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1.
茂兰喀斯特森林亚优势种短萼海桐树干液流特征及其环境因子响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用热扩散液流探针,于2012年2月—2014年3月连续测定茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林的亚优势种短萼海桐的树干液流,同步测定气温、太阳辐射、降水量和土壤含水量等环境因子,分析海桐树干液流速率和整树蒸腾量在日、季节时间尺度和天气类型下的变化特征,以及液流速率与环境因子的关系。结果表明:海桐单株日均液流速率为(3.14±0.10)g H2O/m2·s中白天和夜间的液流速率分别为(5.20±0.17)g H2O/m2·s和(0.55±0.02)g H2O/m2·s,相差9.45倍。不同天气类型的液流速率表现为:晴天(5.71±0.15)g H2O/m2·s阴天(1.95±0.10)g H2O/m2·s雨天(1.65±0.10)g H2O/m2·s。海桐样树单株日均蒸腾量为(2.10±0.07)kg,范围为(0.09~8.05)kg,其中白天蒸腾量(1.94±0.06)kg和夜间补水耗水量(0.16±0.01)kg分别占日耗水量的92.38%和7.62%。各季节的单株日蒸腾量依次为:夏季(3.32±0.14)kg/d秋季(2.18±0.12)kg/d春季(2.14±0.12)kg/d冬季(0.76±0.05)kg/d。相关分析表明:在不同天气类型的各时段,液流速率均与气温、水汽压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关;太阳辐射在白天时段和全天尺度与液流速率呈极显著正相关;液流速率与降水量在雨天夜间呈极显著正相关,与土壤体积含水量在晴天、阴天的夜间及雨天所有时段呈极显著正相关。在相关分析的基础上,分时间尺度和天气类型建立了单株日均液流速率与环境因子的逐步回归方程。逐步回归结果表明:白天和夜间,影响海桐液流最主要的环境因子分别是太阳辐射和20cm层土壤体积含水量。晴天和阴天,气温对液流的影响高于其它环境因子,在雨天,太阳辐射则是主要影响因子。春季、秋季和冬季,海桐液流主要受太阳辐射控制,夏季则主要受VPD控制。太阳辐射、气温、VPD是影响海桐液流速率的主要环境因子,土壤水分是夜间补水液流的驱动因子。 相似文献
2.
干旱区内陆河流域中游低湿草地蒸散特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
以气象观测资料为基础,采用波文比能量平衡法(BREB)对低湿草地的蒸散进行了估算。结果表明,在一个完整年度内,试验地蒸散量(ET)为611.5mm,日均1.67mm。在牧草不同生长季节,ET变化剧烈,非生长期、生长初期、生长中期、生长末期分别为0.57mm/d、2.01mm/d、3.82mm/d和1.49mm/d,蒸散量分别占全年蒸散总量的18.26%、9.20%、61.83%和10.71%。ET月变化显示,从3月开始草地蒸散量有所增大,6月牧草进入生长中期后蒸散量迅速增大,到7月蒸散量达到最大,9月牧草进入生长末期,蒸散急剧减小;随着牧草生长终结和土壤冻结,蒸散量逐步减小,在11月中旬到次年2月蒸散基本停止。蒸散的日内变化规律显示,草地蒸散开始于早晨7:00～8:00,13:00左右达到最大,19:00～20:00蒸散趋于0。晴天蒸散强度远大于阴天。 相似文献
3.
使用西安浐灞生态区2011年4-10月(世园会期间)光合有效辐射PAR及邻近气象站观测资料,应用气候统计方法分析探讨了该地的PAR、光合有效辐射系数ηQ的基本变化特征及形成原因.主要结论有:4-10月西安世园会址的PAR为5 095.2 mol/m2,平均月、日总量分别为727.9 mol/m2,23.8 mol/(m2·d);PAR总量夏季大于春季,春季明显大于秋季,原因为罕见秋霖;PAR的日变化为中午大,早晚小,且春、夏季明显高于秋季,晴天日多为500～600 mol/m2,阴天日多为200～300 mol/m2.ηQ具有明显的月份和季节变化特征,拟合曲线呈双峰型,7月和10月为峰值月,5月和9月为谷值月;ηQ值夏季最大,秋季次之,春季最小;ηQ日变化特点为阴天日明显高于晴天日,二者平均相差0.47 mol/MJ.最后提出了适合西安的ηQ气候学经验计算公式. 相似文献
4.
