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1.
青海民和官亭盆地喇家遗址古耕作土壤层微形态研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用Leica-DMRX偏光显微镜对喇家遗址剖面不同土壤发生层的薄片进行了观察和影像定量分析,旨在阐明青海民和官亭盆地喇家遗址古耕作土壤层和现代耕作土壤层的发育过程和微形态特征。齐家文化时期古耕作土壤层(Ah2/Ap4)的微形态特征主要表现为粗颗粒,呈现圆状-次圆状,C/F15μm值呈现低值,排列显示弱定向,常见亚胶膜状和团聚状淀积黏土,大量的针状方解石微晶分布在孔隙边沿,孔隙度较高,主要是以圆形孔洞、囊孔占优势,孔隙壁光滑。辛店文化时期古耕作土壤层(Ah1/Ap3)与Ah2/Ap4层的主要微形态特征相似,只是C/F15μm值呈现相对高值,亚胶膜状和团聚状淀积黏土比例减少。相比于古耕作土壤层(Ah1/Ap3,Ah2/Ap4),现代耕作土壤层(Ap1)主要表现为粗颗粒,呈现次棱角状-次圆状,含有大量浓聚物状残积黏土和极少量亚胶膜状淀积黏土,含有大量的针状方解石微晶,孔隙度较低,且C/F15μm值趋于升高。古耕作土壤层Ah2/Ap4和Ah1/Ap3皆为黑垆土,它们分别是在全新世中期大暖期的环境背景之下,齐家文化时期和辛店文化时期人类简单耕作和古生物气候条件下的产物。Ap1层为淡灰钙土,它是距今约1 500年以来人类施加土粪、农业耕作和沙尘暴堆积的综合产物,其特征主要受到人类活动强度和方式的控制。  相似文献   

2.
选取重庆市境内分别由夹卵石黄色黏土(PC)、黄色黏土(YC)、红色黏土(RC)等更新统沉积物发育的6个典型旱地和水田土壤剖面为研究对象,探讨其土壤特性及系统分类归属。结果表明,PC发育的旱地土壤富含砾石且无铁锰斑纹,YC发育的旱地土壤不含砾石但有铁锰斑纹,RC发育的旱地土壤耕作层以下黏粒淀积明显。在PC和YC发育的水田土体内,上部土层的有机质累积明显且彩度较下部低,游离铁在下部土层有明显聚积,而母质为RC的水田土体内游离铁则迁移不明显。3个旱地土壤分别被划归为普通简育湿润雏形土、普通铁质湿润雏形土和红色铁质湿润淋溶土3个亚类,3个水田土壤则分别被划归为普通铁聚水耕人为土和普通简育水耕人为土2个亚类,共可建立6个土族和6个土系。YC发育的普通铁质湿润雏形土有铁锰斑纹存在,这是古水文条件的反映,现已完全脱离地下水的影响,故不再具有潮湿土壤水分状况;沉积物特征、区域气候等会影响旱地土体内黏粒的淋溶淀积,进而影响其土纲划分;水耕活动使更新统沉积物发育的雏形土和淋溶土演变为水耕人为土;地块筛选、坡改梯、拣拾等人为活动会显著减少PC发育的水田土体内砾石含量,影响其土族控制层段的颗粒大小级别判定。  相似文献   

3.
商丹盆地黄土母质发育土壤的微形态特征及其诊断意义   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
阐明商丹盆地黄土母质发育土壤的微形态特征及其诊断意义。以茶房村土壤剖面为研究对象,在Lical偏光显微镜下对土壤形成物、粗颗粒、孔隙等微形态单元的类型、空间分布及变化进行了研究。结果表明,与上部淋溶层和下部母质层相比,Bt层(110~230 cm)黏土大量聚集且淀积黏土含量/残积黏土含量的比值(Ki/r)很高、但黏土胶膜不发育,粗颗粒数量减少、粒径降低,孔隙个体增大及边沿更加平滑;矿物成分趋于单一。这些微形态特征证实了Bt属于典型的"黏化层",结合成土因素检索,此土壤可归为简育湿润淋溶土。  相似文献   

