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不同基因型小麦产量和氮利用效率的差异及其相互关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为给氮高效利用小麦品种的选育提供科学依据,通过土培盆栽试验,以河南省大面积种植的20个小麦品种为材料,比较分析了不施氮(N0)、施纯氮180 kg·hm-2 (N180)、360 kg·hm-2 (N360)三种施氮水平下不同基因型小麦产量、氮素积累量、氮利用效率和氮响应度的差异及其相互关系.结果表明,在同一施氮水平下,不同基因型间、相同基因型不同施氮水平间小麦产量、氮积累总量、氮利用效率和氮响应度存在显著差异.与N0相比,施氮处理的籽粒产量、生物学产量、籽粒氮素积累量、氮素积累总量均显著提高,大多数品种的收获指数表现为施氮处理大于不施氮处理,但多数小麦品种的氮素收获指数却随施氮水平增加而降低.相关分析表明,籽粒产量与氮素积累量呈极显著正相关(rN0=0.944**,rN180＝0.919**,rNs60＝0.981**),氮利用效率与氮素积累量之间亦呈极显著正相关(rN0=0.944*,rN180 =0.919*,rN360＝0.982*).以氮利用效率和氮响应度为指标进行系统聚类分析,将供试基因型划分为高效弱响应、高效强响应、低效弱响应和低效强响应4种类型.由此说明,在现代高产小麦的育种过程中,高肥育种兼顾低肥水平下的表现,在一定范围内可同时对小麦氮高效利用和氮强响应型进行遗传选择. 相似文献
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硫肥对玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用影响的基因型差异 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
以我国夏玉米主产区的34个玉米基因型(6个自交系,4个特用玉米和24个杂交种)为试验材料,通过不同硫肥供应水平的大田试验,分析了硫肥对玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用的影响.结果表明,施用硫肥促进了玉米对营养元素的吸收,植株氮、磷、钾的积累总量平均比未施用硫肥的对照分别增加6.07%、11.89%和19.31%,肥料利用效率提高.硫肥对氮、磷、钾吸收利用的影响不完全相同,并且存在明显的基因型差异施用硫肥后,自交系氮、磷、钾的收获指数和利用效率均有大幅度提高;杂交种的氮素收获指数和利用效率均有所提高,磷素利用效率下降,但是不同基因型的变化程度差异较大;另有17个杂交种的磷素收获指数降低,10个杂交种的钾素收获指数和14个杂交种的钾素利用效率降低. 相似文献
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为了研究施氮量对不同氮效率冬小麦品种苗期生长及其生理特性的影响,通过水培试验,选用小偃128(氮低效低响应型)、陕农78(氮低效高响应型)、西农2208(氮高效低响应型)和小偃503(氮高效高响应型)等4个不同氮效率的冬小麦品种,以氮水平和品种基因型分别为主、副处理,测定了苗期生长过程中叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、光合特性和硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)等生理指标及地上、地下干物质量和含氮量。结果表明,苗期不同氮效率基因型小麦叶片SPAD值、NRA和光合速率及植株含氮量在一定施氮范围内随着施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理较不施氮处理均有显著增加,而同一施氮处理不同基因型品种间差异不大。 相似文献
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选用27个小麦品种为材料，通过盆栽试验的方法，研究了各品种的施钾响应度，以明确不同小麦品种间钾素营养特性的差异。结果表明，供试小麦品种钾效率及其对施钾响应度存在显著的基因型差异，27个品种可分为低效低响应型、低效高响应型、高效低响应型、高效高响应型4种类型。其中，豫麦25号、郑州9023、豫麦9号和豫麦34为第一种类型，豫麦41号、丰优7号、济麦2号、郑麦9405、新麦11、郑农16和豫麦68为第二种类型，豫麦18、温麦8号、豫麦69、豫麦60、新矮早958、郑州9689、周麦16、高优503、豫展1号、新麦9号、兰考3号、兰考6号、豫麦49、兰考4号、偃师4110为第三种类型，太空6为第四种类型。在钾胁迫奈件下小麦成熟期生物学产量及其施钾响应度与小麦籽粒产量及其施钾响应度之间均呈极显著的正相关关系，可作为评价不同小麦品种钾效率高低和对施钾效应大小的参考指标。在供试土壤条件下。不同小麦品种钾效率与其钾利用效率呈显著的正相关。 相似文献
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为了延长磷素的利用期限，降低作物生产成本及提高籽粒与秸秆的比值，有必要提高小麦利用磷素的有效性。本文对小麦有效利用磷素的几种定义做了回顾，报道了基因型间磷素利用效率的差异。讨论了具有较高磷素效率的一些小麦育种成果，并提高了选育高磷素效率小麦基因型的方法。 相似文献
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农杆菌敏感小麦基因型的筛选研究 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
基因型是影响农杆菌转化植物的主要因素之一,筛选对农杆菌敏感的小麦基因型对于进一步提高小麦转化效率具有重要意义.利用c58C1农杆菌菌系（含GUS基因）感染不同小麦品种的幼穗和幼胚,共培养后进行X-Gluc组织化学染色检测,以筛选对农杆菌敏感的小麦基因型.结果表明,83个小麦基因型的幼穗经农杆菌感染后,GUS基因表达率66.7%～82.8%,CA9924、北农49、西农2611、京冬11等基因型对农杆菌感染比较敏感,多数基因型对农杆菌感染不敏感.80个小麦基因型的幼胚经农杆菌感染后,GUS基因表达率在10.0%以上的基因型仅占3.8%,没有GUS基因表达的基因型多达71.3%,绝大多数基因型对农杆菌感染不敏感;当幼胚与农杆菌的共培养在滤纸上进行时,97H2169、轮选208、兰考906、扬麦6号等基因型对农杆菌感染非常敏感,GUS基因表达率达到50.0%～93.3%,没有GUS基因表达的基因型下降到36.8%.表明不同小麦基因型以及相同基因型的不同外植体对农杆菌的敏感性存在着显著差异,兰考906、扬麦6号、西农2611、京冬11等基因型是农杆菌转化小麦较为理想的受体材料;滤纸上共培养方式更有利于农杆菌对小麦外植体的侵染,GUS基因表达率平均比固体培养基共培养方式高16.6个百分点. 相似文献
