共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
S R MOSS 《Weed Research》2008,48(5):389-393
I believe the overall balance and current direction of much weed research is wrong, with too much emphasis on ‘scientific impact’ at the expense of practical application. For example, despite considerable research effort, Integrated Weed Management has not been widely adopted by farmers. Weed research, as a whole, has delivered less than it should have done in recent years, because of lack of appreciation of the difficulty and costs involved in scaling up experimental results to be applicable at a realistic field scale in real farming systems. In addition, there is often a lack of awareness of the complexities and resources needed to translate research results into actions that farmers, who may be counted in their millions, are willing to adopt. What is needed is truly integrated research, across the whole spectrum from basic to applied, with all elements contributing to real improvements in weed management. It should never be forgotten that, however great the ‘impact’ of a publication, it achieves nothing in terms of improving our ability to manage weeds until the results are used in practice. Effective technology transfer is essential. Weed research is an applied discipline, and the question needs to be asked repeatedly and critically, ‘Why study weeds?’ 相似文献
2.
A review of non-chemical weed control on hard surfaces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Weed control research to date has mainly focused on arable land, especially regarding herbicides, but also regarding non‐chemical methods. Some of these experiences can be applied to hard surface areas. However, weeds on hard surface areas cause problems that are different from those on arable land. Additionally, crop tolerance does not need to be considered when choosing an appropriate weed control method on these areas. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge of weeds and weed control methods on hard surface areas and reveal potential ways of advancement. One of the shortcomings of non‐chemical weed control on hard surfaces thus far, is a lack of proper definition of efficiency of the weed control methods. To obtain effective control, more frequently repeated treatments are required than chemical weed management, thereby increasing the costs of labour and fuel. One way to reduce costs can be by adjusting the level of control to the required visual street quality. Weeds are adapted to the hard surface environment and may be less susceptible to certain control methods. This review indicates that for efficient weed control on hard surfaces there is a need for combining weed control techniques, applying sensors for detecting weeds, adapting the energy dose to type of weed flora and prevention of weeds by improved construction of new surfaces. 相似文献
3.
P Neve J N Barney Y Buckley R D Cousens S Graham N R Jordan A Lawton‐Rauh M Liebman M B Mesgaran M Schut J Shaw J Storkey B Baraibar R S Baucom M Chalak D Z Childs S Christensen H Eizenberg C Fernández‐Quintanilla K French M Harsch S Heijting L Harrison D Loddo M Macel N Maczey A Merotto Jr D Mortensen J Necajeva D A Peltzer J Recasens M Renton M Riemens M Sønderskov M Williams 《Weed Research》2018,58(4):250-258
Weedy plants pose a major threat to food security, biodiversity, ecosystem services and consequently to human health and wellbeing. However, many currently used weed management approaches are increasingly unsustainable. To address this knowledge and practice gap, in June 2014, 35 weed and invasion ecologists, weed scientists, evolutionary biologists and social scientists convened a workshop to explore current and future perspectives and approaches in weed ecology and management. A horizon scanning exercise ranked a list of 124 pre‐submitted questions to identify a priority list of 30 questions. These questions are discussed under seven themed headings that represent areas for renewed and emerging focus for the disciplines of weed research and practice. The themed areas considered the need for transdisciplinarity, increased adoption of integrated weed management and agroecological approaches, better understanding of weed evolution, climate change, weed invasiveness and finally, disciplinary challenges for weed science. Almost all the challenges identified rested on the need for continued efforts to diversify and integrate agroecological, socio‐economic and technological approaches in weed management. These challenges are not newly conceived, though their continued prominence as research priorities highlights an ongoing intransigence that must be addressed through a more system‐oriented and transdisciplinary research agenda that seeks an embedded integration of public and private research approaches. This horizon scanning exercise thus set out the building blocks needed for future weed management research and practice; however, the challenge ahead is to identify effective ways in which sufficient research and implementation efforts can be directed towards these needs. 相似文献
4.
Is the current state of the art of weed monitoring suitable for site‐specific weed management in arable crops? 