4.
澧阳平原古水稻土铁形态演变特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
刘沛  周卫军  顾海滨  李娟  郭子川  肖彦资 《土壤》2015,47(6):1151-1156
采用野外采样与室内分析的方法,研究了澧阳平原杉龙岗遗址埋藏古水稻土与现代耕作水稻土铁形态、含量变化及剖面演变特征,探讨了土壤铁形态变化与成土过程的关系。结果表明:澧阳平原现代耕作水稻土与埋藏古水稻土铁形态及含量分别为:全铁31.61~35.10 g/kg和33.97~46.88 g/kg,游离铁8.88~13.92 g/kg和11.10~20.36 g/kg,无定型铁2.52~4.06 g/kg和2.64~3.35 g/kg,结晶态铁5.06~11.40 g/kg和8.46~17.43 g/kg。澧阳平原水稻土各形态铁含量除无定型铁外,其他形态铁含量总趋势为埋藏古水稻土现代耕作水稻土,且古水稻土各形态铁分异明显。现代耕作水稻土全铁、游离铁、结晶铁含量均呈现随深度加深而增加趋势,而无定型铁则相反,且各形态铁含量波动性较小;埋藏古水稻土全铁含量随土层增深而增加,无定型铁含量呈现微幅增加趋势,但游离铁和结晶铁含量变化有异,PA剖面减少,PC剖面增加,埋藏古水稻土中各形态铁含量变化趋势多样。澧阳平原古水稻土的铁有明显的淋溶淀积特征,不同形态铁在各土层变异较大,埋藏古水稻土铁富集明显。  相似文献   

5.
亚热带加积型红土很好地记录了中国南方第四纪以来风化特征及其变化趋势,但相应风化强度下古土壤成壤细节仍尚待进一步揭示。本文以庐山东麓海会剖面（L-HH）为研究对象,借助土壤微形态研究方法分析不同风化强度下古土壤成壤特征,并结合粒度、色度、磁化率、地球化学等指标,进一步探讨加积型红土成土环境及网纹机制。结果表明：（1）加积型红土土壤基质以黏土、胶体为主,并具有一定铁质侵染。沿剖面自下而上,胶体含量由70%减少至50%,黏土胶体与碎屑配比由8:2逐渐变化为6.5:3.5,成壤强度呈减弱趋势。（2）土壤孔隙和形成物类型沿剖面的变化差异较好地记录了土壤水分及其干湿变化。网纹红土层以线状大孔道为主,连通性好,铁质迁移活跃,铁锰质胶膜沿孔道分布且多层叠置,部分铁质胶膜有脱色现象,指示水分充足,干湿变化频繁。网纹黄棕色土层大孔道减少,孔洞、囊状孔隙增加,有一定连结性,铁锰胶膜多沿孔隙壁淀积,铁锰质结核也尤为丰富,指示水分减少,干湿变化仍然频繁。黄棕色土层,孔道极少,以面状裂隙、囊状及不规则状孔隙、孔洞为主,连结性差,淀积胶膜多为扩散-团聚型,水分少,铁游离程度降低。（3）土壤孔隙及其发育程度与网纹化程度有较好的对应关系,裂隙产生、加宽、连通是网纹化的物理学基础。（4）剖面土壤微形态特征与粒度、色度、磁化率等环境指标间有良好对应关系,是解读红土形成环境、季风演化和网纹化机制的重要土壤学指标。  相似文献   

6.
在亚巴拉马州田纳西流域,对棉花生长期的三种耕作法,在天然降雨条件下引起的地表径流和土壤流失进行了小区试验研究.传统耕作法产生的土壤流失量最大,其次是少耕法无覆盖和少耕法有覆盖(冬小麦覆盖作物).依据传统耕作的最晚栽培时间,将作物生长季节划分为两个时期,在第1个时期里所有耕作处理小区的土壤流失量,占总土壤流失量85%以上.在播种阶段,传统耕作小区产生径流最大,而在其它所有生长阶段,少耕无覆盖小区产生的径流最大.在高强度降雨条件下,两种少耕法比传统耕作产生更大的径流量.少耕有覆盖、少耕无覆盖及传统耕作试验小区,3年平均籽棉产量分别为2223,2123,2076kg/ha.由于耕作方法不同,籽棉产量也不同.在干旱年景,水土保持耕作法的经济效益明显超过传统耕作法.1987年在作物种植前和临界生长期,因为连续两次干旱,使少耕有覆盖小区出现了严重减产现象.  相似文献   

