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1.
研究深圳城市绿地土壤水库特征及其相关影响因素,为海绵城市建设和城市绿地水土保持提供参考。针对不同类型绿地(交通、公园、小区)在不同深度土层(0—30 cm,30—60 cm)分析了土壤水库特征,并探究了土壤理化性质对土壤水库特征的影响。结果表明:深圳城市绿地土壤死库容及滞洪库容较低,但有效库容较大,约占总库容的68%,这表明深圳城市绿地土壤有较大的水分存蓄空间;交通绿地的总库容及死库容显著高于小区绿地、公园绿地(p0.05),公园绿地死库容显著高于小区绿地(p0.05),说明不同类型绿地的不同利用方式可影响绿地土壤死库容;深圳城市绿地土壤压实较为严重,透气性能差,非毛管孔隙度较低;土壤容重、孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、砂粒含量显著影响土壤水库,改善土壤理化性质能显著提高土壤水库库容;深圳绿地土壤死库容较低,有效库容较大,未来可考虑降低土壤压实、提高砂粒含量、改良土壤理化性质来大幅度提高土壤水库库容。  相似文献   

2.
上海中心城区典型绿地土壤物理性质特征研究   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
伍海兵 《土壤》2018,50(1):155-161
以浦西为主的上海中心城区典型公园和公共绿地土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查,分析绿地土壤基本物理特性、各物理性质的相关性以及不同植被类型对土壤基本物理性质的影响。结果表明:上海中心城区绿地土壤质地黏重,以粉(砂)质黏壤土为主;土壤体积质量偏高,37.72%的土壤超过《绿化种植土壤》要求;土壤孔隙较差,82.46%土壤非毛管孔隙度不符合标准要求,有高达95.61%绿地土壤总孔隙度不能满足植物正常生长;土壤饱和导水率较低,有86.85%的土壤小于5 mm/h;土壤持水能力差。除了饱和导水率与其他物理性质相关性不显著外,各物理性质均存在极显著相关性(P0.01)。乔木地和灌木地的土壤物理性质明显优于草地。建议增施砂子和有机基质等改良材料,减少绿地土壤压实和增加绿地中乔、灌木比例来改善城市绿地土壤物理性质,以期提升城市绿地生态功能发挥。  相似文献   

3.
三峡库区碎石含量对紫色土容重和孔隙特征的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
土壤容重和孔隙分布特征是土壤重要的基本物理性质,但有关含碎石土壤的物理性质以及碎石含量对土壤结构影响的研究尚不多见。三峡库区紫色土中存在大量的碎石,为了深刻了解和评价土壤中碎石对容重与大孔隙形成的可能作用,通过野外调查、典型土样采集和室内分析实验,探讨了三峡库区典型土地利用类型下土壤中的碎石体积含量以及不同粒径碎石的基本物理性质及其对土壤容重和孔隙特征的影响。结果表明:土壤中碎石的孔隙度和饱和含水率随着碎石粒径的减小而增大,小碎石本身具有一定的持水、供水性能;碎石含量对土壤的总容重、细土容重有显著影响,随着碎石含量的增加,土壤的总容重逐渐增加,而细土容重与碎石含量呈线性负相关关系,土壤中碎石的存在有利于改善土壤的结构;土壤孔隙分布特征与碎石含量密切相关,随着碎石含量的提高,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度呈减少趋势,而非毛管孔隙度即大孔隙呈增加趋势,碎石的存在有利于改善土壤的透水性能。本研究为山区农用地灌溉与水分管理提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
江西大岗山3种林型土壤水分物理性质研究   总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16  
对江西大岗山林区常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林和毛竹林土壤的容重、孔隙度、持水量和贮水量等物理性质进行了研究。结果表明:(1)常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和杉木人工林的土壤容重均随深度的增加而增加。在0~80 cm的土层中,杉木人工林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林的土壤容重分别为1.29 g/cm3,1.24 g/cm3和1.20 g/cm3。(2)随土层深度的增加,3种林型土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量和毛管持水量均逐渐降低。(3)在0~80 cm的土层中,常绿阔叶林的土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度最大,毛竹林次之;而常绿阔叶林土壤的毛管孔隙度最小,毛竹林最大。(4)在0~80 cm的土层中,3种林型土壤的饱和持水量、毛管持水量和非毛管持水量均为毛竹林>常绿阔叶林>杉木人工林。在0~80 cm的土层中,3种林型土壤的现有贮水量和饱和贮水量均为常绿阔叶林>杉木人工林>毛竹林。(5)毛竹林在0~40 cm土层中,土壤物理性质明显优于另外两种林分。  相似文献   

