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1.
Zusammenfassung Aus 61 Fichtenzapfen,Picea abies (L.) Karst., gesammelt im September 1985 in Arendal, Norwegen, wurden 20 Arten Insekten (449 Individuen) aus den Ordnungen: Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera und Diptera gewonnen (Tab. 1). Dabei tratGaurax strobilum Karps (Dipt., Chloropidae) als neue Art für Norwegens Fauna auf.Es wird der Schlüpfverlauf vonKaltenbachiola strobi (Winn.) (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) und seiner Parasiten (Abb. 1) dargestellt, nämlich:Anogmus vala (Walk.) (Pteromalidae),Platygaster contorticornis (Ratz.) (Platygasteridae),Tetrastichus strobilanae (Ratz.) (Eulophidae),Torymus azureus Boh. undT. caudatus Boh. (Torymidae).
Contribution to the knowledge of entomofauna of the spruce cones,Picea abies (L.) Karst. in Norway
Information on 20 species (a total of 449 individuals) of insects, belonging to orders Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, are given. Insects were obtained from cones of spruce,Picea abies (L.) Karst. collected in Norway in 1985.

Mit einer Abbildung und einer Tabelle  相似文献   

2.
Ernobius kailidisi Johnson is a new species which attacks the cones ofAbies cephalonica andA. borissi-regis in Greece. It is likeErnobius abietis, so that earlier was confused with it. It is an univoltine insect, the adults fly from April until June and deposite their eggs between the scales of the new fir-cones. The larvae have 5 instars, bore in the cone axis and eat on cone scales and seeds. New adults hatch in early September of the same year but they remain in the attacked cones. The insect overwinters as adult or as mature larva in the cones.  相似文献   

3.
This paper is the first of a series dealing with morphological characteristics, biological cycle and damage importance of insect species newly identified as cone and seed pests in Northeastern China. The spruce cone mothBarbara fulgens appears to be a serious pest of korean spruce cones in Heilongjiang province.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

Seasonal fruiting and sporulation of cone rusts were investigated in Norway spruce cones during the growing season of 2007, a year after an excellent cone crop and a severe outbreak of rust. Current-year and 1-year-old cones were collected bimonthly to monthly from case-stands in southern and northern Finland and checked for rust fruitbodies. A previously unreported species of rust formed spermogonia and aecia, and sporulated on the cone scales of Norway spruce in two study areas. Morphologically, the rust was distinct from other spruce cone rusts and, based on ultrastructure of aecia and aeciospores, most closely resembled Chrysomyxa ledi. Molecular analysis of the aeciospores confirmed that the rust belonged to the C. ledi/C. rhododendri complex. The rust fruited frequently but only colonized a few scales per cone and presumably had a minor effect on cone development and seed crop.  相似文献   

5.
Information on 10 species (with a total of 732 individuals) of insects, belonging to orders Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera is given. Insects were obtained from cones ofPicea abies (L.) Karst. collected in 1992 in Bia?owie?a Management Unit in north-eastern range of Norway spruce in Poland.  相似文献   

6.
On Hymenoptera parasitizing the Syringia Moth, Gracilaria syringella F. (Lep., Gracilariidae)During an outbreak ofG. syringella onFraxinus excelsior in 1973 and 1974 near Munich 12 species of Hymenoptera parasitized the larvae if this pest. There were 3 chief parasite spezies;Apanteles gracilariae Wilk.,A. dilectus (Hol.) andTeleopterus sp. (probablyT. erkias Walk.) which came to nearly 90% of the whole population of parasites in each of the 4 host generations. The whole parasitization of theG. syringella larvae amounted to 12,5% (1973, 2. gen.) ot 31,2% (1973, 1.gen). Teleopterus sp. deposites the eggs int those of the moth and the full grown parasites larvae leave the young host larvae (L2) within the leaf mines. The two species os genus Apanteles deposite their eggs in the mining larvae and their full grown larvae leave the old host larvae within the leaf rolls.  相似文献   