7.
干热河谷区耕作侵蚀作用下坡面水力侵蚀特性   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为了研究耕作侵蚀对坡面水动力学特性的影响,选择金沙江干热河谷地区的坡耕地作为研究对象,采用放水冲刷的试验方法,探讨耕作侵蚀影响侵蚀区土层厚度和作为侵蚀物源传输纽带这2种耕作侵蚀形式作用下坡面水动力参数的变化与分布规律,并分析坡面水动力参数与坡面产流和土壤剥离速率之间的关系。结果表明:耕作侵蚀区不同耕作侵蚀强度处理中,随着耕作侵蚀强度的增大,坡面产流速率和土壤剥离速率均呈现增大趋势;0~35年耕作侵蚀强度处理下坡面水流流态主要表现为紊状缓流,耕作侵蚀强度达到40年时则为紊状急流;阻力系数呈现随耕作侵蚀强度增大而减小的趋势,剪切力则呈增大的趋势。在耕作沉积区不同耕作位移处理中,随着耕作位移量的增大,坡面产流速率呈减小趋势,而土壤剥离速率呈增大趋势;0,12 kg/m的耕作位移处理下坡面水流流态主要表现为紊状急流,当耕作位移量达到21 kg/m,即下坡部位的细沟因土壤耕作位移被完全填充时,水流流态则为紊状缓流;随着耕作位移量的增大,阻力系数表现为增大趋势,剪切力则呈减小趋势。将坡面产流速率、土壤剥离速率与水动力参数进行相关性分析后,发现雷诺数能够较好的描述耕作侵蚀作用下坡面水力侵蚀状态。研究结果为干热河谷区坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理及治理方法提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

8.
土壤侵蚀作用对黄土高原黏化层鉴定和淋溶土分类的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
张蕾  张凤荣  李超  靳东升 《土壤通报》2021,52(2):261-268
黏化层是淋溶土的首要诊断标准。一般情况下,黏化层是在长期相对稳定的湿润淋溶条件下形成的。但黏化过程很可能因为气候变化和土壤侵蚀作用而被打断。本文以山西土系调查16个淋溶土剖面为研究对象,通过对各剖面黏化层与上覆下伏层、各剖面间的基本特征及其理化性状分析,探索土壤侵蚀作用对黄土高原黏化层鉴定和淋溶土分类的影响。结果表明:（1）黄土高原16个淋溶土剖面中大多数黏化层与上覆层之间的形态特征过渡明显,胶膜、黏化率、粉黏比以及石灰性强弱等理化性质均表明黏化层主要是淋溶淀积的结果;（2）根据诊断层与诊断特性,将这16个淋溶土剖面进一步分为表蚀铁质干润淋溶土、石化钙积干润淋溶土、简育钙积干润淋溶土和普通简育干润淋溶土等不同亚类;（3）表蚀亚类的黏化率明显低于其他几个亚类,而粉黏比与之相反;（4）依据胶膜存在而被鉴别为黏化层的诊断层是古土壤黏化层受地质剥蚀作用剥蚀后而出露地表的。这一结果与土壤系统分类诊断剖面只限于近地表1.5 m、最多不超过2.0 m深度有关,而如果按土壤地理发生分类,则这些古土壤黏化层会被认定为“红黏土母质”并在土属一级得到反映。  相似文献   

9.
不同机械深耕的改土及促进作物生长和增产效果   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
长期不合理耕作导致土壤结构性能恶化、土壤耕性变差,限制作物根系下扎、影响土壤生产潜力发挥。为了改善土壤耕层构造,该试验采用自主研发的改土机械ES-210型深松犁和前置式心土(亚表层)耕作犁进行深耕,以灭茬旋耕(常规耕作)为对照,进行大区耕作对比试验。结果表明:1)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,耕层土壤固相率分别降低1.6%~3.3%、2.8%~4.5%,液相、汽相相对增加,三相比更趋于合理化;打破犁底层,降低耕层土壤硬度,其中20~35 cm土层效果更为明显;耕层土壤有效水含量上升1.1%~1.2%、0.9%,束缚水(无效水)含量下降0.4%~1.1%、0.5%~0.9%。2)深松、亚表层耕作处理比对照根长增长,其中甜菜增长5.1%、2.9%,大豆增长11.5%、13.2%;干物质积累量增加,其中甜菜增加2.3%~4.1%、3.1%~4.8%,大豆增加7.8%~10.0%、10.4%~13.6%;3)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,其中甜菜增产8.5%、12.6%;大豆增产5.0%、6.1%;深松及亚表层耕作改土处理分别比对照增收1003.3、1454.4元/hm2,其中收益大小为亚表层耕作处理深松处理对照。可见,采用ES-210深松犁及心土耕作犁深耕改土,改变了土壤耕层构造,起到扩库增容的效果;改善了作物根系生长环境,提高了作物产量,为今后农业耕作机械的发展提供了技术支撑。  相似文献   