盐池毛乌素沙地白榆树干液流研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用基于热扩散原理的ES-SF茎流测量系统,监测了盐池毛乌素沙地白榆树干液流的动态变化,同时用自动气象站记录附近的太阳辐射、最高与最低气温、空气相对湿度、风速等气象因子,探讨气象因子对树干液流的影响。结果表明:白榆树干液流日变化为多峰型,昼夜变化显著且夜间液流量小而稳定,晴天变化幅度最大,阴天变化幅度最小;树干液流主要集中在8:00-18:00,占全天液流总量的80%多;白榆树干液流变化趋势与环境因子变化趋势相吻合,相关性分析表明,影响液流变化的主要环境因子依次为太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度和风速。 相似文献
5.
以分析洱海流域地区水资源的时序变化特征为研究目标,利用国家气象局整编的大理气象站气象资料(1951-2009年),用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散量,分析了近59a来洱海流域地区降水和蒸散量的变化特征,并分析计算了相应的降蒸差及其演变特征。结果表明:(1)各年代降水量呈现了一个先减少后增加的变化规律,春季降水量有显著上升趋势,线性倾向值为13.6mm/10a,夏季各年代降水量呈现了一个先减后增加的变化规律,秋季降水量大体经历了"少-多-少"的变化过程,年降水量发生的两次突变都是由少雨期到多雨期,春季、夏季和冬季降水发生了明显的突变,春季和冬季突变后进入多雨期,而夏季进入少雨期;(2)年蒸散量在波动中有减少的趋势,达到7.8mm/10a,春季、夏季和冬季的蒸散量呈现波动变化特点,最近10a呈现显著减少的趋势,秋季的蒸散量呈现显著的减少趋势,达3.0mm/10a。年蒸散量和春季蒸散量存在明显的突变现象,但不是在同一时期发生,目前都处于低蒸散期;(3)年内降水量和降蒸差的逐月变化趋势基本相同,但月间分布不均衡,蒸散量逐月变化趋势呈现5月为最大值的近似单峰抛物线的线型分布;(4)未来本地区冬、春、秋季节干旱依然存在,影响作物尤其是坡耕地玉米和冬季大蒜的正常生长和发育。 相似文献
6.
黄土塬区农田蒸散的变化特征及主控因素 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
蒸散是水量平衡和能量平衡的重要组成部分,也是农田生态系统水分消耗的主要途径。为探究黄土塬区农田蒸散的日动态变化规律,运用涡度相关法、土壤水分及常规微气象观测系统等,于2013年作物生长季(4—10月)对试验区农田作物(冬小麦、春玉米)蒸散特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,降水对蒸散的影响较为显著,降水过后的日蒸散量较降水前会有所增加;农田0~100 cm土壤含水量变异系数较大,土壤水分变化剧烈,作物根系的集中分布范围在0~80 cm之间,因此0~100 cm土壤水分主要参与蒸散过程;晴天蒸散的累积量大于阴天,晴天和阴天的日均蒸散量分别为4.5、3.8 mm d-1,相差0.7 mm d-1。阴天蒸散开始的时间较晴天晚,阴天条件下的蒸散更易受到气象因子的扰动;不同天气条件下净辐射均为蒸散的主要影响因子,蒸散速率与净辐射变化趋势一致,但在时间上滞后于净辐射;在不同的土壤水分环境条件下,蒸散的过程和强度差异较大,水分胁迫条件下,全天蒸散量水平较低,"蒸散高地"的持续时间较长;而水分相对充足时,全天蒸散水平较高,"蒸散高地"持续时间较短,维持较高的蒸散速率的时间较长。 相似文献
7.