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下载免费PDF全文 C Fernández‐Quintanilla J M Peña D Andújar J Dorado A Ribeiro F López‐Granados 《Weed Research》2018,58(4):259-272
Weed monitoring is the first step in any site‐specific weed management programme. A relatively large variety of platforms, cameras, sensors and image analysis procedures are available to detect and map weed presence/abundance at various times and spatial scales. Remote sensing from satellites or aircraft can provide accurate weed maps when the images are obtained at late weed phenological stages. Cameras located on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been shown to be adequate for early‐season weed detection in a variety of wide‐row crops, providing images with relatively high spatial resolutions. Alternatively, weed detection/mapping systems from ground‐based platforms can achieve even higher resolutions using a variety of non‐imaging and imaging technologies. These ground systems are suited, in some cases, for real‐time site‐specific weed management. Despite this rich arsenal of technologies, their commercial adoption is, apparently, low. In this study, we describe the state of the art of remotely sensed and ground‐based weed monitoring in arable crops and the current level of adoption of these technologies, exploring major constraints for adoption and trying to identify research gaps and bottlenecks. 相似文献
5.
Many of the challenges faced by weed ecologists can be met only by the capability to predict the responses of weed populations to changes in their environment or management. In spite of this, a review of papers published in Weed Research suggests that weed ecologists are remarkably reluctant to produce detailed, quantitative predictions. This may result from uncertainty in the accuracy of predictions and indeed, a variety of reasons have been put forward to suggest that the potential utility of weed models may be limited in this regard. In this study, we review the applications to which weed models have been put. Focusing on predictive population modelling, we highlight several limitations that can lead to failures of this approach and we discuss the likely prospects for weed population modelling. We make three points regarding the future of weed modelling. First, owing to prohibitive data requirements, the development of highly mechanistic models that attempt to make detailed predictions of weed population numbers is unlikely to be very successful. Second, data collection for developing weed models needs to be rethought. Weed models are most commonly compromised by a lack of spatial and temporal replication, preventing modellers from measuring parameter variability and error effectively and limiting assessments of model uncertainty. Finally, the utility of models needs to be better appreciated; models are key tools in making long range predictions of how management will affect weed populations, but, we estimate, they are used in only a small fraction of studies. Without the further development of models for weed population dynamics, our ability to predict long-term dynamics will be restricted. 相似文献
6.
Wilson RG Young BG Matthews JL Weller SC Johnson WG Jordan DL Owen MD Dixon PM Shaw DR 《Pest management science》2011,67(7):771-780
BACKGROUND: Weed management in glyphosate‐resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States relies almost exclusively on glyphosate, which raises criticism for facilitating shifts in weed populations. In 2006, the benchmark study, a field‐scale investigation, was initiated in three different GR cropping systems to characterize academic recommendations for weed management and to determine the level to which these recommendations would reduce weed population shifts. RESULTS: A majority of growers used glyphosate as the only herbicide for weed management, as opposed to 98% of the academic recommendations implementing at least two herbicide active ingredients and modes of action. The additional herbicides were applied with glyphosate and as soil residual treatments. The greater herbicide diversity with academic recommendations reduced weed population densities before and after post‐emergence herbicide applications in 2006 and 2007, particularly in continuous GR crops. CONCLUSION: Diversifying herbicides reduces weed population densities and lowers the risk of weed population shifts and the associated potential for the evolution of glyphosate‐resistant weeds in continuous GR crops. Altered weed management practices (e.g. herbicides or tillage) enabled by rotating crops, whether GR or non‐GR, improves weed management and thus minimizes the effectiveness of only using chemical tactics to mitigate weed population shifts. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
7.
Linking species traits to agroecosystem services: a functional analysis of weed communities 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 There is a growing interest in the use of functional approaches for the study of weed assemblages, to disentangle underlying processes determining their composition and dynamics. Functional approaches are based on the assumption that weed community composition and dynamics can be best explained by a set of species traits expressing their response to agricultural disturbance. This knowledge should help develop more sustainable, ecologically based weed management systems. Trait‐based data required for this kind of analysis are available from various sources, but most of them either cover mainly non‐weedy species or, in the case of weed‐focussed trait databases, they cover a limited number of species. In this work, we present a trait database for 240 weed species common throughout Europe, including not only response traits but also effect traits, that is linked to selected agroecosystem services and disservices. A case study is presented where our weed trait database is used in conjunction with appropriate statistical analysis to highlight the distribution of weed functional groups in soyabean crop communities from an experiment including different tillage and weed management systems. Finally, we discuss the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this functional approach. By highlighting the links between weed species and agroecosystem (dis)services, this approach could be a useful resource for scientists, farm managers and policymakers. 相似文献
8.