10.
南疆平原干旱土的微形态特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
通过野外调查 ,应用扫描电镜和偏光显微镜等手段 ,结合理化分析 ,研究了南疆平原干旱土的微形态特征和母质成因。结果表明 :南疆平原干旱土含有大量的由砂质原生矿物组成的骨骼颗粒 ,在这些颗粒之间填充着细粉砂质原生矿物及由隐晶质、微晶质碳酸盐和粘粒所组成的细粒物质。大部分原生矿物外形完好。同一剖面从表层向下骨骼颗粒增多 ,细粒物质减少。南疆平原干旱土的基本垒结类型为斑晶骨骼嵌埋状、聚积状和漂白砂型微垒结。土壤形成物主要是铁质、碳酸盐和石膏浓聚物 ,石灰、石膏的形态和其含量有关。碳酸盐一般以内晶霜形式存在 ,含量高时出现自生方解石颗粒、胶膜、凝团、凝块和凝粒 ;石膏以隐晶质、微晶质及针状、纤维状晶体的方式散布于细粒物质当中 ,石膏含量高时呈纺锤形晶体 ;在铁质粘化层中粘粒和粉砂明显增多 ,铁质浓聚物以铁染基质存在。石英砂表面超微结构特征表明 :南疆平原干旱土的母质搬运距离较短 ,同一剖面有不同的成因或多种成因组合 ,各种成因的母质都受到风成作用的影响 ,具有风蚀、风积的特征。  相似文献   

11.
To estimate the impact of water percolation on the nutrient status in paddy fields, the seasonal variations of the concentrations of cations, anions, inorganic carbon (IC), and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water that was collected from just below the plow layer (PW-13) and from drainage pipes at the 40 em depth (PW-40), as well as in irrigation water were measured in an irrigated paddy field. Total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn leached from PW-13 during the period of rice cultivation were estimated to range from about 390 to 770, 65 to 130, 33 to 66, 340 to 680, and 44 to 87 kg ha-1, respectively. Amounts of losses that were estimated from the differences between the input by irrigation water and the output by percolation water from the plow layer corresponded to 11 to 26, 22 to 47,5.9 to 12, and 13 to 26% of exchangeable Ca and Mg, amorphous Fe, and easily reducible Mn in the plow layer, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn in PW13 were higher than those in PW-40. The amounts of these nutrients that were retained in the subsoil between the 13 em and 40 em soil depth corresponded to 83, 86, 61, 99, and 89% of the amounts that percolated from the plow layer, respectively. Total amounts of IC and DOC that percolated from the plow layer ranged from 750 to 1,500 and 85 to 170 kg-C ha-1, which corresponded to 5.0 to 10.0% and 0.6 to 1.1% of the total carbon content in the plow layer, respectively. Eighty eight % of IC in the percolating water from the plow layer was also retained in the subsoil.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Besides supplying calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) to plants, gypsum has recently been used in agriculture to ameliorate some soil physical and chemical properties, especially to alleviate aluminum phytotoxicity in subsoils. When applied in large quantities, however, gypsum may leach significant amounts of nutrients from the plow layer. This study was conducted to assess the effect of gypsum addition to the soil on the magnitude of cation leaching as well as the relationship of leaching with some soil properties in a group of seven Brazilian soils. Rates of gypsum equivalents to 0, 5.0, 10, and 20 t ha?1 (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 g kg?1) were mixed with triplicate soil samples consisting of 3.0 kg of dry base soil. After 60 days of incubation at room temperature (15–25°C), the experimental units were packed into polyvinyl chloride leaching columns (32‐cm‐high×10 -cm-diameter) at a density of 0.9 g cm?3. Thereafter, they were percolated once a week with a volume of distilled water equivalent to 1.5 times the total soil porosity over 11 weeks. Soil samples were collected before the first and after the last percolation, for chemical analysis. Averaged across soils, 11 percolation events leached about 26% of each Ca, magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) from the treatment without gypsum. Averaged across soils and rates, addition of gypsum leached 41–94% of added Ca, 13–90% of exchangeable Mg, and 13–58% of exchangeable K, and the highest losses occurred on the sandiest soils. The relationship between soil parameters and Ca leaching varied with gypsum rate: in the treatments that received gypsum, leaching was negatively related to cation exchange capacity (CEC), clay, and organic matter, and positively correlated with sand; in the treatment with no gypsum, leaching correlated with the same parameters above, nevertheless, all coefficients presented opposite signs. Leaching of K caused by gypsum was negatively associated with clay and positively with sand, whereas leaching of Mg was poorly correlated with any soil parameter. Gypsum is a good source to promote high and fast downward movement of Ca in the soil profile, but rates must be cautiously chosen because of excessive leaching of Mg especially on soils with low CEC.  相似文献   