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提高氮素利用效率是促进农业可持续发展的重要举措之一。为研究高、低氮条件下不同氮效率小麦的根系特征及其生理特性,以3个高效吸收利用氮素（氮高效）小麦品种与3个低效吸收利用氮素（氮低效）小麦品种为试验材料,分析了水培条件下高氮和低氮处理对小麦根系特征和硝酸盐转运蛋白基因表达水平的影响;并分析了大田条件下高氮和低氮处理对不同时期小麦氮代谢关键酶（硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶）活性和氮素积累量的影响。结果表明,在高氮和低氮处理下,氮高效品种的根尖数、根长、根体积、根表面积和根活力均显著高于氮低效品种。氮高效品种的6个硝酸盐转运蛋白基因（ TaNRT2.1、 TaNRT2.2、 TaNRT2.3、 TaNAR2.1、 TaNAR2.2和 TaNAR2.3）的平均相对表达量均显著高于氮低效品种。高氮和低氮处理下,不同时期氮高效品种的硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性以及氮素积累量均显著高于氮低效品种;与高氮处理相比,低氮处理下氮高效品种和氮低效品种的硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性以及氮素积累量均有所降低,其中氮低效品种降低幅度较高。这说明不同氮效率材料在根系相关性状、硝酸盐转运、氮代谢关键酶活性以及氮素积累量存在显著的基因型差异。综上所述,在低氮条件下,小麦根系形态、根系活力、硝酸转运蛋白相关基因和氮代谢关键酶活性对氮素吸收具有重要的调控作用,其综合改良可为氮高效小麦品种的选育提供帮助。 相似文献
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不同基因型大豆磷镁养分互作效应初探 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了探究不同大豆基因型对磷和镁互作的响应，从而在养分缺乏条件下，指导磷和镁肥施用，提高大豆产量，通过盆栽试验，对磷高效大豆基因型HN89和磷低效大豆基因型HN112进行了高低磷（高磷500μmol/L，低磷25μmol/L KH2PO4）处理以及高低镁（高镁1 000μmol/L，低镁0μmol/L MgSO4·7H2O）处理，分析了大豆的生长情况和根系形态指标的变化，并且测定了植株对磷、镁、钾和钙的吸收情况。结果表明，磷是限制大豆生长的主要因素，增加磷的施用，能改善大豆的生长状况，增加生物量，磷处理显著影响大豆的地上部镁含量、钾含量和钙含量；而镁处理显著影响大豆对镁和钙的吸收，但对钾的吸收没有影响。同时，磷和镁处理对大豆镁吸收的影响存在显著的交互作用，低镁处理下，增加磷的供应只能够显著增加磷高效基因型植株体内镁含量，而在高镁处理下，增加磷的供应，无论磷高效还是磷低效大豆基因型的植株体内镁含量均显著增加。相关性分析结果表明，磷低效大豆HN112地上部镁含量与磷含量存在显著的正相关关系，表明磷能促进镁的吸收，磷镁存在互作；并且地上部的镁含量与钾和钙含量之间也只在磷低效大豆HN112中呈显著正相关关系，表明，镁与磷、钾、钙的互作受大豆基因型的影响。因此，在农业生产中，选择适宜的大豆品种，并进行磷、镁肥的合理配合施用，更有利于大豆高产高效的栽培。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》1998,58(1):35-53
A field experiment was conducted in the dry season at Los Baños, Philippines, to assess the differences in grain yield and N utilization of 10 medium-duration (119±4 days after seeding [DAS]) genotypes and 10 long-duration (130±4 DAS) ones with varying acquisition and usage of soil and fertilizer N. Significant differences among genotypes were observed in grain yield and N uptake, efficiency and partitioning parameters (physiological N use efficiency [PNUE], agronomic N use efficiency [ANUE], apparent recovery [AR], partial factor productivity of applied N [PFPN], N productivity index [NPI], and N harvest index [NHI]). The N-efficient genotypes that produced high grain yield at both low and high levels of N were IR54790-B-B-38, BG380-2, BG90-2 (medium-duration), and IR3932-182-2-3-3-2, IR54853-B-B-318, and IR29723-88-2-3-3 (long-duration). Inefficient genotypes that produced low yields at low N levels but responded well to N application were IR58125-B-B-42, IR49457-33-1-2-2-2, and BG34-8 (medium-duration), and IR8192-200-3-3-1-1, IR21848-65-3-2-2, and PR106 (long-duration). IR20 (medium) and Palawan (long-duration) were N-inferior genotypes giving low yields at both low and high N levels. Increase in grain yield was highly correlated with N uptake (r2=0.75**). The grain yield-N uptake relationship for individual genotypes indicated significant differences in slope and in the yield obtained with soil N (GY0). Differences in GY0 were due to genotypic variation in N uptake and efficiency of use. NHI was related to both N uptake and use efficiency. NPI, which integrated both GY0 and PNUE, provided a better ranking of genotypes. The performance of efficient and inefficient genotypes over a range of soil and fertilizer N supply was consistent over three seasons of trials. 相似文献
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不同玉米自交系氮效率的分析 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：5
试验在4个氮处理水平上对8个玉米自交系的氮效率进行了研究。结果表明,玉米自交系在产量、生物量和氮累积量上存在显著的差异。据氮效率分析,黄C属低氮、高氮处理下产量均较高的双高效型,340属低氮高效型自交系,00冬属高氮高效型自交系,C8605属低氮、高氮处理下产量均较低的双低效型自交系。通径分析表明,在3个施氮处理中氮吸收效率对氮效率的作用均大于氮利用效率对氮效率的作用,且低氮下吸收效率对氮效率的作用大,高氮下利用效率对氮效率的作用大。 相似文献
