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1.
A New Mutation in Wheat Producing Three Pistils in a Floret   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A floret carries only one pistil that will develop into one grain after fertilization in normal cultivated common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. A new cultivated common wheat mutation line ‘Three Pistils’ is described. It carries three pistils in a floret, all with the potential to develop into grains. The floret morphology of this line is reported. Genetic analysis of the three pistils trait was carried out by crossing Three Pistils with the normal common wheat variety Chinese Spring. F2 population segregation analysis revealed that the three pistils trait is controlled by a single dominant gene. This conclusion was confirmed by the backcross test.  相似文献   

2.
以营养液栽培‘中蔬四号’番茄(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.)为研究材料,研究不同时期的盐胁迫下叶面喷施5 mmol/L还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH)和1 mmol/Lγ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶抑制剂(inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase,BSO)对番茄幼苗叶片GSH和抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,As A)水平、抗氧化酶活性及谷胱甘肽化抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫、盐胁迫+BSO两种处理下喷施外源GSH显著升高了番茄幼苗叶片中GSH和As A含量、GSH/GSSG和As A/DHA比率以及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidase dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(dehydroascorbate reductase,DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(monodehydroascorbate reductase,MDHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)的活性(NaCl+GSH处理除15 d的MDHAR活性;NaCl+BSO+GSH处理除15 d的DHAR活性);添加GSSG诱导的谷胱甘肽化修饰使盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片的SOD、MDHAR(15 d)、DHAR(5和15 d)、GR(5和10 d)、GPX(5和15 d)活性显著增加,同时GSH处理能够诱导上述酶发生去谷胱甘肽化修饰,从而维持细胞内的氧化还原平衡。由此表明外源GSH能够通过蛋白质谷胱甘肽化修饰对植物进行氧化还原(Redox)调控,以维持番茄体内Redox平衡,从而缓解盐害对番茄幼苗叶片造成的氧化胁迫,减少NaCl对植株造成的伤害。本研究为明确GSH/GSSG与番茄耐盐性的关系及其潜在生理机制,有效缓解番茄盐害提供了一定的理论支持。  相似文献   

3.
Summary Variation in the frequencies of pollination and ovule fertilization was generated among faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes in experiments which compared self-and open-pollination, natural and extended photoperiods, presence and absence of honey bees and a range of plant populations.There was a near-1:1 relationship between the frequencies of pollination of stigmas and the fertilization of at least one ovule within the pistil. Pollination was the major barrier to fertilization of the pistil, and ovules, since no mechanism was evident in the style to prevent pistil fertilization. The frequency with which single ovules were fertilized in pollinated pistils fell as their distance from the stigma increased, and averaged 83.5% overall.The frequency of pollination was most influenced by the level of autofertility possessed by the genotype, and the activity of pollinators. Provision of honey bees to plants in caged plots showed that high levels of pollination could be achieved under open-pollinated conditions, but this was also influenced by autofertility. Increasing plant population in the field had only a small effect on pollination, but extending photoperiod caused the levels and timing of self-pollination in three genotypes to vary.Large differences were found among genotypes in their early stigma receptivity, that is, the frequency of stigmas found to be pollinated at the erect standard stage, prior to the flower opening and being visited by bees. The implications of early stigma receptivity for producing new cultivars were discussed.  相似文献   

4.
Balanites aegyptiaca is a drought‐tolerant tree naturally distributed in Africa and has a high potential for biofuel production and livelihood. To understand the plant tolerance to drought stress, B. aegyptiaca plants collected from five provenances were subjected for 4 weeks to drought stress through different regimes of soil volumetric water content (VWC, i.e. 25% control, 15% as moderate and 5% as a severe drought stress) followed by 2‐week recovery. Morpho‐physiological responses as well as the changes in antioxidant defences under water stress and recovery were investigated. Drought stress significantly reduced plant biomass‐related parameters, stomatal conductance, quantum efficiency and increased leaf temperature. Each provenance showed specific patterns of stress response reactions that were detected in a cluster analysis. The large leaf area and a high level of lipid peroxidation in Cairo provenance increased its sensitivity to severe drought. For provenances El‐Kharga and Yemen, the highest tocopherol contents and the highest catalytic activities of ascorbate peroxidase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) were recorded. These traits contributed to the high drought tolerance of these two provenances in comparison with the other provenances. All plants recovered from stress and showed specifically increased activity of glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) as a repair mechanism. Results showed that the drought tolerance level in B. aegyptiaca is provenance‐dependent.  相似文献   