13.
Sugarcane is the main crop in Kitadaito Island, Okinawa, Japan. The average yield in Kitadaito Island for the past 30 years (1985–2015) was 44 Mg ha?1, 31% lower than that (64 Mg ha?1) in Okinawa Prefecture. Among the reasons for the low sugarcane productivity in Kitadaito Island, the effects of soil and cultivation factors have not been sufficiently studied. The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate the effects of soil physical and chemical properties and cultivation factors on sugarcane yield and sugar content in 50 fields of Kitadaito Island, and ii) to clarify factors affecting the sugarcane yield and sugar content. Statistical analysis of classification and regression trees (CART) showed that the sugarcane yield was low in fields with low available nitrogen (less than 16.5 mg kg?1) and with shallow plow layer depth (less than 29 cm). The soil available nitrogen had a significant positive correlation with soil humus (r = 0.39, P < 0.05). Two-times of subsoiling in the field before planting and during growing periods resulted in the significant increase of the depth of plow layer, compared to the fields with single and no subsoiling. A high sugar content was obtained in fields with exchangeable Mg more than 3.8 cmolc kg?1 and pH(H2O) less than 7.2. Our study therefore concluded that soil management practices for sugarcane production in Kitadaito Island should primarily be focused on available nitrogen, plow layer depth, and soil exchangeable Mg and pH.  相似文献   

14.
田间原位不同深度入渗试验是表达土壤分层状态、展示土层物理分异以及定量土壤剖面水功能变化的关键。为了探究不同深度水稻土的入渗能力及保水作用,该研究以华东稻麦轮作区小农户长期机械化耕整模式下代表地块的土层分异为目标,设计田间原位不同深度入渗试验。在试验地块内开挖7个不同深度的入渗坑并在坑底进行入渗试验,然后渗透48 h分层测取土壤含水率,研究不同坑底深度（坑深）土壤的入渗能力和入渗后各土层含水率的变化。结果表明,不同深度入渗试验准确表达了不同坑深土壤的水分入渗及土层持水分异,同时也能清晰地鉴别出犁底层所在位置和厚度,犁底层始于15 cm深,且耕作层与犁底层分异明显,耕作层平均紧实度为1 005.79 kPa,犁底层平均紧实度为1 910.73 kPa;土壤剖面分析表明,耕作层土壤形态疏松,根系分布稠密,犁底层土壤容重大,孔隙度小,透水性差,心土层土壤铁锰斑点较多,结构性差;土壤入渗参数随坑深的增加而减少,其中0～15 cm坑深范围内平均的平均入渗速率和累计入渗量分别为>20～30 cm的17.04倍和18.06倍;通过对比初始含水率和渗透48 h后含水率,得到坑深在15 cm范围内的...  相似文献   