5.
深松与压实对红壤坡耕地土壤物理性质的影响   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
《土壤通报》2017,(6):1347-1353
以红壤坡耕地为研究对象,研究了深松和机械压实对土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明:深松改善了除土壤最小持水量和毛管孔隙度外的土壤物理性质,并对表层土壤的改善效果较好,进而提高了红薯产量;机械压实则对除土壤紧实度和最小持水量外的土壤物理性质产生了负面影响,影响深度达30 cm左右,造成红薯产量降低。0~20 cm土层土壤容重、土壤孔隙度及土壤持水量之间呈显著或极显著相关;20~40 cm土层土壤容重、毛管孔隙度与土壤紧实度分别呈极显著和显著相关性,土壤持水量与土壤非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关。可见,避免机械压实并对深松耕作管理模式进行优化,是缓解红壤坡耕地农业生产与生态破坏的突破口之一。  相似文献   

6.
对江西大岗山林区常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林和毛竹林土壤的容重、孔隙度、持水量和贮水量等物理性质进行了研究。结果表明：（1）常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和杉木人工林的土壤容重均随深度的增加而增加。在0～80cm的土层中,杉木人工林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林的土壤容重分别为1．29g／cm^3,1．24g／cm^3和1．20g／cm^3。（2）随土层深度的增加,3种林型土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量和毛管持水量均逐渐降低。（3）在0～80cm的土层中,常绿阔叶林的土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度最大,毛竹林次之;而常绿阔叶林土壤的毛管孔隙度最小,毛竹林最大。（4）在0～80cm的土层中,3种林型土壤的饱和持水量、毛管持水量和非毛管持水量均为毛竹林〉常绿阔叶林〉杉木人工林。在0～80cm的土层中,3种林型土壤的现有贮水量和饱和贮水量均为常绿阔叶林〉杉木人工林〉毛竹林。（5）毛竹林在0～40cm土层中,土壤物理性质明显优于另外两种林分。  相似文献   

7.
在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,研究了旅游干扰对九寨沟冷杉林下枯落物及其土壤水文功能的影响。结果表明:旅游干扰显著降低了九寨沟冷杉林下枯落物厚度、单位面积最大持水量、最大持水率、自然持水率、有效拦蓄率和有效拦蓄量(p0.05),与未干扰区相比较,干扰区枯落物厚度、单位面积最大持水量、最大持水率、自然持水率、有效拦蓄率和有效拦蓄量分别降低了40.48%,29.68%,25.21%,49.96%,38.92%和34.29%;旅游干扰下土壤容重显著增加,总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度减小,土壤持水能力急剧下降;与未干扰区比较,干扰区土壤最大持水率、单位面积最大持水量、有效持水量和土壤含水量分别下降了9.11%,0.34%,12.91%和8.25%,雨季前期含水量、饱和含水量和有效调蓄水空间下降了41.59%,56.01%和44.50%,相同土层基本呈现未干扰区干扰区,二者的差距随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小或趋于消失,30cm土层以下,干扰区土壤—水文指标基本与对照达到一致,由此表明旅游干扰严重破坏了土壤水文调蓄功能,而破坏作用主要集中在0—30cm土层。相关性分析表明,土壤渗透性能与总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均为极显著正相关关系(p0.01)。  相似文献   

