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2018年采用田间调查法对陕西关中地区20个县(区)小麦冻害率及受冻畸形麦穗上赤霉病的发病率进行了调查,并对畸形麦穗上的病原菌进行分离鉴定,分析了冻害的成因和畸形麦穗感病的原因,提出了预防策略。结果显示,陕西关中不同地区小麦受冻害程度不同,西北部地区冻害程度严重,冻害率最高可达24%;由室内鉴定可知,受冻麦穗易感染赤霉病菌引发赤霉病,且相同地区的不同品种及相同品种在不同地区的发病率有较大的差异,西部较湿润地区冻害穗赤霉病发病率达80%以上,东部旱塬地区基本在70%以下。表明小麦冻害及冻害穗上赤霉病严重程度存在地区与品种差异性。 相似文献
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小麦品种抗红吸浆虫机制的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
经3年研究表明,小麦品种对麦红吸浆虫(Sitodiplosis moselana)的抗虫性主要与麦穗形态和抗性遗传类型关系密切。亦受麦穗色泽、蜡质物、外颖缘毛长度和内、外颖厚度等的影响。 相似文献
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正近几年,国家财政对小麦病虫害防治非常重视,专门下拨小麦"一喷三防"专项资金,以支持农民搞好小麦病虫害防治,争取小麦高产。"一喷三防"是在小麦穗期使用杀虫剂、杀菌剂、植物生长调节剂、微肥等混合喷打,达到防病虫、防干热风、防早衰、增粒重,确保小麦增产增收的关键措施。一、小麦穗期病虫发生情况和趋势小麦穗期是小麦形成产量的关键时期。小麦穗 相似文献
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２２％毒死蜱·吡虫啉乳油（商品名称赛锐，下称）是深圳诺普信农化有限公司产品。为明确其对小麦穗蚜的防治效果及使用技术，２００２年我们在浚县黎阳镇王寺庄村麦田进行了赛锐防治小麦穗蚜试验。试验小麦品种为豫麦３４，试验田总面积１２００m２（平方米，下同），该地区小麦穗蚜历年均有发生。试验设每６６７m２（６６７m２＝１亩，下同）用赛锐１５、２０ml（毫升，下同），１０％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂（南京红太阳集团生产）１０、２０g（克，下同），２．５％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂（商品名称扑虱蚜，下称；山东京蓬生物药业有限公司生产）３… 相似文献
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小麦品种混种对白粉病的调控及其对部分产量性状及蛋白质含量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对品种混合种植控制小麦白粉病的效果以及对小麦穗重、千粒重、蛋白质等指标的影响进行了研究,为混合种植控制白粉病提供理论依据和品种组合。在对37个小麦品种进行SSR多样性分析的基础上,选用8个生产品种（后备品种）,按品种数3、4、5、6、8进行组合,在田间以随机区组设计种植混播组合和单播小区,人工接种白粉菌,比较各小区中小麦白粉病的AUDPC值、穗重、千粒重和粗蛋白差异。结果表明,8个品种亲缘关系较远;4品种混种时AUDPC最小,穗重最重。26个品种混种组合中有防治效果的组合占到73.08%,相对防效为1.23%~56.65%;混种未对穗重和粗蛋白含量造成负面影响。品种多样性种植可以用做调控小麦白粉病的一项措施。 相似文献
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Gibberella zeae, a causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley, is one of the most economically harmful pathogens of cereals in the United States. In recent years, the known host range of G. zeae has also expanded to noncereal crops. However, there is a lack of information on the population genetic structure of G. zeae associated with noncereal crops and across wheat cultivars. To test the hypothesis that G. zeae populations sampled from barley, wheat, potato, and sugar beet in the Upper Midwest of the United States are not mixtures of species or G. zeae clades, we analyzed sequence data of G. zeae, and confirmed that all populations studied were present in the same clade of G. zeae. Ten variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of G. zeae from the four crop populations. To examine the effect of wheat cultivars on the pathogen populations, 227 strains were sampled from 10 subpopulations according to wheat cultivar types. The VNTR markers also were used to analyze the genetic structure of these subpopulations. In all populations, gene (H = 0.453 to 0.612) and genotype diversity (GD = or >0.984) were high. There was little or no indication of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in all G. zeae populations and subpopulations. In addition, high gene flow (Nm) values were observed between cereal and noncereal populations (Nm = 10.69) and between FHB resistant and susceptible wheat cultivar subpopulations (Nm = 16.072), suggesting low population differentiation of G. zeae in this region. Analysis of molecular variance also revealed high genetic variation (>80%) among individuals within populations and subpopulations. However, low genetic variation (<5%) was observed between cereal and noncereal populations and between resistant and susceptible wheat subpopulations. Overall, these results suggest that the populations or subpopulations are likely a single large population of G. zeae affecting crops in the upper Midwest of the United States. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and barley and has been responsible for several billion dollars of losses in the United States since the early 1990s. We isolated G. zeae from the top, middle, and bottom positions of wheat spikes collected from 0.25-m(2) quadrats during severe FHB epidemics in a single Kansas (KS) field (1993) and in a single North Dakota (ND) field (1994). Three amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs were used to resolve 94 polymorphic loci from 253 isolates. Members of a subset of 26 isolates also were tested for vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Both methods indicated high levels of genotypic variability and identified the same sets of isolates as probable clones. The mean number of AFLP multilocus haplotypes per head was approximately 1.8 in each population, but this value probably underestimates the true mean due to the small number of samples taken from each head. Isolates with the same AFLP haplotype often were recovered from different positions in a single head, but only rarely were such apparently clonal isolates recovered from more than one head within a quadrat, a pattern that is consistent with a genetically diverse initial inoculum and limited secondary spread. The KS and ND samples had no common AFLP haplotypes. All G. zeae isolates had high AFLP fingerprint similarity (>70%, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means similarity) to reference isolates of G. zeae lineage 7. The genetic identity between the KS and ND populations was >99% and the estimated effective migration rate was high (Nm approximately 70). Tests for linkage disequilibrium provide little evidence for nonrandom associations between loci. Our results suggest that these populations are parts of a single, panmictic population that experiences frequent recombination. Our results also suggest that a variety of population sampling designs may be satisfactory for assessing diversity in this fungus. 相似文献