5.
Interspecific hybridization among species of cotton has lead to improvement in productivity, earliness, fibre quality and resistance to pests and diseases. However, wide crosses is often limited by the operation of either pre‐ or/and post‐fertilization barriers. An investigation on pollen tube behaviour of four wild species in the pistils of Gossypium hirsutum was taken up. Pollen germination was normal in crosses involving Gossypium triphyllum and Gossypium armourianum and markedly inhibited in the crosses involving Gossypium davidsonii and Gossypium thurberi. Pollen tubes reached the pistils and fertilization was accomplished within 8 h after pollination (HAP) in control cross. Even though delay in pollen tube was a common phenomenon in all the four crosses successful fertilization was observed in crosses involving G. triphyllum and G. armourianum, as they reached the ovary at 24 HAP. In crosses with G. davidsonii and G. thurberi, pollen tubes failed to reach the ovary even at 24 HAP indicating the presence of strong stylar and ovarian incompatibility. Measures to overcome such barriers to interspecific hybridization in the incompatible crosses are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
Higher than optimum temperatures during cotton's (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing season is a common occurrence in cotton‐growing areas around the world with negative consequences on productivity. According to climate projections, night temperatures are expected to increase more than day temperatures. The objective of this study was to monitor and record the effects of higher than optimum night temperatures during cotton's early reproductive stage on physiological (photosynthesis, respiration and membrane damage) and biochemical (leaf adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, as well as glutathione reductase (GR) content and soluble carbohydrate concentrations of the leaf subtending the flower buds. Number, dry weight, carbohydrate concentrations and GR levels of flower buds were also measured at the end of the experiment. Growth chamber experiments were conducted using cotton cultivar ST 5288 B2RF and treatments consisted of normal day/night temperatures (32/24 °C) and high night temperatures (32/30 °C) for 7 days at squaring (approximately 4 weeks after planting). The results indicated that high night temperatures had an immediate effect on leaf respiration rates and membrane damage by significantly increasing them compared to the control and a similar pattern was observed on leaf photosynthesis and ATP levels that were markedly decreased. Leaf GR levels were also substantially increased under conditions of high night temperatures, in contrast to flower bud GR content which remained unaffected. High night temperatures had a significant effect on leaf carbohydrate concentrations resulting in significant decreases in hexose, sucrose and starch levels. Nevertheless, flower bud sucrose content was substantially increased under conditions of high night temperatures, while hexose content was decreased and starch concentrations remained unaffected. A detrimental effect of elevated night temperatures on the number of flower buds per plant and on the dry weight of flower buds was observed, and it was concluded that high night temperatures had a negative effect on cotton flower bud production due to disruptions on flower bud carbohydrate metabolism as a result of the insufficient GR response.  相似文献   

7.
外源调节物质对棉花幼苗耐寒生理特性的效应   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以棉花幼苗为试材,叶面分别喷施外源调节物质水杨酸(SA)、壳聚糖(CTS)、水杨酸+壳聚糖(SCM)、水杨酸+壳聚糖+硝酸钙(SCCa M)后,在5℃低温下进行处理,分别于0、24 h、48 h及恢复处理24 h时测定相对电导率、MDA含量、叶绿素含量,SOD、POD、CAT的活性和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸的含量。结果表明:低温胁迫前用0.7 mmol·L-1水杨酸、0.6 mmol·L-1壳聚糖及复配制剂处理棉花幼苗,其叶片的SOD、POD、CAT活性和叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量与对照相比均有不同程度的提高,相对电导率和MDA含量有所降低;复配制剂处理效果优于水杨酸和壳聚糖单独施用的效果,而水杨酸、壳聚糖、硝酸钙三元复配的效果比水杨酸和壳聚糖两元复配的效果好。表明水杨酸、壳聚糖和硝酸钙在诱导棉花幼苗耐寒性中具有协同效应。  相似文献   