Vahid Sarabi 《Weed Biology and Management》2019,19(3):61-74
Herbicides applied alone have failed to reduce weed populations in agricultural ecosystems. The use of this management strategy has followed other problems such as damage to ecosystems and organisms that live in it. Herbicide resistance in weeds has also occurred more quickly based on the application of herbicides. Today, most scientists are looking for new integrated weed management programs in agricultural ecosystems. Biological control is one of the most effective ways of weed management. In this way, living organisms are used to reduce and control weed species in arable lands. Weed seed predators, including predispersal and postdispersal predators as biological control agents, can be primary factors of weed seed mortality in agricultural ecosystems. This review has discussed factors influencing seed predator populations, activity, and granivory. Knowledge of the interrelations between factors and seed predators can contribute to designing future strategies that augment weed seed predator activity and enhance weed seed consumption as a component of an integrated weed management system. 相似文献
9.
Stephen Moss 《Pest management science》2019,75(5):1205-1211
Implementation of integrated weed management (IWM) has been poor, with little evidence of concomitant reductions in herbicide use. Non‐chemical methods are often adopted as a means of compensating for reduced herbicide efficacy, due to increasing resistance, rather than as alternatives to herbicides. Reluctance to adopt non‐chemical methods is not due to a lack of research or technology but to a lack of farmer motivation and action. Justifiably, herbicides are often seen as the easier option – their convenience outweighs the increased complexity, costs and management time associated with non‐chemical alternatives. Greater use of non‐chemical alternatives to herbicides will only occur if the following seven aspects are addressed: (i) better recognition of the reasons why farmers are reluctant to use non‐chemical alternatives; (ii) encouraging farmers to adopt a longer‐term approach to weed control; (iii) changing farmers' attitudes to pesticides; (iv) paying more attention to the individual farmer's perspective; (v). greater involvement of economists, social scientists and marketing professionals; (vi) re‐evaluating research and extension priorities; and (vii) changing the mindset of funders of research and extension. If ‘persuasion’ fails to deliver greater implementation of IWM, authorities may resort to greater use of financial and other incentives combined with tougher regulations. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
10.
Yield and competitive ability in potato cultivars characterised by different developmental timing 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Potato is very susceptible to weed interference during the early growth stages due to slow emergence, and again at the end of the growing cycle when branches collapse and the canopy opens. Weed control usually is performed through a combination of physical and chemical methods. A growing concern for the environment and human health has encouraged the development of non‐chemical weed control. We evaluated the effects of an integrated weed management strategy consisting of physical and cultural methods on naturally emerging weeds over two field seasons in central Italy. One harrowing plus one hilling operation were conducted during the early crop stages, and the competitive abilities against late emerging weeds of six different cultivars of potato, characterised by differences in developmental timing and growth habit, were evaluated. Two measures of competition were evaluated, the competitive balance index (Cb) and the relative total biomass of crop and weed. Higher competitive ability (Cb) was associated with traits such as fast early above‐ground biomass production, height and final above‐ground biomass. Medium late maturity cultivars showed higher Cb than earlier ones, but this was associated with lower yield, providing evidence for a trade‐off between competitive ability and yield. The trade‐off was in part biased by the lack of adaptation of the medium late cultivars to hot weather conditions, so we concluded that cultivars characterised by different developmental time need to be screened and tested for local systems. 相似文献
11.
Weed biology serves practical weed management 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
R C VAN ACKER 《Weed Research》2009,49(1):1-5
Weed science is an applied science that serves practical weed management. Traditionally, effective weed management has been dependent upon farmers gaining knowledge of the characteristics of the weeds they were managing. The advent of herbicides has not made this knowledge-based approach redundant and problems, including herbicide resistant weeds, have made weed biology studies necessary even in the herbicide era. Weed populations continue to evolve and weed problems persist, sustaining a requirement for effective management strategies. In this paper, we exhibit several approaches to linking weed biology studies to practical weed management. These approaches demonstrate both the value of and synergy between an in-depth knowledge of weed biology and weed management practices to provide practical solutions in the field. 相似文献
12.