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通过水稻不同施磷量及运筹试验,探讨对产量及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明：以每667m^2施P_2O_5 8kg,即基施P_2O_5 50％（4kg／667m^2）＋倒5叶50％（4kg／667m^2）产量最高;同时合理磷肥用量能显著提高磷肥利用率,特别是提高拔节至抽穗期吸磷量是提高水稻产量重要途径;最佳施磷量及运筹,当季磷肥利用率在35％左右,成熟期植株最佳含磷为0．555％,百公斤稻谷吸磷量以1．11kg为最佳。 相似文献
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为给春小麦养分科学管理提供参考,采用大田小区试验,以春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,研究了肥料施用量对小麦不同密度群体籽粒产量与品质形成的调控效应。结果表明,施肥与群体密度对春小麦产量具有明显的互作效应。低施肥水平下,春小麦产量随群体密度的增加而增加;中高施肥水平下,产量随群体密度增加出现波动,但均高于低施肥水平的产量。群体密度的增加降低了收获穗数饱和度、穗粒数及籽粒面筋含量,但增加了籽粒容重;施肥量的增加提高了穗粒数、千粒重和面筋含量;群体密度和施肥量对小麦加工品质的影响较为复杂,且对不同基因型品种的调控效应不同。 相似文献
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不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
以杂交稻F优498为材料,研究了高、低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻主要生育期氮素吸收利用特征、产量及米质的影响,并探讨了不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖和氮肥运筹对结实期剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质的形成的影响。结果表明,不同土壤肥力下,麦秆覆盖均有效促进杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累,提高了氮素利用效率以及稻谷产量,增加了稻米蛋白质含量、稻米胶稠度,显著降低了稻米垩白度以及垩白粒率,且高土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖优于低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理。同时,不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理,均以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为3∶3∶4的氮肥运筹模式最优,均能有效调节水稻灌浆结实期叶片SPAD值,提高水稻氮素吸收利用效率及稻谷产量;但稻米品质方面,高土壤肥力以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为5∶3∶2时最佳;而低土壤肥力可适当提高氮肥后移比例,以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥=3∶3∶4最佳。相关分析表明,水稻灌浆期剑叶SPAD值与稻米出糙率、整精米率以及蛋白质含量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.47*~0.90**);与垩百度、垩白粒率负相关,但相关未达显著水平;而高土壤肥力下稻米品质各项指标分别与齐穗后19~27d剑叶SPAD值,低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与齐穗后13~19d剑叶SPAD值相关系数最大。 相似文献
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S.M. Haefele S.M.A. Jabbar J.D.L.C. Siopongco A. Tirol-Padre S.T. Amarante P.C. Sta Cruz W.C. Cosico 《Field Crops Research》2008
Water and nutrient availability are two major constraints in most rice-based rainfed shallow lowland systems of Asia. Both stresses interact and contribute to the low productivity and widespread poverty in this environment. The objective of this study was to improve the understanding of interaction between the two factors and to identify varietal characteristics beneficial for productivity in a water- and nutrient-limited rice environment. For this purpose, we screened 19 rice genotypes adapted to different rice environments under two water and two nutrient treatments during the wet season of 2004 and 2005 in southern Luzon, Philippines. Across all genotypes tested and in comparison with the irrigated control, rainfed conditions reduced grain yield of the treatment without N application by 69% in 2004 and by 59% in 2005. The mean nitrogen fertilizer response was highest in the dryer season of 2004 and the rainfed treatment, indicating that water stress had no effect on fertilizer response. Nitrogen application reduced the relative yield loss to 49% of the irrigated treatment in 2004 and to 52% of the irrigated treatment in 2005. Internal efficiency of N (IEN) and recovery efficiency of applied N (REN) were significantly different between genotypes, but