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1.
Summary Genetic variability in the apple [Malus] fruit disorder bitter pit and fruit calcium concentrations ([Ca]) was determined in 25 seedling families at each of two sites from 1999 to 2000 and again for one site, in 2001. Most trees were free of pit or had low pit incidence, which could be approximated by an over-dispersed binomial distribution. A genetic component to external and internal pit incidence was found across both sites and all years. This effect was irrespective of the use of several cropping factors, average fruit weight or fruit mineral concentrations as covariates in the analyses. Year and/or site always had substantial effects on pit incidence. Interactions of genetic effects with site or year were also detected with large differences in mean pit incidence between sites or years for some families but not others. No relationship was found between mean family pit incidence and mean family [Ca] or mean family harvest date. However fruit [Ca] and harvest date were usually important predictors of within-family variation in pit incidence. For any one seedling, family had the largest effect on bitter pit incidence followed by site and [Ca] and the smallest effect was that of harvest date. [Ca] showed a strong genetic component and estimated family means of [Ca] were consistent at different sites and years. These results suggest that susceptibility of apple genotypes to bitter pit in breeding programmes may be best assessed through screening across multiple sites and seasons. Fruit [Ca] might be useful as an indirect selection index for bitter pit within, but not among families. 相似文献
2.
Differences in DNA methylation patterns might lead to differences in fruit maturation time in the citrus Satsuma, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we explored the differences in methylation patterns during fruit ripening in Satsuma among 20 early‐ and late‐maturing Satsuma varieties and compared DNA methylation patterns in two Satsuma cultivars (Ooita wase and Aoshima unshiu) at different developmental stages using methylation‐sensitive fragment length polymorphism (MSAP) analysis. We cloned and sequenced DNA from different bands to identify differentially methylated genes involved in fruit ripening. The internal methylation of CCGG sequences occurred more frequently in the early‐maturing Satsuma cultivars (8.47%) than the late‐maturing cultivars (6.74%), whereas the external methylation of CCGG sequences occurred less frequently in the early‐maturing cultivars (24.98%) compared to the late‐maturing types (27.27%). Genes encoding the G protein α subunit and zinc‐binding protein of the histidine triad (HIT) family and two unknown genes homologous to expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences (CX052976.1 and CX071135.1) were found to be modified by methylation during the fruit ripening process. These findings suggest that DNA methylation might play important roles in regulating fruit ripening in Satsuma. Our results lay the foundation for analysing the molecular mechanism underlying fruit ripening in this important citrus crop. 相似文献
3.
Almond is a highly heterozygous species with a high number of S‐alleles controlling its gametophytic self‐incompatibility system (GSI). In this work, we have analysed 14 Spanish local almond cultivars for S‐RNase allele diversity. Five new S‐RNase alleles were identified by cloning and sequencing, S31 (804 bp) in ‘Pou de Felanitx’ and ‘Totsol’, S32 (855 bp) in ‘Taiatona’, S33 (1165 bp) in ‘Pou d’Establiments’ and ‘Muel’, S34 (1663 bp) in ‘Pané‐Barquets’ and S35 (1658 bp) in ‘Planeta de les Garrigues’. Additionally, seven already known almond alleles could be recognized in the local cultivars studied. The high number of new alleles identified reveals the wide diversity of almond germplasm still existing and requiring characterization, and points to the possibility of new findings by a wider study focusing on other provenances. The almond S‐RNases have been compared to those of other Prunus species, showing a high identity and confirming that the S‐RNase gene in this genus presents a probable common ancestor. 相似文献
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Two plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars ‘Black Splendor’ (BS) and ‘Royal Rosa’ (RR) were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at 3 concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) along the on-tree fruit development: 63, 77 and 98 days after full blossom (DAFB). On a weekly basis, fruit samples were taken for measuring fruit size and weight and parameters related to quality. Results revealed that MeJA was effective in increasing fruit size and weight, the 0.5 mM being the most effective for BS cultivar and 2.0 mM for RR. At harvest, those fruit treated with 0.5 mM MeJA had the highest firmness and colour Hue values. Total acidity was also generally higher in MeJA-treated fruit than in controls, while the content of total soluble solids remained unaffected. In addition, total phenolics and total antioxidant activity were found at higher concentrations in 0.5 and 2.0 mM MeJA-treated than in control fruit over at last 3 weeks of fruit development for BS and RR cultivars, respectively. Overall results suggest that MeJA could be a promising preharvest tool to increase plum size and quality with enhanced bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, although the optimum concentration is cultivar dependent. 相似文献
6.