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Schmale Iii DG Leslie JF Zeller KA Saleh AA Shields EJ Bergstrom GC 《Phytopathology》2006,96(9):1021-1026
ABSTRACT Gibberella zeae, causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and barley and Gibberella ear rot (GER) of corn, may be transported over long distances in the atmosphere. Epidemics of FHB and GER may be initiated by regional atmospheric sources of inoculum of G. zeae; however, little is known about the origin of inoculum for these epidemics. We tested the hypothesis that atmospheric populations of G. zeae are genetically diverse by determining the genetic structure of New York atmospheric populations (NYAPs) of G. zeae, and comparing them with populations of G. zeae collected from seven different states in the northern United States. Viable, airborne spores of G. zeae were collected in rotational (lacking any apparent within-field inoculum sources of G. zeae) wheat and corn fields in Aurora, NY in May through August over 3 years (2002 to 2004). We evaluated 23 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci in 780 isolates of G. zeae. Normalized genotypic diversity was high (ranging from 0.91 to 1.0) in NYAPs of G. zeae, and nearly all of the isolates in each of the populations represented unique AFLP haplotypes. Pairwise calculations of Nei's unbiased genetic identity were uniformly high (>0.99) for all of the possible NYAP comparisons. Although the NYAPs were genotypically diverse, they were genetically similar and potentially part of a large, interbreeding population of G. zeae in North America. Estimates of the fixation index (G(ST)) and the effective migration rate (Nm) for the NYAPs indicated significant genetic exchange among populations. Relatively low levels of linkage disequilibrium in the NYAPs suggest that outcrossing is common and that the populations are not a result of a recent bottleneck or invasion. When NYAPs were compared with those collected across the United States, the observed genetic identities between the populations ranged from 0.92 to 0.99. However, there was a significant negative correlation (R = -0.59, P < 0.001) between genetic identity and geographic distance, suggesting that some genetic isolation may occur on a continental scale. The contribution of long-distance transport of G. zeae to regional epidemics of FHB and GER remains unclear, but the diverse atmospheric populations of G. zeae suggest that inoculum may originate from multiple locations over large geographic distances. Practically, the long-distance transport of G. zeae suggests that management of inoculum sources on a local scale, unless performed over extensive production areas, will not be completely effective for the management of FHB and GER. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT An increased understanding of the epidemiology of Gibberella zeae will contribute to a rational and informed approach to the management of Fusarium head blight (FHB). An integral phase of the FHB cycle is the deposition of airborne spores, yet there is no information available on the spatial pattern of spore deposition of G. zeae above wheat canopies. We examined spatial patterns of viable spore deposition of G. zeae over rotational (lacking cereal debris) wheat fields in New York in 2002 and 2004. Viable, airborne spores (ascospores and macroconidia) of G. zeae were collected above wheat spikes on petri plates containing a selective medium and the resulting colonies were counted. Spores of G. zeae were collected over a total of 68 field environments (three wheat fields during 54 day and night sample periods over 2 years) from spike emergence to kernel milk stages of local wheat. Spatial patterns of spore deposition were visualized by contour plots of spore counts over entire fields. The spatial pattern of spore deposition was unique for each field environment during each day and night sample period. Spore deposition patterns during individual sample periods were classified by spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) statistics and Mantel tests. Both analyses indicated that the majority (93%) of the spore deposition events were random, with the remainder being aggregated. All of the aggregated patterns were observed during the night. Observed patterns of spore deposition were independent of the mean number of viable spores deposited during individual sample periods. The spatial pattern for cumulative spore deposition during anthesis in both years became aggregated over time. Contour maps of daily and cumulative spore deposition could be compared with contour maps of FHB incidence to gain insights into inoculum thresholds and the timing of effective inoculum for infection. 相似文献