Α three‐year, non‐irrigated field study was conducted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 at the Southern Weed Science Research Unit farm, Stoneville, MS to study the effects of rye cover crop residue, soybean planting systems, and herbicide application programs on the control, density and biomass of several weed species and soybean yield. The soybean planting systems comprised 19 cm rows with high plant density, 57 cm rows with medium plant density, and 95 cm rows with low plant density. The herbicide programs evaluated were pre‐emergence, postemergence, pre‐emergence followed by postemergence, and no herbicide. Flumetsulam and metolachlor were applied pre‐emergence, and acifluorfen, bentazon, and clethodim were applied postemergence. The presence or absence of rye cover crop residue and a soybean planting system did not affect weed control of the species evaluated (browntop millet, barnyard grass, broadleaf signal grass, pitted morningglory, yellow nutsedge, Palmer amaranth and hyssop spurge), when herbicides were applied, regardless of the application program. In addition, rye cover crop residue was not an effective weed management tool when no herbicide was applied, because density and biomass of most weeds evaluated were higher than a no cover crop residue system. Among soybean planting systems, narrow with high plant density soybeans reduced density of grasses, broadleaf weeds and yellow nutsedge by 24–83% and total weed biomass by 38%, compared to wide with low plant density soybeans. Although weed pressure was reduced by narrow with high plant density soybeans, herbicide applications had the most impact on weed control, weed density and biomass. All herbicide programs controlled all weed species 81–100% at two weeks after postemergence herbicide applications, in comparison to no‐herbicide. Density of grasses and all broadleaf weeds as well as total weed biomass was lower with the pre‐emergence followed by postemergence program than these programs alone. Soybean yields were higher in the pre‐emergence followed by postemergence, and postemergence only programs than the pre‐emergence alone program. Planting crops in narrow rows is one cultural method of reducing weed pressure. However, even with the use of this cultural practice, prevalent weed pressure often requires management with herbicides. 相似文献
13.
Weirich JW Shaw DR Owen MD Dixon PM Weller SC Young BG Wilson RG Jordan DL 《Pest management science》2011,67(7):781-784
BACKGROUND: Glyphosate‐resistant (GR) crops have changed the way growers manage weeds and implement control strategies. Since the introduction of GR crops, growers in many instances have relied on glyphosate almost exclusively to control a broad spectrum of weeds. This overreliance on glyphosate has resulted in the evolution of glyphosate resistance in some weed species. Growers and scientists are concerned about the sustainability of GR crops and glyphosate. When a grower is making decisions about weed control strategies, economic costs and benefits of the program are primary criteria for selection and implementation. Studies across six states were initiated in 2006 to compare the economics of using a weed resistance best management practice (BMP) system with a grower's standard production system. RESULTS: Resistance BMP systems recommended by university scientists were more costly but provided similar yields and economic returns. Rotation of GR crops resulted in a higher net return (maize and soybean) compared with continuous GR crop (cotton or soybean) or rotating a GR crop with a non‐GR crop (maize). CONCLUSION: Growers can implement weed resistance BMP systems with the confidence that their net returns will be equivalent in the short run, and, in the long term, resistance BMP systems will prevent or delay the evolution of GR weeds in their fields, resulting in substantial savings. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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15.
我国杂草学研究现状及其发展策略 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
杂草学是研究杂草发生、危害及其防治理论和防治技术的科学。需要通过在群落、种群、个体、细胞、分子水平上研究杂草的生物学生态学、生理生化、多样性,揭示杂草形成、演化和发生危害的本质规律性,发展生物、生态、化学等防除技术,建立杂草有效治理技术与杂草资源综合利用相结合的杂草可持续管理体系。立足于解决中国杂草防治实践中应用基础性问题,为我国农业生产安全和环境保护保驾护航。确立杂草生物学与生态学、杂草化学防治技术、杂草生物防治技术、杂草综合防治技术等研究领域,在杂草的起源与演化、杂草群落演替规律和生物除草剂等3个与其他学科交叉的重点方向,加强国际协作力争突破,并引领相关应用基础研究、人才队伍和研究机构的发展。 相似文献
16.