Most cultivars that belong to the Rosaceae are self‐incompatible and depend on cross‐pollination. The pollen donor and pollen recipient have to flower synchronously and must be genetically compatible. Genetic compatibility is governed by the S‐locus, which holds the S‐RNase and S‐haplotype‐specific F‐Box (SFB) genes. Thus, the S‐genotype of cultivars is an important feature and is characterized molecularly by the S‐RNase and SFB alleles which are distinctive for each S‐haplotype. Here, we report the usage of DNA chromatography (denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography – DHPLC) for identifying the S‐genotypes of European apricots on the basis of their SFB alleles. DHPLC is amenable to high‐throughput automation, and therefore is valuable for breeding and for high‐quality plant typing in the nursery. 相似文献
7.
QTL for maize grain yield identified by QTL mapping in six environments and consensus loci for grain weight detected by meta‐analysis 
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下载免费PDF全文 Limei Pan Zengqi Yin Yaqun Huang Jingtang Chen Liying Zhu Yongfeng Zhao Jinjie Guo 《Plant Breeding》2017,136(6):820-833
Grain yield is the most important and complicated trait in maize. In this study, a total of 498 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a biparental cross of two elite inbred lines, 178 and P53, were grown in six different environments. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was conducted for three grain yield component traits (100 grain weight, ear weight and kernel weight per plant). Subsequently, meta‐analysis was performed after a comprehensive review of the research on QTL mapping for grain weight (100, 300 and 1000) using BioMercator V4.2. In total, 62 QTLs were identified for 100 grain weight, ear weight and kernel weight per plant in six environments. Forty‐three meta‐QTLs (MQTLs) were detected by meta‐analysis. A total of 13 candidate genes homologous to eight functionally characterized rice genes were found, and four candidate genes were located in the two hot spot regions of MQTL1.5 and MQTL2.3. Our results suggest that the combination of literature collection, meta‐analysis and homologous blast searches can offer abundant information for further fine mapping, marker‐assisted selection (MAS) breeding and map‐based cloning for maize. 相似文献
8.
Maria Imaculada Zucchi Augusto Lima Diniz Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira 《Plant Breeding》2013,132(6):731-735
The aim of this study was to construct and characterize an SSR‐enriched genomic library for Passiflora alata, a fruit species native to the Brazilian plateau and the eastern Amazon region. There is potential to improve this crop, as the fruit is attractive because of its pleasant aroma and flavour characteristics. Of 862 sequences, 391 (45%) were found to have SSRs. We identified 412 microsatellites: 69% were classified as perfect, 23% imperfect, 5% interrupted and 3% were compound microsatellites. The main types of repeat sequences were dinucleotide (62.5%) and trinucleotide (23%) repeats. It was possible to design 312 primer pairs, and 229 of them were synthesized and tested. The amplicons were electrophoresed using denaturing and non‐denaturing gels to screen for divergence between two phenotypically distinct parents of a mapping population of P. alata. Length and conformation polymorphisms within repeat sequences amounted to 35% and 28%, respectively. The importance of the development of SSR markers for sweet passion fruit and the effectiveness of the SSCP approach to increase the available number of polymorphic SSRs are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Andrea Arias Aguirre Bruno Studer Javier Do Canto Ursula Frei Thomas Lübberstedt 《Plant Breeding》2014,133(6):765-770
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) displays a two‐locus gametophytic self‐incompatibility (SI) system that remains intact at the tetraploid level. Two models are plausible for SI in autotetraploids. In Model I: both alleles at the S locus and both at the Z locus in diploid pollen matching the female genotype results in incompatibility. In Model II: only one allele at S and one at Z locus in diploid pollen matching the female results in incompatibility. The goals were to determine which of the models best explains SI in our autotetraploid ryegrass population and to evaluate the efficiency of high‐resolution melting (HRM) genotyping for discriminating different iso‐allelic genotypes. The progeny of a cross between two autotetraploids was characterized with three HRM‐based markers co‐segregating with Z. Segregation ratios were used to make inferences about the mode of action of the SI system. The observed segregation differed significantly (P < 0.001) from the expected under Model I, but not from the expected under Model II (P = 0.463). Thus, Model II explains SI in this population, and HRM is an efficient tool to distinguish different iso‐allelic genotypic classes. 相似文献
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Hiroyoshi Iwata Mai F. Minamikawa Hiromi Kajiya-Kanegae Motoyuki Ishimori Takeshi Hayashi 《Breeding Science》2016,66(1):100-115
Recent advancements in genomic analysis technologies have opened up new avenues to promote the efficiency of plant breeding. Novel genomics-based approaches for plant breeding and genetics research, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS), are useful, especially in fruit tree breeding. The breeding of fruit trees is hindered by their long generation time, large plant size, long juvenile phase, and the necessity to wait for the physiological maturity of the plant to assess the marketable product (fruit). In this article, we describe the potential of genomics-assisted breeding, which uses these novel genomics-based approaches, to break through these barriers in conventional fruit tree breeding. We first introduce the molecular marker systems and whole-genome sequence data that are available for fruit tree breeding. Next we introduce the statistical methods for biparental linkage and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping as well as GWAS and GS. We then review QTL mapping, GWAS, and GS studies conducted on fruit trees. We also review novel technologies for rapid generation advancement. Finally, we note the future prospects of genomics-assisted fruit tree breeding and problems that need to be overcome in the breeding. 相似文献
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《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2007,43(1):1-13
Disorders occurring during long-term storage of pears can cause economic loss, especially when disordered fruit cannot be distinguished externally from sound fruit. A typical category of disorders in pear fruit is related to internal browning of the flesh and the presence of cavities. In this review, information which appeared in the literature in the last decade has been integrated into a generic model for the development of storage-related browning disorders in pear. In this model it is assumed that browning disorders are caused by an imbalance between oxidative and reductive processes due to metabolic gas gradients inside the fruit, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The latter may induce loss of membrane integrity which becomes macroscopically visible through the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds to brown coloured polymers. The development of disorders during postharvest ripening and storage of fruit also depends on a range of preharvest factors such as climate conditions and crop load. Methods to evaluate the incidence of browning disorders nondestructively have been reviewed. 相似文献
13.