7.
Mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) cones of different ages and colonized by Thekopsora areolata were collected in northern Finland 2009–2010. The germination capacity of aeciospores collected from intact aecia was measured on water agar and compared across cone age. Seed formation was investigated in healthy cones and those infected by T. areolata, Chrysomyxa pirolata, Chrysomyxa ledi, and seed germination was also measured for healthy cones and those infected by T. areolata. Unsporulated aecia of T. areolata occurred in 0- to 4-year-old cones. Aeciospores from current-year cones did not germinate and the germination capacity was significantly higher in one- to three-year-old cones than in older or current-year cones. However, a small number of aeciospores remained viable in four-year-old cones. Seed number and apparent health were significantly lower in cones infected by T. areolata and C. pirolata than in healthy cones or cones infected by C. ledi. Seed germination was significantly lower in cones infected with T. areolata compared to seeds from healthy cones. Our results suggest that infected cones more than one-year old continue to spread T. areolata for several years after the initial infection and fruiting, and thus promote the likelihood of epidemics and virulence of local outbreaks. Although cones infected by T. areolata and C. pirolata form significantly fewer seeds and of diminished viability, C. ledi does not appear to affect seed formation and health in Norway spruce. We recommend all rust-infected cones to be removed from orchards to improve stand health, reduce the risk of local outbreaks, and thereby increase the production and quality of Norway spruce seed.  相似文献   

8.
Summary This study compares the host-parasite relation betweenColeophora ? alcyonipennella andAgathis sp., on the one hand, andUrophora spp. andEurytoma tibialis, on the other hand.Coleophora-Agathis is a striking example for a host-parasite relation where the larval development of the parasitoid is controlled by the endocrine system of the host, which results in an optimal synchronization between the life-cycles of the moth and its specialized Braconid parasite. Attempts to obtain adultAgathis during the winter season for the biological control ofColeophora in New Zealand have met with considerable difficulties because of the hormonal dependence of the parasite on the host. The rearing and the transfer of adult parasites was not possible until the diapause of the host could be ended experimentally. In the complexUrophora-E. tibialis the parasite larvae interferes with the hormonal system controlling the development of the host. In hibernating generations ofUrophora spp. the parasite induces a premature onset of the process of pupation of the host, but consumes the latter when it has formed its puparium. In both hosts the hormonal reactivation of the diapausing full-grown larva results in a change of the position of the larva in its case or gall, before the morphogenetic changes involved in pupation take place. The larvae ofAgathis as well asE. tibialis do not kill their hosts until the latter have reversed their position within the case or gall. In this way the emergence ofAgathis from the case ofColeophora and the emergence ofE. tibialis from the gall ofUrophora is facilitated.  相似文献   

9.
A catastrophic windstorm called “bora” occurred in The Tatra National Park in Slovakia in 2004 and destroyed an extensive area of mountain spruce forests. Part of the windthrow area was left uncleared for natural development, but most of the area was cleared. We analyzed natural regeneration in cleared and uncleared windthrows, and in reference closed canopy forest in 2007 and 2008 with the aim of assessing the regeneration capability of the windthrown forests and proposing the best method for their restoration.  相似文献   

10.
Two species of cone flies (Strobilomyia anthracina andS. svenssoni) emerged from puparia were collected under Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) trees in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk region, central Siberia. Parasites of the Figitidae and Braconidae families emerged from 28.1% of the puparia, and fungal and bacterial diseases destroyed 24.8% of the puparia. Weight and length of the puparia depended on the sanitary status. Two types of cone fly eggs were observed on spruce cones. At least three species ofStrobilomyia (S. Infrequens, S. laricicola, and S. sibirica) attacked cones of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) in central Siberia. (Responsible editor: Zhu Hong)  相似文献   

11.
The form and magnitude of storm damage and stand disclosure patterns were assessed in 332 randomly chosen pure and regular stands of spruce (Picea abies L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) after storm lothar, within a region of the Swiss Midlands. This data was analysed in relation to maximal wind speed, measured with Doppler radar techniques and other influential factors such as relief, allometric characteristics, silvicultural history, and neighbourhood. In addition, storm damage, assessed from aerial photographs over an extended perimeter (about 70,000 ha) was considered. A storm of the magnitude of lothar (December 26 1999), with an average maximal wind speed of 45 m s−1 (160 km h−1) appears to have a highly chaotic wind field structure, with great spatial and temporal variation of wind gusts. Wind speeds were not a significant predictor for damage in spruce stands and only weakly influential for beech. The consequences of this high randomness were analysed to estimate the return time of such a storm at the stand level. It lies between 86 and 113 years for spruce, 357 and 408 for beech. Only a few independent variables were significant and the overall explanatory strength of the model was unexpectedly low (R 2=0.07 for spruce and 0.30 for beech). Among the more reliable predisposing factors were mixture and aspect combined with gradient. An admixture of 10% or more broadleaved tree species or wind-firm conifers like Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] significantly reduced the vulnerability of spruce stands (by a factor of more than three). On wind-exposed aspects, damage was more than twice the average. Steeper slopes caused a significant reduction in susceptibility (by a factor of six for slopes over 50%, in comparison to gentle slopes <20%). Other factors such as height to diameter ratio of trees or time since last thinning did not appear to be significant predictors.  相似文献   