15.
干旱区长期膜下滴灌农田耕层土壤盐分变化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
孟超然  颜林  张书捷  危常州 《土壤学报》2017,54(6):1386-1394
新疆地处干旱地区,水资源短缺,膜下滴灌作为有效的节水灌溉技术在新疆农业生产中广泛使用。但新疆同时是盐碱化普遍发生的地区,采用滴灌技术后,传统灌溉的灌溉洗盐过程随之消失,且该地区灌溉水矿化度较高,对土壤盐分有一定的补充作用,因此滴灌技术虽然节水增产效果明显,但长期滴灌可能导致土壤盐分积累,降低土壤质量。通过监测一个长期膜下滴灌、面积约为224 km2的农场15a农田土壤盐分含量,对长期膜下滴灌土壤盐分含量的变化进行研究,研究结果可为膜下滴灌土壤盐分管理提供科学依据。以位于新疆北部玛纳斯河流域的新疆生产建设兵团第八师147团农田为研究对象,通过收集该团场自1996年至2010年记录的农田耕层盐分和养分指标的分析数据,利用统计学知识及地理信息系统技术,对不同滴灌年限下土壤耕层盐分变异特征及土壤耕层盐分与其他土壤指标的相关性进行研究。研究表明:(1)在滴灌的第一个3年周期内,土壤耕层盐分平均含量从3.13 g kg-1降低至3.00 g kg-1,降幅达4.2%,但经12年滴灌年限,土壤耕层盐分从3.13 g kg-1升高至4.81 g kg-1,升高了53.7%;(2)在五个监测周期(15 a)内,土壤盐分含量明显上升,研究区土壤耕层盐分含量集中分布在4~10 g kg-1,土壤耕层多为中度盐化土和重度盐化土;(3)长期膜下滴灌导致土壤耕层盐分发生重新分配,全团范围内农田盐分含量分布接近正态分布。本研究条件下,长期膜下滴灌会造成土壤耕层盐分积累,滴灌水携带的盐分对土壤盐分有一定的补充作用;采用2~3年进行一次大水洗盐以及培肥土壤、提高土壤有机质含量对防止滴灌土壤积盐具有重要作用。  相似文献   

16.
中国耕作层土壤剥离利用研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过分析中国耕作层土壤剥离利用研究现状,提出耕作层土壤剥离利用的关键问题和主要方向.运用文献调研法,剖析中国耕作层土壤剥离利用在类型、土壤调查评价、剥离、储存和回覆等技术环节,以及组织管理模式等方面的探索与实践.现阶段中国耕作层土壤剥离利用研究以实证分析为主,研究对象主要为试点市县和部分单独选址项目;耕作层土壤剥离利用工作暂无统一遵循的规范程序和技术体系,各技术环节均缺乏标准提炼;理论研究比较薄弱,暂未形成规律性总结.今后中国耕作层土壤剥离利用的研究重点是:健全完善规章制度,加强监督管理;规范耕作层土壤剥离利用程序,制订实施的技术标准;建立和完善耕作层土壤剥离利用相关的激励和约束机制;吸收国外耕作层土壤剥离利用的有益经验,探索在中国更具可行性和可操作性的路径和方法.以期为有效保护耕地资源,稳定粮食生产及保护生态环境提供科学指导.  相似文献   

17.
The leaching of nutrients from the plow layer by water percolation and their accumulation in the subsoil observed in a Japanese paddy field (Katoh et al. 2004: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 50, 721-729) were determined semi-quantitatively in a soil column experiment. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Mn2+, Fe2+, and phosphate in percolating water from the plow layer soil column were retained in the subsoil columns that were connected to the plow layer soil column. Fe2+, K+, and phosphate accumulated in the uppermost part of the subsoil. Accumulation of Fe2+ in the uppermost part of the subsoil was presmnably due to the cation exchange process with concomitant desorption of Ca2+. In contrast, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in percolating water from the plow layer soil colmnn accumulated once in the subsoil, and translocated downwards slowly with successive water percolation. Considerable amounts of inorganic carbon (IC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water from the plow layer soil column were also retained in the subsoil columns. IC did not accumulate a gaseous form.  相似文献   