were not affected by water availability (REN) or by water and nutrient availability (IEN). In contrast, grain yield and total N uptake were affected by cultivar, N and water availability. Therefore, germplasm for rainfed environments should be screened under conditions of limited and good nitrogen and water supplies. The four best cultivars, CT6510-24-1-2, IR55423-01, IR72, and IR57514-PMI5-B-1-2, performed well across all treatments and both years. Except for IR72, they were all characterized by medium height, medium duration, high early vigor, and a moderate level of drought tolerance. This combination of characteristics seems to enable the optimal use of limited water and nutrient resources occurring in many shallow rainfed lowlands. We also concluded that moderate drought stress does not necessarily affect the response to moderate N rates, provided that drought does not induce high spikelet sterility and that fertilizer N is properly managed. 相似文献
18.
以7个不同血缘的紫玉米杂交组合ZS11、ZS15、ZF39、FS11、SF38、FG01、68G1为试验材料,研究不同基因型紫玉米氮素吸收利用的基因型差异。结果表明,不同基因型紫玉米植株氮素含量和积累量均存在显著差异,紫玉米植株氮素含量在整个生育期间均呈逐渐下降趋势,氮素积累量呈上升趋势。7个品种中成熟期子粒产量高、吸氮总量大、氮素利用效率高的组合为SF38和68G1。通径分析和相关分析表明,氮素利用效率对不同品种产量的高低起主要作用,氮素吸收总量对产量的作用相对较小。从氮素的阶段积累与产量的关系来看,开花期至灌浆期吸氮量增加有助于紫玉米产量的提高,其次为大喇叭口期至开花期。 相似文献
19.
Sulfur fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by increasing nitrogen uptake 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Fernando Salvagiotti Julio M. Castellarín Daniel J. Miralles Hugo M. Pedrol 《Field Crops Research》2009
Nitrogen (N) fertilization plays a central role for improving yield in wheat and high N use efficiency (NUE) is desired to protect ground and surface waters. Several studies showed that sulfur (S) fertilization may increase NUE, but no attempts have been made to explain whether this increase is due to greater recovery efficiency (RE), an enhanced internal efficiency (IE) or by an improvement of both efficiencies. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different N and S fertilizer rates, and their interaction on N uptake, its partition at maturity, NUE and its main components. Field experiments were carried out during two consecutive growing seasons in the Argentinean Pampas using a single bread-wheat genotype grown under different combinations of N and S fertilizer rates. Additional experiments were performed in farmer fields using N and S fertilization evaluating different genotypes in order to analyze the components of NUE in other environmental conditions. Plant N uptake increased linearly in response to N addition until rates of ca. 80 kg N ha−1. Sulfur addition showed no effect at the lowest N fertilizer rate, but N uptake was increased when S was applied at the highest N rate, revealing a synergism between both nutrients. At the lowest S rate RE was 42%, and increased to 70% when S fertilizer was added. No changes in IE in response to S fertilization were observed. These results were also observed in farmer field experiments, in genotypes that showed different IE. This study showed that S addition increased NUE mainly by increasing the N recovery from the soil. Thus, the concurrent management of N and S is important for reducing the potential pollution of residual soil nitrate by increasing N recovery from the soil while sustaining high nitrogen use efficiency. 相似文献