12.
Seven xylophagous insect species were established in stems and branches of Salix caprea L. during the period 1998–2003 in Bulgaria: Agrilus lineola lineola Redtenbacher (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), Aromia moschata (Linnaeus), Oberea oculata (Linnaeus), Saperda populnea (Linnaeus), Saperda similis Laicharting (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Synanthedon formicaeformis (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Rhabdophaga clavifex (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). From them, six parasitoid species were reared: Dolichomitus mesocentrus (Gravenhorst), Dolichomitus populneus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Stephanus serrator (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Stephanidae), Aprostocetus metra (Walker), Euderus caudatus (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Billaea irrorata (Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae). D. populneus, E. caudatus and B. irrorata were connected with S. populnea; D. mesocentrus and S. serrator with S. similis; and A. metra with R. clavifex. Two parasitoids (A. metra and E. caudatus) had not previously been reported for the fauna of Bulgaria. The parasitoid–host relationships D. mesocentrus–S. similis and S. serrator –S. similis were established for the first time in this study.  相似文献   

13.
Three species of the genusArgyresthia Hübner (A. bergiella Ratzeburg,A. amiantella Zeller andA. glabratella Zeller) were studied in Norway spruce forests at an elevation of 380–1550 m in the West Carpathian Mountains (central and western Slovakia). These species have distinct external pupal characteristics and feed marks. They occur together, being more abundant in the middle and upper canopy, and prefer forests at or above 1,000 m, often at the timber line. Their dependence on parent rock was not found. Abundance of these species differed greatly from year to year and any changes in abundance were mostly synchronised at various sites within the same mountain area.A. amiantella was the most abundant species. There is an indication that the outbreaks ofArgyresthia moths on Norway spruce might be short-term.
Über die Fichten-Silbermotten (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae, Argyresthiinae) in den Westkarpaten
  相似文献   

14.
Cherry spruce rust is a fungal disease of Norway spruce cones caused by Thekopsora areolata and responsible for significant losses in seed production in Sweden and Finland. Here, we report the first set of nine microsatellites, which will allow an effective genetic fingerprinting of T. areolata. The markers were isolated using the FIASCO method and were characterized using DNA from 49 single aecia sampled from spruce cones in three different seed orchards in Sweden. Eight of the nine markers were shown to be polymorphic among the aecia. The markers were unlinked and are therefore suitable for future population genetic studies.  相似文献   

15.
Non-choice laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of host acceptance, previous rearing host, host age and the contact time between parasitoids and host on the efficacy of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal and T. principum Sug. et Sor. against the codling moth Cydia pomonella. The tendency of T. cacoeciae and T. principum females to attack the codling moth was similar to E. kuehniella, and it was not affected by the previous rearing host. T. cacoeciae showed a greater preference for codling moth eggs than T. principum. A high mean number of emerged F1 progeny was observed when both parasitoids were sequentially reared on codling moths. Codling moth acceptance, the number of parasitized eggs and the number of emerged progeny were higher when younger codling moth eggs were offered. The tendency of female parasitoids to oviposit remained unchanged when the contact time with the host was prolonged. When the contact time was increased, the number of parasitized eggs and emerged offspring was higher. The results showed that the codling moth fertility (egg hatch) was reduced when younger eggs were offered and when the contact time with the parasitoids was increased. T. cacoeciae was more efficient in reducing codling moth fertility. The current study provided essential information necessary to increase the efficiency of T. cacoeciae and T. principum against the codling moth.  相似文献   