18.
Long-term tillage negatively affects soil aggregation, but little is known about the short-term effects of tillage. We investigated the effects of intensive tillage (moldboard plowing) and conservation tillage (chisel plowing) on aggregate breakage during tillage in a long-term study located in the semiarid Ebro river valley (NE Spain). The type of tillage resulted in different soil aggregate distributions. In the 0–5-cm and 5–10-cm soil layers, chisel plowing decreased dry mean weight diameter (DMWD) 29% and 35%, respectively, while moldboard plowing decreased DMWD by only 2% and 16%, respectively. The decrease in DMWD was mainly due to breaking of large aggregates ranging (2–8 mm) into small aggregates (<0.5 mm). Tillage method had no effect on water stability of 1–2 mm aggregates. The differences in DMWD demonstrate that the choice of the tillage implement can be a key factor in improving soil management and productivity. The surprising result that aggregate breakdown was greater with chisel than moldboard plowing needs further research to determine the mechanisms controlling aggregate breaking during tillage.  相似文献   

19.
In permanent no-till (NT), soil nutrients are no longer mixed into the topsoil as with moldboard plow/disking (MD), whereas chisel/disking (CD) does limited mixing. Surface broadcast and/or banded nutrient applications may result in high and low fertility zones in permanent NT, with possible implications for soil sampling and nutrient placement. We investigated effects of 25 years of continuous NT, CD and MD with corn planted in the same row locations on organic matter (SOM), pH-H2O and Mehlich-3 extractable phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Vertical distribution at 0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm depths was measured as well as horizontal distributions across corn rows. We observed higher SOM and P in NT and CD than in MD in the 0–15 cm layer. SOM content was greatest in the top 5 cm in NT, but declined sharply with depth. SOM content in CD was not as high at the surface as in NT, but did not decline as fast as in NT. SOM was uniform but low throughout the 0–15 cm depth of MD. In all tillage systems, SOM did not vary across rows. Soil pH was higher in the 0–5 cm layer of NT than the deeper layers but the reverse was true in the CD or MD treatments. Concentrations of P, K and Ca were higher in the surface 0–5 cm than 10–15 cm depth of all tillage systems, but most strikingly in NT and CD. Starter fertilizer injection resulted in higher P and lower pH in the injection zone of all tillage treatments, but most notably in NT. The pH was depressed under the band of side-dressed nitrogen with all tillage systems. Potassium accumulated in the rows of the previous crop, probably because it leached from crop residue that accumulated there. Tillage did not affect Mg distribution. Optimal nutrient management in NT should take account of horizontal and vertical nutrient and pH distributions. Samples in long-term NT could potentially be taken to a shallower depth if calibration curves are available. To avoid underestimating P and K availability or overestimate lime needs, high P or decreased pH bands should be avoided, as well as crop rows. Possibilities to reduce P and K applications with banding need more investigation. Results show the importance of regular liming in NT to maintain surface pH in the optimum range, but also show that lime does not have to be incorporated.  相似文献   

20.
The changes in total phosphorus (P) accumulation in the plow layer and in the contents of several P compounds in an upland Andosol with time and the effects of these changes on biomass production at the field level were investigated in relation to the continuous application of farmyard manure and compost (referred to as “farmyard manure”) and inorganic P for 9 y. 1) Inorganic P applied continuously without farmyard manure accumulated only in the plow layer of the upland Andosol, whereas the combined application of inorganic P and farmyard manure P led to the leaching below the plow layer, with a constant level (3.3–3.5 g kg-1) of P accumulation in the plow layer within several decades. In order to reach a constant P accumulation level, higher application of P shortened the time required for the accumulation. 2) Bray No. 2-P value in the plow layer increased with time and tended to become maximum only under the application of both inorganic P and farmyard manure. 3) Aluminum (AI) bound-P (AI-P) fraction in the plow layer of the Andosol increased continuously and quadratically with the cultivation, along with an accelerated decrease in the amount of iron bound-P (Fe-P) and residual-P fractions (Res-P) during the 9-y period. 4) Continuous application of farmyard manure accelerated the decrease in the organic P (Org-P) fraction, presumably due to promoting microbial activity in the plow layer. 5) During the 9-y period, differences in crop growth with and without continuous application of P became attenuated, suggesting that the availability of accumulated P in the plow layer of the Andosol farm field before the experiment increased for the subsequent crop cultivation. Continuous increase in the AI-P fraction with time was closely correlated with the increase in P availability of accumulated P for crop growth.  相似文献   

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