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本文是报道一种简易的方法诱发Gibberella zeae的子囊壳,以鉴定禾谷镰刀菌的菌株。即:在泥钵内装灭菌的砂或(石至)石,其上种植纯菌株培养的带菌麦粒,然后在钵面复盖消毒纱布,并保持砂和纱布的潮湿。在20℃和装置20瓦黑光灯为光源照射的温箱中,3~6天形成子囊壳,10~12天发育成熟的子囊孢子,提供镜检鉴定。在15~25℃的自然散射光下,供试的481个禾谷镰刀菌菌株,获同样结果。同时,选用其他四种镰刀菌(即燕麦、锐顶、串珠、雪腐镰刀菌)和禾谷镰刀菌的代表菌株,进行交错污染试验,在限定的观察时间内,未见有相互干扰。
禾谷镰刀菌寄主广,所致麦、玉米上的病害损失大。本研究所提出的方法可以解决该菌在PSA培养基上大型分生孢子不易产生或产生亦形态多变所造成鉴定上的困难,且在病害测报和防治研究上有其应用价值。 相似文献
禾谷镰刀菌寄主广,所致麦、玉米上的病害损失大。本研究所提出的方法可以解决该菌在PSA培养基上大型分生孢子不易产生或产生亦形态多变所造成鉴定上的困难,且在病害测报和防治研究上有其应用价值。 相似文献
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为探讨吡唑醚菌酯对小麦不同生育期病害的防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis、根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces tritici及赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的室内抑制活性;通过种子发芽盒试验,测定了吡唑醚菌酯不同药种比包衣处理对小麦种子发芽的影响;采用菌土混合法,测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯种子处理悬浮剂(FS)对小麦纹枯病的盆栽防效;同时测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(SC)对小麦白粉病、锈病及赤霉病的田间防效。结果表明：吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌、根腐病菌、全蚀病菌和赤霉病菌的EC50值分别为0.404、5.862、0.193和1.372 mg/L。25℃条件下,5%吡唑醚菌酯FS不同药种比对济麦22鲜重及干重均有一定的促进作用;10℃下,对小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数均显示出一定的促进作用。5%吡唑醚菌酯FS苗后20 d对小麦纹枯病的防效在74%以上,药种比1∶50时防效达99.02%;5%吡唑醚菌酯SC按3000 mL/hm 相似文献
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Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals—a review 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
This review of Fusarium ear blight (scab) of small grain cereals has shown that up to 17 causal organisms have been associated with the disease, which occurs in most cereal-growing areas of the world. The most common species were Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. culmorum, F, avenaceum (G, avenacea), F, poae and Microdochium nivale (Monographella nivalis). The disease was recorded most frequently under hot, wet climatic conditions where significant yield losses and mycotoxin accumulation in grain were reported. Possible sources of inoculum were reported as crop debris, alternative hosts and Fusarium seedling blight and foot rot of cereals. The mode of dispiersal of inoculum to ears remains unclear, but contaminated arthropod vectors, systemic fungal growth through plants, and wind and rain-splash dispersal of spores have been proposed. Infection of wheat ears was shown to occur mainly during anthesis, and it has been demonstrated that fungal growth stimulants may be present in anthers. Despite the importance of the disease, particularly during epidemic years, control methods are limited. Much effort has gone into breeding resistant wheat varieties and into improving our understanding of the possible mechanisms and genetic basis of resistance, with only moderate success. There are also surprisingly few reports of successful fungicidal or biological control of the disease in the field. 相似文献
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The fungicide JS399-19 is a novel cyanoacrylate fungicide active against Gibberella zeae , and has been marketed in China for control of fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat. Forty-three isolates sensitive to fungicide JS399-19 were collected from three commercial wheat fields in China. Forty-five isolates resistant to JS399-19, obtained from five sensitive isolates by selection for resistance to JS399-19, were selected. Three sensitivity levels were identified: sensitive (S), moderately resistant (MR) and highly resistant (HR) to JS399-19, based on a previous study. Eight isolates representing the three sensitivity-level phenotypes were randomly selected for a study on the inheritance of JS399-19 resistance by analysing the sensitivity of hybrid F1 progeny. A nitrate-non-utilizing mutant ( nit ) was used as a genetic marker to confirm that individual perithecia were the result of outcrossing. Five crosses were assessed: S × S, S × HR, MR × HR, HR × HR and MR × S. In crosses between parents with different sensitivity levels, such as S × HR, MR × HR and MR × S, the progeny fitted a 1:1 segregation ratio of the two parental phenotypes. No segregation was observed in the crosses S × S and HR × HR. It was concluded that the MR and HR phenotypes in G. zeae were conferred by different allelic mutations within the same locus. In these isolates, resistance to JS399-19 was not affected by modifying genes or cytoplasmic components. 相似文献