基于阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961—2012年逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith模型计算了逐日参考作物蒸散量,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、小波分析法,并结合ArcGIS软件对作物参考蒸散量的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:阿勒泰年和春季作物参考蒸散量呈增加趋势,而夏季、秋季和冬季作物参考蒸散量呈减少趋势。年和夏季的作物参考蒸散量分别在1994年、1992年发生突变,而春季、秋季和冬季的作物参考蒸散量则没有发生突变。年和四季的作物参考蒸散量都存在27 a的周期。空间分布上,年、春季、夏季和秋季的平均作物参考蒸散量呈自阿勒泰市南部和福海县西北部向东部、南部和西部逐渐递减的变化趋势。而冬季作物潜在蒸散量大致呈现自西向东逐渐递减。变化趋势上,春季潜在蒸散量在空间上都呈增加趋势,而年、夏季、秋季和冬季的潜在蒸散量在阿勒泰的东部呈增加趋势,在西部则呈减少趋势。 相似文献
8.
日光温室聚苯乙烯型砖复合墙保温蓄热性能 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
为研究聚苯乙烯型砖复合墙的保温蓄热特性,对聚苯乙烯型砖复合墙日光温室的室内外气温,后墙表面太阳辐射照度及其内部温度进行了测试分析。聚苯乙烯型砖复合墙由24 cm填充混凝土聚苯乙烯型砖、45 cm填土和5 cm混凝土板复合而成。测试结果表明,聚苯乙烯型砖复合墙内表面温度在阴天和晴天保温被闭合期间分别较室内气温高(2.5±0.2)℃和(5.4±1.4)℃。该墙体在阴天和晴天的放热区域分别为17 cm和30 cm,低于填土与混凝土板的厚度。填充混凝土聚苯乙烯型砖的热阻达到了2.93 m2 K/W,是当地日光温室后墙低限热阻的2倍。该结果表明聚苯乙烯型砖复合墙填土厚度及聚苯乙烯型砖热阻可满足墙体放热及保温的需求。另外,模拟结果表明,在同等室内外气温和墙体内表面太阳辐射的条件下,聚苯乙烯型砖复合墙在晴天和阴天保温被闭合期间的内表面温度与黏土砖夹心墙(24 cm黏土砖+10 cm聚苯板+24 cm黏土砖)相近。因此,聚苯乙烯型砖复合墙体保温蓄热性能良好,可用于取代黏土砖夹心墙。 相似文献
9.
太阳辐射是影响日光温室光、热环境的重要参数,准确获得温室内部墙体与地面的太阳辐射照度变化规律可对温室设计建造、温室内环境调控与作物生产起到重要的指导意义。该文在总结已有日光温室太阳辐射模型的基础上,通过气象数据,地球、太阳的运动规律以及太阳光线与日光温室前屋面入射角的关系,建立了较为完善的日光温室太阳辐射模型,并利用该模型对温室内部辐射规律进行分析。采用典型晴天数据对模型进行检验,结果显示计算值与实测值平均偏差最大为63.46 W/m~2,平均绝对误差最大为63.48 W/m~2,均方根误差最大为79.18 W/m~2,决定系数在0.95～0.99范围内。利用该模型分析温室内部辐射规律发现,相比不同位置屋面角度的影响而言,透光率受时间即太阳方位与太阳高度角的影响更大。温室墙体表面与地面太阳辐射照度随季节不断变化,春秋分是一年中墙体与地面接受太阳辐射时间最长的节气,该日墙体表面与地面太阳辐射照度大致相当。春分到秋分期间,地面辐射照度高于墙体表面;从秋分到春分期间,墙体表面太阳辐射照度大于地面。不同区域温室内太阳辐射日积累量主要受纬度影响,低纬度地区较高纬度地区而言,冬季太阳辐射日积累量大,夏季太阳辐射日积累量小。研究结果可为日光温室内墙体蓄热、屋面优化、作物种植、围护结构能量平衡等研究提供理论参考与相关数据。 相似文献
10.
不同水分灌溉下早稻各处理抽穗晚期群体光合效率相差甚微,晚稻则差异显著,未灌水仅为淹灌处理的39.3％。正常灌水下水稻晴天和阴天均出现光合“午睡”现象,晴天较阴天强烈。阴天上午9:00左右和下午15:00左右光合出现主次2个峰值,晴天全天最大峰值出现在上午10:00～11:00左右,而下午峰值则出现在17:00左右。监测数据表明,空气湿度和冠层CO_2浓度是影响水稻光合速率的主导环境因子,未灌水处理的光合日变化峰值在晴天会提前出现,而阴天则近似相反,晚稻各处理晴天和阴天均以淹灌处理光合速率最大,未灌水处理最小,配灌介于其间。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献