16.
I examined the adult potential fecundity of the bamboo gall maker,Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), and its inquiline,Diomorus aiolomorphi Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) by dissection just after emergence, and at death after rearing. Emerging females ofA. rhopaloides hadca. 80 mature eggs in their ovaries. The number of eggs at emergence and after death at rearing was not significantly different. However, emerging females ofD. aiolomorphi had no eggs in their ovaries but hadca 20 eggs at death after rearing. These results suggest thatA. rhopaloides is pro-ovigenic andD. aiolomorphi is synovigenic. Female body sizes of both species were positively correlated with the size of galls from which each emerged. Number of eggs in each species was also correlated with female body size, suggesting that gall size might be a good predictor of potential fecundity. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for scientific Research (No. 11460068) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan.  相似文献   

17.
During the period 1989–1998 investigations were carried out on the parasitoids of some forest insect pests in Bulgaria. Twenty-one ichneumonid species are reported for the first time in Bulgaria as parasitoids of different coleopteran, lepidopteran, and hymenopteran hosts. From these, 6 parasitoids are new records for the parasitoid complexes of the hosts:Exochus decoratus Holmgr. onEudemis profundana (Den. & Schiff.) andGelechia turpella (Den. & Schiff.);Lissonota culiciformis Grav.—onParanthrene tabaniformis (Rott.);Lissonota unicincta Holmgr.—onG. turpella; Xorides gracilicornis (Grav.)—onXylotrechus sp.; andEriborus terebrator Aubert—onClostera anastomosis (L.). Most parasitoids developed as primary parasitoids in the hosts.Itoplectis alternans (Grav.) is a primary parasitoid ofNycteola asiatica (Krul.) and a hyperparasitoid ofE. terebrator: Acropimpla pictipes (Grav.) is secondary parasitoid onAnacampsis populella (Cl.). With the exception of two species ofOlesicampes genus, which destroyed over 50% ofStauronematus compressicornis (F.) andPristophora conjugata (Dahlm.) larvae, andE. terebrator which killed 15.4% ofC. anastomosis population, the rest of the parasitoids occurred in low densities, and did not play an important role in reducing the number of their hosts.  相似文献   

18.
583 spruce stands in an area affected by air pollution and bark beetle outbreak in Eastern Slovakia were studied in 1996. According to bark beetle infestation of dominant and codominant trees, stands were classified into following types of spruce stand decline:Ips typographus-A,Ips typographus-B,Polygraphus poligraphus, I. typographus/P. poligraphus—A,I. typographus/P. poligraphus—B. The presence of attacked trees in forest edges, bark beetle spots and forest interior was the key important factor for the classification. Data from forest inventory and forest management evidence together with data on types of spruce stands decline were used in further analyses. Results shows that the distribution of forest stands classified into different types or uninfested stands is related mainly to host size and site quality. The percentage of spruce, exposition of stands and stand density showed significant effects. The mechanisms of spreading of studied bark beetle outbreak could be explained by direct effects of stress of trees caused by an abrupt increase of level of solar irradiation and by weakening of trees by the honey fungus.  相似文献   

19.
Naturally shed cones of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were placed on the forest floor, partly on moss-covered ground, and partly on vegetation-free needle mats. Numbered sticks allowed individual recovery after 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 years. During the first nine years, cones decomposed fastest in the moss site. After 13 years, dry weight loss was about 60% in both habitats, but cones still retained their shape. In the moss site, cones were then situated in the middle of the organic layer, with their underside about 3?cm above the bleached layer. Cones in the needle mat profile had sunk less. One cone with rather intact shape was found below a nylon strip laid out 28 years earlier. Compared to needle litter from Norway spruce and Scots pine, spruce cones had low concentrations of Ca, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of these elements, as well as N, Al, and S, was greatly increased during decomposition. Ca, Mn, Fe, and Al were immobilized for a long time, as their total amount per cone increased with time. Cones decomposed slower than needles, so their role in humus composition and carbon storage may be greater than indicated by their fraction of fresh litter.  相似文献   

20.
Arecentsurveyofconeandseedinsectsoccuringinsomeconiferforests'ofHeilongiiangandInnerMongoliaprovinces.gaveustheopportunitytocol1ectseveralspeciespreviouslyunknownfromChina(Fangetal.,1988).ThispaperisthefirstofaseriesprovidinginfOrmationgathereduponthemorphologicalcharacteristics,biologicalcycleanddamagecorrespondingtothesespeciesinNortheasternChina.Thelustrousspruceconemoth,BarbarafulgensKuznetsov,wasprevious-lyrecordedfromthesingleFarEastSovietUnion(intheKhabarovskarea),yetclosetoHeilon…  相似文献   

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