The efficiency of weed control practices could be improved if their timing is linked to weed emergence dynamics. A study was conducted in a pre‐alpine valley in northern Italy to evaluate whether the phenological phases of some perennial plants could serve as reliable indicators of time of weed emergence and thus be an alternative to bioclimatic models for supporting management decisions. Weed emergence was observed from 2003 to 2004 in five sites at different altitudes. The emergence dynamics of the main weeds were modelled with a Gompertz model. The phenology of 10 common shrubs and a tree was monitored by visual assessment. The flowering and fruit‐ripening phases of the most useful shrubs were modelled with a lognormal model. Correlation analysis between the two functions was used to study the correspondence between plant phenology and weed emergence. Flowering and fruit‐ripening phases of the shrubs were well described by the lognormal model. The correlation analysis between the lognormal model and Gompertz model showed correspondences between the phenological phases and emergence dynamics of the main weeds. The proposed method can be used to examine shrub phenology–weed emergence correlations and consequently for supporting weed management, under certain conditions. 相似文献
17.
Multivariate analysis in weed science 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B. J. POST 《Weed Research》1988,28(6):425-430
Weed species in arable ecosystems are adapted to the conditions produced by agricultural management. In order to give preventive and curative guidelines to weed management one needs to predict the composition of the weed vegetation after certain (soil) cultivation measures. Dormancy mechanisms of seeds in the seedbank and the environmental conditions in the furrow before and after cultivation are usually such that the vegetation composition is heterogeneous. Multivariate analyses enable us to describe and classify weed vegetation and to analyse its relationship to environmental factors. 相似文献
18.
HANWEN WU STEVEN R. WALKER VIKKI A. OSTEN GEOFF ROBINSON 《Weed Biology and Management》2010,10(3):185-193
Field studies were conducted at two locations in southern Queensland, Australia during the 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons to determine the differential competitiveness of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars and crop densities against weeds and the sorghum yield loss due to weeds. Weed competition was investigated by growing sorghum in the presence or absence of a model grass weed, Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta). The correlation analyses showed that the early growth traits (height, shoot biomass, and daily growth rate of the shoot biomass) of sorghum adversely affected the height, biomass, and seed production of millet, as measured at maturity. “MR Goldrush” and “Bonus MR” were the most competitive cultivars, resulting in reduced weed biomass, weed density, and weed seed production. The density of sorghum also had a significant effect on the crop's ability to compete with millet. When compared to the density of 4.5 plants per m2, sorghum that was planted at 7.5 plants per m2 suppressed the density, biomass, and seed production of millet by 22%, 27% and 38%, respectively. Millet caused a significant yield loss in comparison with the weed‐free plots. The combined weed‐suppressive effects of the competitive cultivars, such as MR Goldrush, and high crop densities minimized the yield losses from the weeds. These results indicate that sorghum competition against grass weeds can be improved by choosing competitive cultivars and by using a high crop density of >7.5 plants per m2. These non‐chemical options should be included in an integrated weed management program for better weed management, particularly where the control options are limited by the evolution of herbicide resistance. 相似文献
19.
Nooshin Shahbazi Ken C. Flower J. Nikolaus Callow Ajmal Mian Michael B. Ashworth Hugh J. Beckie 《Weed Research》2021,61(1):25-34
Weeds and weed control are major production costs in global agriculture, with increasing challenges associated with herbicide‐based management because of concerns with chemical residue and herbicide resistance. Non‐chemical weed management may address these challenges but requires the ability to differentiate weeds from crops. Harvest is an ideal opportunity for the differentiation of weeds that grow taller than the crop, however, the ability to differentiate late‐season weeds from the crop is unknown. Weed mapping enables farmers to locate weed patches, evaluate the success of previous weed management strategies, and assist with planning for future herbicide applications. The aim of this study was to determine whether weed patches could be differentiated from the crop plants, based on height differences. Field surveys were carried out before crop harvest in 2018 and 2019, where a total of 86 and 105 weedy patches were manually assessed respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that across the 191 assessed weedy patches, in 97% of patches with Avena fatua (wild oat) plants, 86% with Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) plants and 92% with Sonchus oleraceus L. (sow thistles) plants it was possible to distinguish the weeds taller than the 95% of the crop plants. Future work should be dedicated to the assessment of the ability of remote sensing methods such as Light Detection and Ranging to detect and map late‐season weed species based on the results from this study on crop and weed height differences. 相似文献