) and dry (precipitation during the same period < 59% of long-term average). In July 2003, the water table in the Pietzmoor subsided to > 42 cm below the surface in July 2003, when in situ soil CO2 efflux was up to 23.4 g m–2 d–1 compared to 15.7 g m–2 d–1 in September. Prior to March 2003, DOC concentrations in pore water were < 180 mg l–1 and NH4+ was the dominant fraction of mineral N. In July 2003, DOC concentration rose to 249 g l–1, DON concentrations more than doubled, and NO3– became the dominant fraction of mineral N. Due to the increased future likelihood of hot and dry summers in NW Germany, peat bog restoration efforts need take care that a water table close to the surface is maintained.  相似文献   

20.
Microfungal communities from two profiles of the neighboring pale rendzina and basaltic vertisoil in the Upper Galilee area, Israel, were analyzed and compared. The bedrock lithology determines the key differences in mineralogical composition of the contrasting soils on chalk and basaltic rocks. Pale rendzina on chalk is strongly calcareous while the basaltic soil profile is leached from carbonates below the 5–8 cm depth and is significantly magnetically enhanced. The soils also differ in CEC, exchangeable cations, and in microstructure. In parallel, mycobiota isolated by the soil dilution plate method (124 species) displays different patterns both in distribution along the contrasting profiles and in structure of the communities at definite depths. The basaltic mycobiota is significantly richer (87 vs. 69 species in the rendzina) being less heterogeneous and even at a 5–50 cm depth. According to all estimated mycobiotic characteristics, at 15–18 cm depth the differences between the basaltic and rendzina soils are mostly pronounced. Excellent aeration of the basaltic soil in contrast to the rendzina may account at least partly for the peak of mycobiotic differences at this depth. No single edaphic parameter is responsible for the greatest level of variations in the mycobiotic characteristics indicating that co-influence of soil biotic/abiotic factors determined distribution of microfungi throughout the profiles.  相似文献   

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