8.
采用盆栽试验的方法,以耐冷性品种吉粳81和非耐冷性品种长白9为供试材料,通过不同的磷肥施用量,研究低温胁迫下磷营养对水稻质膜透性及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:施磷后,随着施磷量的增加,2个水稻品种叶片电解质外渗率和丙二醛含量均先降低后升高,而可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性则呈先升后降的趋势。通过对比常温对照发现,低温下适当增磷可明显提高2水稻品种叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量及3种抗氧化酶活性的上升幅度,减缓电解质外渗率和MDA含量的下降幅度。研究还表明,低温增磷对提升非耐冷品种长白9叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量和3种抗氧化酶活性,降低电解质外渗率和丙二醛含量效果更明显。因此,通过体外增施磷肥可明显提高叶片质膜透性及抗氧化酶活性,从而有利于提高水稻的抗寒性能力。  相似文献   

9.
缩节胺浸种提高棉花幼苗根系活力中的活性氧代谢   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
以国欣棉3号为材料,研究200 mg L–1缩节胺(DPC)浸种12 h对棉花子叶苗根系活力的影响,并从活性氧(ROS)代谢的角度揭示相关的生理机制。结果表明,DPC浸种显著增强了棉花幼苗的根系活力,根尖部位氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色光密度为清水对照的1.3倍,TTC法测定的根系活力和呼吸速率分别较对照增加167%和90%,非损伤微测技术(NMT)测定的K+净内流速率 (距根尖300 μm处)较对照提高36%。吖啶橙染色结果显示,DPC处理根尖伸长区的凋亡细胞数目较对照减少。此外,DPC处理使根系的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力显著高于对照,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力则降低;H2O2含量和超氧阴离子(O2−)产生速率较对照分别降低56%和65%,H2O2原位染色结果也显示其根尖部分的褐色较对照明显减弱。根系组织的ROS代谢得到改善可能是DPC浸种提高棉花幼苗根系活力的机制之一。  相似文献   

10.
农杆菌子房注射法对棉花的活体转化   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
采用根癌农杆菌直接注射子房,对8个棉花栽培品种进行活体方式的遗传转化.为了确立注射细菌的适宜时期,先采用含考马斯亮蓝染料的菌液对授粉前3d(-3 DPA,days post-anthesis)至授粉后2d(2DPA)的棉花子房进行注射,观察到细菌(染料)可以在-2 DPA至授粉后24h之间进入子房.为了避免注射对花柱的...  相似文献   

11.
外源水杨酸对油桃雌蕊抗寒性的生理效应   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
在0℃低温下,用0、5、15、25、45和80mg/L的外源SA处理‘冀东1号’桃花,试验结果表明,0℃低温使‘冀东1号’桃花雌蕊形态恶变,电解质外渗率增强,SOD和POD活性下降,MDA含量增高。经5~80mg/L SA处理的桃花,雌蕊形态恶变减轻,电解质外渗率和MDA含量显著下降;5~25mg/L SA处理使SOD活性显著升高,但45~80mg/L SA处理使SOD活性显著下降;25mg/L SA处理使POD活性升高,其它处理使POD活性下降。试验研究认为,外源SA可以提高油桃花朵的抗寒性,以25mg/L外源SA处理的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
孙锋 《棉花学报》2009,21(4):313-318
 通过检测抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物含量,研究一氧化氮和亚甲基蓝对盐胁迫抗虫棉根系的抗氧化能力的影响。在正常条件和盐胁迫条件下分别用一氧化氮和亚甲基蓝处理抗虫棉幼苗,检测抗坏血酸(ASA)含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)值、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性,并作对比。结果表明：正常生长条件下添加NO能促进棉花幼苗生长,而添加亚甲基蓝(MB)显著抑制抗虫棉幼苗的生长;添加NO显著缓解了盐胁迫对棉花幼苗生长的抑制,提高了根系的抗氧化能力,盐胁迫下添加NO的同时添加MB可不同程度地降低以上抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化酶活力,解除NO对盐胁迫的促长作用。  相似文献   

