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1.
基于地形梯度的土壤侵蚀强度分布特征研究——以钦江流域为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地形因素是影响土壤侵蚀空间分布格局的重要因素之一,以钦州流域为例,应用DEM数据,在ArcGIS 10.1空间统计分析模块下,采用高程梯度、坡度梯度和地形位梯度三种方法对比研究,通过分析不同土壤侵蚀强度在三种地形梯度上的分布指数,揭示研究区域的土壤侵蚀强度分布的模式及其与地形因素之间的对应关系。结果表明:(1)在高程和坡度梯度上,中度、强烈、极强烈和剧烈主要分布在1~2地形梯度上;在地形位梯度上,微度侵蚀在1级区域上占据了优势地位,分布面积最大,这与在高程和坡度梯度上的分布恰恰相反。(2)对三种方法的比较表明,地形位综合了高程和坡度的信息,可以反映土壤侵蚀强度随地形变化的分布趋势以及土壤侵蚀强度的分布特征。(3)研究可为区域土壤侵蚀强度空间分布格局和水土保持规划的研究提供一种可行的定量分析方法。 相似文献
2.
宁强县土壤侵蚀的地貌分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了揭示宁强县土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征,利用GIS技术,通过对宁强县土壤侵蚀强度分布图和DEM图的叠加,得到土壤侵蚀强度在坡度、坡向、高程、起伏度等地貌因子的分布特征。结果显示,宁强县水土流失程度为63.79%,土壤侵蚀强度以中度为主。不同坡度、高程、起伏度下的水土流失面积比例、土壤侵蚀综合指数和土壤侵蚀强度分别随着坡度增加、高程升高、起伏度上升呈先增大后减小的单峰分布趋势。平地的水土流失面积比例接近0,不同坡向的水土流失面积比例、土壤侵蚀综合指数和土壤侵蚀强度分布差异不显著。不同土壤侵蚀强度的最大值和分布范围均随着坡度的增加而增大,但却随着高程的升高而减小。各土壤侵蚀强度的起伏度分布均很相似。此结论可为区域水土保持规划和水土流失治理提供决策依据和理论支持。 相似文献
3.
巴中市丘陵山区土地利用在地形梯度上的分布特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
以巴中市2007年TM影像和1∶25万等高线为数据源,利用GIS空间分析功能,建立了巴中市土地利用数据库并生成了高程、坡度和地形位指数图。然后将高程梯度、坡度梯度和地形位梯度分别与土地利用景观数据进行分级叠加分析,并引入无量纲分布指数,探讨不同地形梯度下不同土地利用景观类型的分布特征。结果表明,林地主要分布在较高等级海拔,坡度较大,地形位较高的地形条件下;耕地和城乡居民用地受气候条件和水域分布的影响,多分布在低海拔,坡度平缓,地形位较低的地形条件下;未利用地中水域占绝大多数比例,其分布指数随着地形位指数、坡度等级、高程等级的增加逐渐趋近于0。草地对地形条件的选择性较强,主要分布在中等级高程、坡度和地形位的地形环境中。通过比较分析,可以看出综合了高程和坡度双重属性的地形位指数能更真实地反映不同土地利用景观类型空间特征及分布趋势。 相似文献
4.
《水土保持研究》2020,(1)
广西是我国喀斯特地貌分布主要区域之一,水土流失危害严重,利用第一次全国水利普查水土保持专项数据,以实际侵蚀调查单元和侵蚀地块为基础,统计和分析了广西侵蚀地块不同土地利用情况和地形特点以及土壤侵蚀空间分布规律。结果表明:广西土地利用类型以为林地、耕地为主。整体地形崎岖,侵蚀地块破碎,平均坡长为35.60 m,平均坡度为18.49°。坡长、坡度空间分布规律基本一致,由西北向东南递减。随着坡度增加,各土地利用土壤侵蚀模数均呈先增大后减小的趋势,坡度临界值为25°～40°,坡长小于70 m时,土壤侵蚀模数随坡长增加不断增大,坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响稍大于坡度。广西土壤侵蚀强度以微度至轻度为主,各土地利用中耕地土壤侵蚀状况最严重,特别是15°以上的陡坡耕地对区域水土流失贡献最大。 相似文献
5.
结合乌江流域2000年土壤侵蚀分布图和研究区30 m分辨率的ASTER GDEM数据,对乌江流域土壤侵蚀在海拔高度、坡度、地表起伏度和粗糙度方面的空间分布特征进行研究.结果表明,贵州省乌江流域土壤侵蚀主要为水力侵蚀,包括微度、轻度、中度、强度和极强度侵蚀5种类型,以微度和轻度侵蚀为主.乌江流域微度和轻度土壤侵蚀空间分布的高程特征呈现单峰现象,中度以上侵蚀的高程特征呈双峰现象.流域中度及中度以下土壤侵蚀空间分布的坡度特征为单调下降趋势,强度和极强度土壤侵蚀的面积比例随着坡度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,15°左右存在一个侵蚀临界坡度.乌江流域的土壤侵蚀随地形起伏度的增加表现为先增加后减小的趋势,存在7～16 m临界起伏度;各类型土壤侵蚀随地表粗糙度的增加均呈减小趋势.喀斯特地区流域尺度侵蚀强度的变化受高程和坡度的影响较大,对地形起伏度和地表粗糙度的变化不敏感. 相似文献
6.