8.
广西龙脊梯田区森林类型对土壤水力特性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的] 研究不同森林类型土壤水力特性的变化特征,为区域生态景观建设与水源涵养功能提升提供科学依据。[方法] 以广西壮族自治区龙脊梯田区不同森林类型（竹林、杉木林、混交林）和梯田为研究对象,调查不同土层（10,20,40,60 cm）土壤物理特性,分析土壤水力性质差异及其影响因素。[结果] ①龙脊梯田土壤质地主要为粉砂质壤土;各层次土壤黏粒含量差异显著,而粉粒和砂粒含量差异不显著; ②杉木林和混交林各层次土壤容重差异性不显著,竹林与梯田下层土壤容重均显著大于上层;土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、田间持水量总体呈现：混交林>杉木林>竹林>梯田; ③竹林土壤渗透能力最强,杉木林和混交林次之,梯田最弱; ④相同土壤吸力下,混交林和杉木林土壤体积含水率大小相当,土壤持水能力均大于竹林和梯田。土壤容重、孔隙度（毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度）是土壤渗透性和持水性的主要影响因子,其中饱和导水率与土壤容重呈显著负相关,与孔隙度呈显著正相关;土壤水分特征曲线拟合参数θs与土壤容重、孔隙度（毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度）分别呈极显著负、正相关,α与土壤孔隙度呈显著正相关。[结论] 竹林土壤渗透性能最强,而土壤持水能力较弱,杉木林、混交林均具有较强的土壤持水能力,能发挥很好的水源涵养功能。  相似文献   

9.
研究了95个桉树林的土壤肥力。按母岩将95个林分土壤合并为花岗岩、石灰岩、紫色砂岩、砂页岩、玄武岩发育的土壤类型,分析各类土壤的理化性质与桉树生长的关系。结果表明:花岗岩发育成的土壤的容重较小,非毛管孔隙较多,通气好,持水量一般;各种养分都处于中等或偏低水平,但在5种母岩形成的土壤中多处于较高水平,整体土壤肥力较高;石灰岩发育成的土壤容重最小,毛管孔隙和最大持水量大,非毛管孔隙较小,故保水能力强,通气差,全N含量在5种土壤中稍低,其它养分含量均较高,整体土壤肥力高;紫色砂岩发育成的土壤容重大,非毛管孔隙极少,通气差,持水量小,全K和速效K含量位于5种土壤之首,其它养分含量低,整体的土壤肥力低;砂页岩发育成的土壤毛管孔隙度小,非毛管孔隙度大,通气好,在5种土壤中全N含量较高,其它养分含量处于中等或较低水平,土壤肥力较差;玄武岩发育成的土壤容重中等、毛管孔隙少、非毛管孔隙中等,全P和有效P含量在5种土壤中较高,其余养分含量较低,土壤肥力较低。将桉树林地与其它林地的土壤理化性质比较可知,桉树林地的土壤容重大,通气不良,持水能力差,有机质、全N、全K、速效N、速效K含量低。  相似文献   

10.
红松水曲柳纯林与混交林土壤水分性质分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
对红松、水曲柳纯林与混交林的土壤水分物理性质进行了观测和对比分析。结果表明,红松与水曲柳混交后,无论是从各土层还是整个土层的平均值看,混交林中土壤容重较红松纯林降低。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数、有效含水量、贮水能力、渗透系数K10等均较红松纯林明显增加,就整个土层的平均值而言,分别增加19.17%,21.50%,12.17%,32.68%,24.29%,42.22%,19.72%,27.71%,12.17%和39.44%。研究结果表明,红松与水曲柳混交后土壤的孔隙状况得到了改善,混交林土壤保持水土,涵养水源的功能较红松纯林明显提高。  相似文献   

11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

16.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

17.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

18.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

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