13.
Escape of transgenes from genetically modified oilseed rape, Brassica napus, into wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, depends on sexual compatibility. The variation in prezygotic barriers of two different cultivars for interspecific hybridization with a population of wild radish was investigated by hand crossing and fluorescence microscopy of pistils. Significant differences were observed between oil seed rape cultivars in their ability to accept wild radish pollen germinating onto their stigma and the rate of fertilization of ovules. Some differences among the pollen donor plants were also detected. These results suggest that the rate of interspecific hybridization in the field would depend upon the oilseed rape cultivar and the genotype composition of the local wild populations. The implication of S-related genes, as revealed through identification by pistil tissue prints of class I and II S-types of SLG (S-Locus Glycoprotein) and SLR1 (S-Locus Related),and immuno-IEF, was not significant. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.
Two chilling‐tolerant genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐45 and cultivated rice Lijiangxintuanheigu and two chilling‐sensitive genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐26 and cultivated rice Xiuzinuo were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on protection against chilling damage as well as on changes in physiological features. The results showed that under chilling stress the increased levels of superoxide radical (), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu were lower than those in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR)) and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate acid (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) were enhanced in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu, whereas they were decreased significantly in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Application of exogenous ABA reduced the chilling damage in the four genotypes. The pre‐treatment with ABA decreased the levels of , H2O2 and MDA caused by chilling stress in the four genotypes through increasing the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GR and the contents of AsA and GSH in the four genotypes under chilling stress. Moreover, pre‐treatment with Fluridone, the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, prohibited the effects of ABA through enhancing the oxidative damages and suppressing the antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. The results indicate the mechanism for rice with chilling tolerance is to enhance the capacity of antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. Furthermore, ABA plays important roles in the tolerance of rice against chilling stress for it could induce the capacity of whole antioxidant defence systems including enzymatic and non‐enzymatic constitutions under chilling stress.  相似文献   

15.
为了探索不同施肥方式对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地棉花生长的影响,在该区域内通过田间小区试验研究了3种施肥方式（常规施肥、常规施肥+棉秆还田、有机无机复混型肥+棉秆还田）和3种棉秆还田量（10 t/hm2、15 t/hm2、20 t/hm2）对蕾期棉花农学性状、干物质积累、叶片SPAD值和氮肥利用率等的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥处理相比,棉秆还田和有机无机复混型肥+棉秆还田的相关处理对蕾期棉花的农学性状有改善效果,两类处理均增加了棉花株高、分枝数和茎干重,但对棉花根长的影响不明显,除了低量棉秆还田(10 t/hm2)处理外,其他处理均增加了棉花蕾数;棉秆还田和有机无机复混型肥+棉秆还田施肥类型的中、高棉秆还田量（15 t/hm2和20 t/hm2）处理促进了棉株叶片和整株的干物质累积,同时促进了氮素向棉花叶片和蕾的转移;有机无机复混型肥+棉秆还田处理提高棉株的氮肥利用率达16.77%~23.39%,与常规施肥处理差异达显著水平(P<0.05);蕾期棉花叶片的SPAD值与叶片的含氮量、棉花的氮肥利用率均呈正相关,其相关系数分别为0.6088和0.5879。  相似文献   