基于DEM的县域土地利用空间自相关格局分析 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
为了研究地形变化对土地利用空间自相关格局的影响,该文首先以谷城县行政村土地利用变量为基础,运用全局Moran’sI系数、Moran散点图和Anselin局部Moran’sI系数分析了县域尺度土地利用空间自相关格局,揭示土地利用空间局部聚集和局部异常特征;后基于DEM地形分析提取海拔、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度及地表粗糙度5种地形因子,并对各种用地0.05显著性水平下局部聚集和异常区域的地形特征做了统计分析。结果表明,典型山地、丘陵和平原地形对土地利用自相关分布结构影响明显,其容易导致土地利用在局部空间显著性聚集特征的形成;而土地利用局部显著性异常区域的出现主要源于特殊地形或人为干扰。该研究可为区域土地利用结构调整和格局优化实践提供参考依据。 相似文献
7.
坡耕地是高原山区水土流失最主要的策源地，其严重的土壤侵蚀已经威胁到山区粮食安全和农业可持续发展。该研究以云南省土壤侵蚀较为严重的文山州为例，在第三次全国国土调查数据、水利普查抽样单元和GF-6 WFV等多源遥感数据基础上，结合随机森林算法快速自动提取梯田，利用CSLE模型对山区耕地土壤侵蚀进行精细定量评估，并以空间自相关分析揭示土壤侵蚀空间分布特征。结果表明：1）文山州耕地空间异质性显著，以广南、西畴、马关一线为界，呈自西向东递减格局；坡耕地占耕地总面积的79.27%，3 963.40 km2耕地未采取水土保持工程措施，占50.21%。2）全区耕地平均侵蚀模数为5 180.72 t/(km2·a)，其中69.99%的耕地遭受轻度及以上侵蚀；耕地总侵蚀量达4 081.50万t，其中未采取保护措施耕地的侵蚀贡献率为79.40%，相比采取保护措施耕地高出约2.85倍。土壤侵蚀对坡度和高程的响应存在差异，具有明显垂直地带性特征，1 000～1 800 m高程带侵蚀情况恶劣，3 073.65万t侵蚀量源于20°以上陡坡，占侵蚀总量的75.30%。3）侵蚀空间聚集特征鲜明，文山州南部和东部为侵蚀高值中心，低值中心见于中西部和北部。利用区域侵蚀因子自动提取产品和空间自相关分析能够快速完成侵蚀精细定量评估，可为区域水土保持资源精准分配和生态环境建设提供参考。 相似文献
8.
基于地形梯度的冀西北山地丘陵区土地利用格局变化分析——以河北省怀来县为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究山地丘陵地区土地利用格局在地形差异上的演变规律,明确自然和人文因素在土地利用变化中的作用,基于RS和ArcGIS空间分析技术,利用地形位指数和分布指数,研究了河北省怀来县1993—2013年土地利用变化在地形差异上的时空分异特征。结果表明:六种土地利用类型空间分布及其变化均受到地形因子的影响和制约。水域的优势位主要分布在高程为300~500m、坡度0°~6°以及地形位级别为二级的区域;建设用地和耕地多分布于高程为500~700m、坡度0°~6°以及地形位级别为一级的区域;园地的地形适应性强于耕地,其分布的区域相对于耕地更加广泛,林地和未利用地则主要分布于高程900 m以上、坡度6°以上的区域,林地在地形位较高的级别更有优势。该文为今后怀来县土地资源的合理利用和科学规划提供依据与指导。 相似文献
9.
[目的]研究区域土壤侵蚀,揭示水土流失的空间分异规律,为区域水土保持和生态农业建设提供理论指导依据。[方法]应用GIS和RUSLE模型对云南省泸水县的土壤侵蚀进行研究。RUSLE模型中的因子包括降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、坡度坡长因子、植被覆盖和水土保持措施因子,运用GIS空间分析模块,获取泸水县土壤侵蚀模数空间分布图,根据SL 190-2007的分级标准进行土壤侵蚀强度分级,并分析该区土壤侵蚀强度空间分布格局。[结果](1)从各强度侵蚀面积上看,泸水县2014年土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,占总面积的86.86%,但从平均土壤侵蚀模数看,土壤侵蚀量为4.24×10~6 t,平均侵蚀模数为1 373.1t/(km~2·a),土壤侵蚀强度属于轻度侵蚀;(2)土壤侵蚀较严重区与未利用地、耕地空间分布基本一致,在坡度25°~50°的范围内,侵蚀面积占总侵蚀面积的75%,并且在该坡度段上的耕地面积占总耕地的63%,剧烈侵蚀集中分布在未利用地上,中度以上剧烈以下强度侵蚀集中分布在该坡度段上的耕地上,说明该坡耕地、未利用地对土壤侵蚀的贡献最大,要加强对未利用地的生态治理。[结论]坡度大,陡坡垦殖和未利用地的不合理利用是该区土壤侵蚀加重的主要原因,坡度在25°以上的地区不适宜耕种,应优化农业产业结构如实施退耕还林还草等措施,才能有效的保持水土。 相似文献
10.
以重庆市巫山县农村居民点为研究对象,基于分布指数和信息熵,探讨了不同高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、坡度变率和高程变异系数6个地形因子各地形位梯度上农村居民点的分布特征;利用变维分形理论方法定量研究了地形因子对农村居民点分布及其发展的影响。结果表明:各地形条件上研究区农村居民点分布占主导地位的地形位分别为高程250~1 000m,坡度0°~25°,东南、南、西南和西北坡向,地形起伏度0~30m,坡度变率0°~9°,高程变异系数0~0.02;农村居民点的有序度与分布格局体现出高度关联性,在优势地形位上有序度较高;农村居民点与高程、地形起伏度、坡度变率和地形高程变异系数均呈现二阶累积和变维分形分布特征,与坡度、坡向分别呈一阶和三阶累积和分形分布。不同地形因子对研究区农村居民点的影响程度从大到小依次为坡度高程坡度变率地形起伏度高程变异系数坡向。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献