《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2007,45(3):307-311
The sensory characteristics of fruit skins were determined for a range of produce including large fruit (apples, pears, and tomatoes) and small fruit (grapes, strawberries, blueberries, and cherry tomatoes). These results provided a context within which to study the sensory properties of skins from novel kiwifruit (Actinidia). The kiwifruit skins ranged from the edible skins of grape-sized Actinidia arguta through to the brown hairy toughened skin of A. delisiosa, which is usually considered inedible. Generally, the removal of the peel resulted in a significant decrease in chewing force, bite firmness and bitterness. As expected, the peel on its own was generally perceived as requiring more chewing force, and was bitterer than peeled fruit. Conversely, the peel was significantly less sweet than either the peeled or unpeeled fruit. The effect of the peel on the eating experience is largely influenced by the size of the fruit. 相似文献
14.
Summary Previous reports on the inheritance of fruit dimensions in Capsicum suggested two contradictory views: independent inheritance of individual dimensions vs inheritance of a shape index, i.e., length/width ratio.The F2 of a cross between parent lines that differed in fruit size and weight but had similar shape indices exhibited intermediate dominance in fruit weight and in fruit width for small size. The correlation between fruit shape (as measured by the length to width ratio) and fruit weight in the F2 was small and not significantly different from zero. The two variables, fruit width and fruit length, accounted for 90% of the variation in fruit weight. Apparently one can select for fruit weight in the F2 independently of fruit shape. 相似文献
15.
Heritabilities for each of three different height and width ratios describing fruit shape were estimated from measurements
on a population of seedlings comprising 17 families of European and Asian pear parentage in the Hort Research pear cultivar
breeding programme. In families with European cultivars as parents, the pyriform curvature in the upper, or stem end, half
of the fruit was also quantified and heritabilities estimated. Heritabilities were computed using parent-offspring regression
and from consideration of the variance components. Heritabilities estimated from parent-offspring regression were generally
high and higher than those estimated from variance component analysis, although within the limits of error. Heritability estimates
for the height: maximum width ratio were > 0.5 by both methods of estimation indicating that fairly rapid genetic gain could
be expected.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Self-pollination vs. cross-pollination in almond: pollen tube growth, fruit set and fruit characteristics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pollen tubes reaching the ovary, fruit set and the main fruit characteristics of six self‐compatible genotypes (‘Marta’, ‘Antoñeta’, ‘Guara’, ‘Lauranne’, ‘S2332’ and ‘S4017’) of almond were studied after self‐ or cross‐pollination. No significant differences after self‐ or cross‐pollination were found in the number of pollen tubes reaching the ovary, the percentage of ovaries finally penetrated, fruit set and fruit characteristics. The results showed the possibility of obtaining suitable fertilization, yields and quality of fruits by self‐pollination of self‐compatible almond cultivars in a single cultivar orchard. 相似文献
17.
Prapinporn TaesakulNoodjarin Pradisthakarn Suchanya ChantaksinopasJingtair Siriphanich 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2012,64(1):91-93
Longkong fruit abscission was found to be sensitive to external ethylene at concentrations as low as 0.05 μL L−1. Ethylene induced fruit drop at the junction between the main peduncle and the calyx, at a clear abscission zone. Fruit drop at the junction between calyx and the fruit, however depended on an external force. There may or may not be an abscission zone at this site. Dipping longkong fruit in 200 μL L−1 NAA solution delayed fruit abscission and slightly reduced ethylene production. NAA application was also found to reduce the effect of external ethylene treatment. Applications of 1 μL L−1 1-MCP for 6 h minimized the effect of external ethylene and almost doubled storage life of longkong. The combination of NAA and 1-MCP treatment did not give a synergistic effect. 相似文献
18.