16.
辛慧慧 《中国农学通报》2014,30(27):182-186
将水杨酸(SA)、壳聚糖(CS)和硝酸钙[Ca(NO3)2· 4H2O]进行复配,采用室内盆栽试验,研究复配制剂(SCCaM)对棉花幼苗抗寒性的影响。结果表明：SCCaM预处理使低温胁迫下棉花幼苗叶片总叶绿素含量增加,同时显著降低相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)的积累量,从而缓解了低温对质膜的过氧化伤害,并通过提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶的活性和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质的含量来适应低温环境。表明SCCaM对棉花幼苗有较好的抗寒效果。  相似文献   

17.
氯化钙对低温胁迫下番茄幼苗的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探究氯化钙如何影响番茄冷胁迫过程,得出氯化钙提高番茄幼苗耐冷性机制,进行了冷害指数调查、生理指标测定。使用光照培养箱低温处理耐冷型‘O-33-1’和冷敏感型‘NY2000’,依照氯化钙处理浓度的不同记为CK、T1、T2、T3,对不同处理调查冷害指数,测定叶绿素含量,测定丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。研究表明,冷胁迫外源喷施氯化钙时,‘O-33-1’冷害指数、MDA含量、POD含量先下降后升高,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、SOD活性先升高后下降;‘NY2000’冷害指数先下降后上升,SOD活性先升高后下降,MDA含量不断升高,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量基本不变,POD则表现得没有规律。不同品种响应氯化钙提高耐冷性表现出差异;低温胁迫下,叶绿素的降解受到抑制从而提高了番茄幼苗耐冷性;耐冷性的提高与外源氯化钙导致抗氧化酶活性提高有关。  相似文献   

18.
本文报道了棉花“陆异1号”的雌、雄蕊发育进度,在减数分裂前是不同步的,小孢子的发生早于大孢子发生1—2个时期;减数分裂后雌配子体的发育速度加快,最后达到雌、雄配子体同步成熟。观察表明:开花前花蕾大小、花柱外露长度与雌、雄蕊发育进度成正相关性,经荧光显微镜观察确定,当花柱外露长度达6—7mm时,柱头的生理活性最强,是杂交制种中授粉的最佳时期,为提高授粉率和结实率提供了形态学和胚胎学指标。  相似文献   

19.
An experiment was conducted with three wheat genotypes differing in their sensitivity to moisture and/or temperature stress to study the relationship of the chloroplast antioxidant system to stress tolerance. Both moisture stress and temperature stress increased glutathione reductase and peroxidase and decreased membrane stab-iltty, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index in all genotypes. Under moisture stress. DL 153–2 showed the highest membrane stabihty index, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, glutathione reductase activity and peroxidase activity. However, under elevated temperature conditions, HD 2285, and to a lesser extent DL 153–2, showed higher membrane stability, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index and activities of glutathione reductase and peroxi-dase. Raj 3077, which is sensitive to both drought and temperature stress, showed the lowest membrane stability, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index and glutathione reductase and perosidase activity under elevated temperature as well as drought conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that tolerance of the genotype to moisture and/or temperature stress is closely associated with its antioxidant enzyme system.  相似文献   

20.
Salinity stress and inefficient nitrogen fertilization adversely affect cotton growth and yield. The effect of salinity on the growth and stress response of cotton seedlings and the effect on N‐use efficiency from the use of the inhibitors of urease (NBPT) and nitrification (DCD) under salinity stress were studied in growth chambers. The study consisted of three levels of salinity – low (0.45 dS m?1), moderate (8 dS m?1) and high (16 dS m?1) – and five N treatments – unfertilized control, 100 % N rate with urea, 80 % N rate with urea, 80 % N rate with urea +NBPT and 80 % N rate with urea +NBPT + DCD. The results indicated that salinity stress reduced plant growth (low leaf area and plant dry matter), decreased N assimilation (low NR, GS and protein), increased plant stress response (high GR and SOD), and decreased leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and quantum yield. Addition of NBPT to urea improved N uptake by 22 % under low salinity; however, this effect was not observed with increasing salinity. No benefit of addition of DCD was observed in any of the parameters collected. In conclusion, salinity stress hindered the performance of the additive NBPT and negatively affected the growth and physiology of cotton.  相似文献   

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