Development of a molecular marker for self‐compatible S4′ haplotype in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) using high‐resolution melting 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Claudia Muñoz‐Espinoza Evelyn Espinosa Roberto Bascuñán Sebastián Tapia Claudio Meneses Andréa Miyasaka Almeida 《Plant Breeding》2017,136(6):987-993
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) has stylar gametophytic self‐incompatibility, which is controlled by the multi‐allelic S‐locus and encompasses the highly polymorphic genes for the S‐ribonuclease (S‐RNase) and S‐haplotype‐specific F‐box (SFB), which are female and male determinants, respectively. The self‐compatible mutant SFB4′ corresponds to an allele variant of SFB4 and presents a frameshift mutation. Even though male‐determinant molecular markers can discriminate between SFB4 and SFB4′ alleles, the methods required are laborious, time‐consuming and expensive, and not suitable for massive analysis and integration into breeding programmes. Our aim was to develop molecular markers for the evaluation of self‐compatibility alleles in sweet cherry, that could be used as a high‐throughput screening strategy to identify SFB4 and SFB4′ alleles, based on a marker for male determinacy. Our results were consistent using primers flanking the mutation responsible for the SFB4′ allele. We designed a specific molecular marker and confirmed it in sweet cherry commercial varieties. This new molecular marker is feasible for self‐compatibility alleles in the male determinant in sweet cherry‐assisted breeding programs. 相似文献
19.
Oscar Goñi María T. Sanchez-Ballesta Carmen Merodio María I. Escribano 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2010,55(3):169-173
In order to obtain a better understanding of the active defense strategy of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) fruit, hydrolytic and antifungal activity, as well as expression of proteins functionally and immunogenically related to the pathogenesis-related proteins chitinase (PR-Q) and 1,3-β-glucanase (PR-2), were estimated in fruit at different ripening stages. Increase in expression of the 27 kDa constitutive chitinase and the induction of two new proteins, a 26 kDa chitinase and a 51 kDa 1,3-β-glucanase were associated with enhanced in vitro hydrolytic and antifungal activity of the acidic protein extract in ripe fruit. Ripening modified the expression of constitutive basic isoenzymes, with a sharp decrease in both relative accumulation and hydrolytic activity. Likewise, a new basic 33 kDa chitinase was induced in the over-ripe fruit, concomitant with accumulation of a basic constitutive 76 kDa 1,3-β-glucanase. At this stage, the basic protein extract modified in vitro growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea. Short-term high CO2 treatment delayed fruit ripening and maintained a similar distribution of activity and isoenzymatic pattern in both protein fractions to that in unripe fruit. These results indicate that the changes in the pattern of defense proteins and hydrolytic activity in cherimoyas appear to be associated with ripening. Moreover, unlike the constitutively expressed isoenzymes, only the transitorily induced chitinases and 1,3-β-glucanases were associated with an active defense-related response. 相似文献
20.
Mechanical properties, such as strength and elasticity, of tomato peel (exocarp) are important in fruit used both for industrial processing and for fresh consumption, and, therefore, are also of vital interest to breeders. The food industries prefer peel to be thick and stiff for easy peeling, whereas consumers of fresh produce prefer thin, soft peel, for easy eating. The various varieties of tomato fruit genetically developed by breeders might exhibit the desired quality or biomechanical characteristics, but at the same time, might produce types of peel that do not always meet the requirements of the canneries or the fresh-fruit market. The present study evaluated the morphology and mechanical characteristics of the fruit skin and its integrated cuticular membranes, and determined their suitability for industrial processing and/or human consumption. The biomechanical and anatomical properties of fruit peels of five tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars were investigated. The mechanical properties of ripe tomato peel under axial tension were characterized by measuring strength, elastic modulus, failure stress, overall stiffness and degree of stiffening, by means of deformation and puncture testing of flat strip and circular disk samples, respectively, with a Universal Testing Machine. Data were collected by two testing methods for each peel sample from up to 15 fruit of each of five cultivars. The results were analyzed statistically to determine the instantaneous elastic strains, breaking stress (strength), and work of fracture the peels. The overall stiffness and the extent to which the stress–strain curve deviated from a straight line were calculated. The results suggested a standard measure for each tomato variety, based on its mechanical integrity and suitability for processing or fresh consumption. 相似文献